Evaluation of Expanded Metal Mesh Applied on Building Facades with Regard to Daylight and Energy Consumption: A Case Study of an Office Building in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Overview
2.2. Compatibility of the Field Measurement and Simulations
2.2.1. Experimental Procedures
2.2.2. Indoor Temperature Measurement and Simulation Setting
2.2.3. Indoor Daylighting Measurement and Simulation Setting
2.3. Simulation of Office Building with EMM
2.3.1. Simulated Object Building Information
2.3.2. Description of Variables
2.3.3. Simulation Condition Settings
2.4. Building Performance Index
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Compatibility of the Field Measurement and Simulations
3.1.1. EnergyPlus Simulation and Measurement Comparison
3.1.2. DIVA Simulation and Measurement Comparison
3.2. Evaluation of Lighting and Energy Consumption of Office Buildings
3.2.1. Evaluation of Lighting
3.2.2. Evaluation of Energy Consumption
3.2.3. Section Summary
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measurement Parameter | Unit | Measuring Instrument | Measurement Interval |
---|---|---|---|
Wind speed | m/s | Anemometer | 1 min |
Solar irradiance | W/m2 | Solarimeter | |
Air temperature | °C | Temperature and Humidity Meter | |
Humidity | % |
Material | Thickness (m) | Thermal Conductivity (W/m∙K) | Density (kg/m3) | Specific Heat (J/kg∙K) | U Value (W/m2∙K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement board | 0.009 | 0.19 | 1500 | 1209 | 0.939 |
60 K rock wool | 0.05 | 0.06 | 50 | 840 | |
Cement board | 0.009 | 0.19 | 1500 | 1209 |
Glass Type | Thickness (m) | U Value (W/m2∙K) | SHGC | Visible Transmittance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clear glass | 0.005 | 5.84 | 0.74 | 0.80 |
Ground | Exterior Wall | Ceiling | Interior Wall | Floor | Expanded Metal Mesh | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material | Concrete | light colored painting | Cement board | Cement board | Wooden plywood | Aluminium |
Solar reflectance | 20% | 35% | 50% | 50% | 50% | 80% |
WWR (%) | Glass | Expanded Metal Mesh | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | U Value (W/m2∙K) | SHGC (-) | Visible Transmittance (-) | Type | Perforated Ratio (%) | Transmittance (%) | ||
1 | 80% | Laminated clear glass | 4.88 | 0.73 | 0.87 | No mesh | - | - |
2 | Mesh A | 81% | 52% | |||||
3 | Mesh B | 42% | 31% | |||||
4 | Mesh C | 21% | 13% | |||||
5 | Laminated blue glass | 4.88 | 0.53 | 0.60 | No mesh | - | - | |
6 | Mesh A | 81% | 52% | |||||
7 | Mesh B | 42% | 31% | |||||
8 | Mesh C | 21% | 13% | |||||
9 | Off-line Low-E glass | 1.64 | 0.26 | 0.53 | No mesh | - | - | |
10 | Mesh A | 81% | 52% | |||||
11 | Mesh B | 42% | 31% | |||||
12 | Mesh C | 21% | 13% | |||||
13 | 50% | Laminated clear glass | 4.88 | 0.73 | 0.87 | No mesh | - | - |
14 | Mesh A | 81% | 52% | |||||
15 | Mesh B | 42% | 31% | |||||
16 | Mesh C | 21% | 13% | |||||
17 | Laminated blue glass | 4.88 | 0.53 | 0.60 | No mesh | - | - | |
18 | Mesh A | 81% | 52% | |||||
19 | Mesh B | 42% | 31% | |||||
20 | Mesh C | 21% | 13% | |||||
21 | Off-line Low-E glass | 1.64 | 0.26 | 0.53 | No mesh | - | - | |
22 | Mesh A | 81% | 52% | |||||
