A Three-Dimensional Investigation of Spatial Relationship between Building Composition and Surface Urban Heat Island
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Used and Preparation
2.2.1. Data Source
2.2.2. Data Preparation
2.3. Workflow
2.4. LST Retrieval
2.5. LULC Classification
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.6.1. Multiple Linear Regression
2.6.2. Processing of Dependent and Independent Variables
3. Results
3.1. Building Distribution
3.2. LULC, LST, and NDVI
3.3. Relationship between LST, NDVI, and LULC
3.4. LST and Relative Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Type | Date Acquired | Resolution | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|
Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS | 16 June 2014 | 30 m | USGS |
Building information | 2013–2014 | Vector | Zenrin company |
Building location | 2014 | Vector | GSI |
Fieldwork data | - | - | Fieldwork |
Google Earth | 2014 | - | - |
Main roads | 2014 | Vector | National land numerical information |
Residential population density | 2014 | 100 m | World pop |
Slope | 2014 | 30 m | USGS (derived from DEM) |
Category | Description |
---|---|
Apartment | Including apartment, mansion, and tower mansion |
stand-alone house | single-family home |
Business | Restaurant, company, shopping mall, supermarket |
Public service | Hospital, school, museum |
Under construction | Buildings under construction |
Others | Includes storage, parking space with roof, and 3D-parkade |
Category | Description |
---|---|
Built-up | Urban and rural settlements, industrial areas, transportation, and other human-constructed areas |
Cropland | Cultivated areas, paddy fields, and horizontal terraced fields |
Grass | Grass cover, including bare land (seasonal effect) |
Tree | Tree space including shrubs and bushes |
Water | Lake and artificial pools |
Independent Variables | Purpose and Relevance | |
---|---|---|
1 | Building density | Basic building information |
2 | Building volume | |
3 | Population density | Productive activities |
4 | Perimeter (floor circumference) | Size of each building |
5 | Area | |
6 | Distance from/to road | City proximity and the importance of location |
7 | Slope | Natural geographical information |
8 | Built-up proportion | Proportion of LULC categories in each building buffer (45-m radius) |
9 | Cropland proportion | |
10 | Grass proportion | |
11 | Tree proportion | |
12 | Water proportion | |
13 | Degree of mixing LULC | Complexity of LULC in each building buffer (45-m radius) |
14 | Energy consumption | Building energy based on a different function |
Independent Variables | Standardized Coefficients | Unstandardized Coefficients | t Value | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval of EXP (β) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | B | Standard Error | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
Constant | 0.548 | 0.004 | 141.986 | *** | 0.541 | 0.556 | |
Building density | 0.364 | 0.265 | 0.005 | 54.146 | *** | 0.255 | 0.274 |
Population density | 0.277 | 0.175 | 0.005 | 37.399 | *** | 0.165 | 0.184 |
Grass proportion | −0.271 | −0.199 | 0.005 | −38.69 | *** | −0.209 | −0.189 |
Cropland proportion | −0.232 | −0.175 | 0.006 | −30.296 | *** | −0.187 | −0.164 |
Tree proportion | −0.1 | −0.484 | 0.03 | −16.062 | *** | −0.543 | −0.425 |
Degree of mixing LULC | −0.067 | −0.043 | 0.006 | −7.712 | *** | −0.054 | −0.032 |
Distance to/from road | −0.055 | −0.036 | 0.004 | −8.192 | *** | −0.044 | −0.027 |
Water proportion | −0.02 | −1.266 | 0.371 | −3.407 | ** | −1.994 | −0.538 |
Building volume | −0.018 | −0.129 | 0.043 | −3.014 | ** | −0.214 | −0.045 |
Slope | −0.017 | −0.02 | 0.007 | −2.754 | ** | −0.035 | −0.006 |
Energy consumption | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 2.226 | * | 0.001 | 0.014 |
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Wang, R.; Hou, H.; Murayama, Y.; Morimoto, T. A Three-Dimensional Investigation of Spatial Relationship between Building Composition and Surface Urban Heat Island. Buildings 2022, 12, 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081240
Wang R, Hou H, Murayama Y, Morimoto T. A Three-Dimensional Investigation of Spatial Relationship between Building Composition and Surface Urban Heat Island. Buildings. 2022; 12(8):1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081240
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Ruci, Hao Hou, Yuji Murayama, and Takehiro Morimoto. 2022. "A Three-Dimensional Investigation of Spatial Relationship between Building Composition and Surface Urban Heat Island" Buildings 12, no. 8: 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081240