23 | Mesh B | 42% | 31% | |||||
24 | Mesh C | 21% | 13% | |||||
25 | 30% | Laminated clear glass | 4.88 | 0.73 | 0.87 | No mesh | - | - |
26 | Mesh A | 81% | 52% | |||||
27 | Mesh B | 42% | 31% | |||||
28 | Mesh C | 21% | 13% | |||||
29 | Laminated blue glass | 4.88 | 0.53 | 0.60 | No mesh | - | - | |
30 | Mesh A | 81% | 52% | |||||
31 | Mesh B | 42% | 31% | |||||
32 | Mesh C | 21% | 13% | |||||
33 | Off-line Low-E glass | 1.64 | 0.26 | 0.53 | No mesh | - | - | |
34 | Mesh A | 81% | 52% | |||||
35 | Mesh B | 42% | 31% | |||||
36 | Mesh C | 21% | 13% |
Ground | Exterior Wall | Ceiling | Interior Wall | Floor | Expanded Metal Mesh | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solar reflectance | 20% | 35% | 70% | 50% | 50% | 80% |
Location | Simulate Grid Size | Working Surface Height | User Activity Time | Lighting Control System | Target Illumination |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taiwan, Tainan | 60 cm | 76 cm | 8:00–18:00 | Dimming with Occupancy On/Off Sensor | 500 lx |
Parameter | Density of People | Equipment Load | Ventilation | Lighting Density |
---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | Person/m2 | W/m2 | L/s∙Person | W/m2 |
Value | 0.15 | 13.5 | 8.5 | 12.5 |
Schedule type | Fraction | Fraction | Fraction | Fraction |
00:00–08:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | according to lighting schedule setting of each case simulated by DIVA |
08:00–12:00 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | |
12:00–13:00 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | |
13:00–17:00 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
17:00–18:00 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | |
18:00–19:00 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 | |
19:00–24:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Material | Thickness (m) | Thermal Conductivity (W/m∙K) | Density (kg/m3) | Specific Heat (J/kg∙K) | U Value (W/m2∙K) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roof | PU board | 0.002 | 0.05 | 37.5 | 1250 | 0.83 |
Foam concrete | 0.15 | 0.17 | 600 | 1100 | ||
Cement mortar | 0.015 | 1.5 | 2000 | 800 | ||
Reinforced concrete | 0.15 | 1.4 | 2200 | 880 | ||
Cement mortar | 0.015 | 1.5 | 2000 | 800 | ||
Exterior wall | Tile | 0.01 | 1.3 | 2400 | 840 | 3.22 |
Cement mortar | 0.015 | 1.5 | 2000 | 800 | ||
Reinforced concrete | 0.12 | 1.4 | 2200 | 880 | ||
Cement mortar | 0.01 | 1.5 | 2000 | 800 | ||
Ceiling | Reinforced concrete | 0.15 | 1.4 | 2200 | 880 | 1.77 |
Tile | 0.0191 | 0.06 | 368 | 590 | ||
Floor | Tile | 0.0191 | 0.06 | 368 | 590 | 1.77 |
Reinforced concrete | 0.15 | 1.4 | 2200 | 880 |
WWR (%) | Glass Type | Expanded Metal Mesh | sDA (%) | ASE (%) | LEED Score | Air Conditioning EUI (kWh/m2∙year) | Lighting EUI (kWh/m2∙year) | Total EUI (kWh/m2∙year) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 80% | Laminated clear glass | No mesh | 99 | 39.0 | 0 | 116.8 | 4.3 | 121.1 |
2 | Mesh A | 96 | 18.9 | 0 | 97.8 | 4.6 | 102.4 | ||
3 | Mesh B | 91 | 16.1 | 0 | 93.9 | 5.1 | 99.0 | ||
4 | Mesh C | 87 | 13.5 | 0 | 90.2 | 5.3 | 95.5 | ||
5 | Laminated blue glass | No mesh | 94 | 34.7 | 0 | 108.1 | 5.4 | 113.5 | |
6 | Mesh A | 84 | 15.5 | 0 | 92.8 | 6.1 | 98.9 | ||
7 | Mesh B | 78 | 14.1 | 0 | 89.8 | 6.7 | 96.4 | ||
8 | Mesh C | 67 | 11.8 | 0 | 87.0 | 7.4 | 94.4 | ||
9 | Off-line Low-E glass | No mesh | 88 | 33.5 | 0 | 91.9 | 6.2 | 98.1 | |
10 | Mesh A | 76 | 14.1 | 0 | 83.1 | 7.4 | 90.5 | ||
11 | Mesh B | 68 | 13.3 | 0 | 82.1 | 8.1 | 90.2 | ||
12 | Mesh C | 58 | 10.8 | 0 | 81.2 | 9.2 | 90.4 | ||
13 | 50% | Laminated clear glass | No mesh | 90 | 30.1 | 0 | 102.4 | 5.4 | 107.8 |
14 | Mesh A | 79 | 17.6 | 0 | 91.8 | 5.9 | 97.7 | ||
15 | Mesh B | 74 | 9.7 | 2 | 88.1 | 7.0 | 95.1 | ||
16 | Mesh C | 65 | 9.1 | 2 | 86.1 | 7.6 | 93.7 | ||
17 | Laminated blue glass | No mesh | 77 | 27.7 | 0 | 97.7 | 7.6 | 105.3 | |
18 | Mesh A | 66 | 14.7 | 0 | 89.7 | 8.6 | 98.3 | ||
19 | Mesh B | 60 | 8.3 | 2 | 86.8 | 10.6 | 97.3 | ||
20 | Mesh C | 49 | 8.1 | 1 | 85.3 | 11.6 | 96.9 | ||
21 | Off-line Low-E glass | No mesh | 69 | 26.4 | 0 | 86.5 | 9.6 | 96.1 | |
22 | Mesh A | 60 | 13.0 | 0 | 83.7 | 10.7 | 94.4 | ||
23 | Mesh B | 52 | 7.9 | 1 | 82.2 | 12.9 | 95.1 | ||
24 | Mesh C | 42 | 8.0 | 1 | 82.0 | 14.1 | 96.1 | ||
25 | 30% | Laminated clear glass | No mesh | 61 | 18.2 | 0 | 94.8 | 10.2 | 105.0 |
26 | Mesh A | 53 | 10.8 | 0 | 88.0 | 12.2 | 100.2 | ||
27 | Mesh B | 48 | 8.8 | 0 | 87.8 | 14.8 | 102.6 | ||
28 | Mesh C | 42 | 6.7 | 1 | 87.2 | 16.5 | 103.7 | ||
29 | Laminated blue glass | No mesh | 51 | 16.5 | 0 | 94.0 | 15.4 | 109.4 | |
30 | Mesh A | 43 | 9.3 | 1 | 88.6 | 18.1 | 106.8 | ||
31 | Mesh B | 37 | 7.5 | 0 | 88.4 | 20.1 | 108.5 | ||
32 | Mesh C | 30 | 5.7 | 0 | 87.8 | 21.4 | 109.3 | ||
33 | Off-line Low-E glass | No mesh | 46 | 16.2 | 0 | 87.6 | 18.3 | 105.9 | |
34 | Mesh A | 38 | 8.7 | 0 | 85.4 | 20.7 | 106.1 | ||
35 | Mesh B | 30 | 6.3 | 0 | 85.8 | 22.6 | 108.4 | ||
36 | Mesh C | 25 | 5.3 | 0 | 85.8 | 23.6 | 109.4 |
Case 15 | Case 16 | Case 19 | |
---|---|---|---|
WWR (%) | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Glass type | Laminated clear glass | Laminated clear glass | Laminated blue glass |
Expanded metal mesh | Mesh B | Mesh C | Mesh B |
sDA (%) | 74 | 65 | 60 |
ASE (%) | 9.7 | 9.1 | 8.3 |
EUI (kWh/m2∙year) | 95.1 | 93.7 | 97.3 |
Simulation result of sDA | | | |
Simulation result of ASE | | | |
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Tsay, Y.-S.; Yang, C.-H.; Yeh, C.-Y. Evaluation of Expanded Metal Mesh Applied on Building Facades with Regard to Daylight and Energy Consumption: A Case Study of an Office Building in Taiwan. Buildings 2022, 12, 1187. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081187
Tsay Y-S, Yang C-H, Yeh C-Y. Evaluation of Expanded Metal Mesh Applied on Building Facades with Regard to Daylight and Energy Consumption: A Case Study of an Office Building in Taiwan. Buildings. 2022; 12(8):1187. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081187
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsay, Yaw-Shyan, Chih-Hung Yang, and Chiu-Yu Yeh. 2022. "Evaluation of Expanded Metal Mesh Applied on Building Facades with Regard to Daylight and Energy Consumption: A Case Study of an Office Building in Taiwan" Buildings 12, no. 8: 1187. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081187