Mechanical Properties of PVC Fiber-Reinforced Concrete—Effects of Fiber Content and Length
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Significance
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Constituent Materials
3.2. Mixture Proportions
3.3. Methods for Testing
3.3.1. Workability Test
3.3.2. Compressive Strength, Splitting Tensile Strength, and Static Elastic Modulus Tests
3.3.3. Flexure Strength and Toughness Test
3.3.4. Impact Resistance and Toughness Test
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Workability of Concretes
4.2. Compressive Strength of Concretes
4.3. Elastic Modulus of Concretes
4.4. Splitting Tensile Strength of Concretes
4.5. Flexural Strength and Toughness of Concretes
4.6. Impact Resistance and Toughness of Concretes
4.7. Correlations among Mechanical Properties of Concretes
5. Conclusions
- At up to 1 wt.% inclusion of 20 mm and 40 mm long PVC fibers, the slump was reduced to 80–95 mm, which falls between the design slump of 75 mm and 100 mm. A significant reduction in the slump, indicating reduced workability, was observed when the PVC fiber content reached 1.5 wt.% of cement. The decrease in the slump was more pronounced with 20 mm long PVC fibers, primarily due to their higher surface area, which increased the water demand for the required workability of concrete. In the presence of PVC fibers, the water demand became higher for the wetting of material surfaces.
- The concretes including 1 wt.% PVC fibers showed optimal performance with respect to the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths, impact resistance, and flexural and impact toughness. More importantly, the concrete mixtures containing 1 wt.% PVC fibers exhibited the highest flexural and impact (first crack and ultimate) toughness. This is mostly attributed to the larger ductility and energy absorption capacity of PVC fiber-reinforced concrete.
- The use of PVC fibers by more than 1 wt.% caused a decline in the mechanical properties of concrete due to a relatively low workability which can induce fiber aggregation and more air-voids in the concrete mixture. However, the concretes with 1.5 wt.% PVC fibers still performed better than the control concrete.
- The incorporation of PVC fibers enhanced the ductility of concrete and it increased with a higher quantity of fibers, as realized from the post-peak deflection behavior of the beam specimens tested under flexure.
- The effects of the fiber content on the mechanical properties of concrete were more pronounced than the fiber length. Based on the overall findings of the present study, the optimum fiber content was 1 wt.% for both fiber lengths.
- The compressive strength of concrete was strongly correlated with its elastic modulus, flexural strength, and impact resistance, since these properties followed similar trends regarding the effects of PVC fiber content and length. In contrast, no strong correlation was observed between the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of concrete, as the effects of PVC fibers on these two properties were different. Furthermore, excellent correlations were observed between the flexural strength and ultimate impact resistance. The flexural toughness was also strongly correlated with ultimate impact toughness. Strong relationships were noticed for these properties because they varied following a similar trend for the fiber contents and lengths used in this study.
6. Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fiber Type | Fiber Size | Fiber Properties | Compressive Strength, fc′ | Splitting Tensile Strength, ft | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Optimum Fiber Content | % Increment | Optimum Fiber Content | % Increment | ||||
PET | Length = 50 mm, width = 2–2.3 mm, thickness = 0.25 mm | Specific gravity = 1.11, tensile strength = 989 MPa, elastic modulus = 7.05 GPa, density = 910 kg/m3 | 0.4 wt.% of binder | 5.36 | 0.4 wt.% of binder | 11.60 | [41] |
PET | Length = 50 mm, diameter = 2 mm | - | 1.5 wt.% of cement | 15.57 | 1.5 wt.% of cement | 24.30 | [42] |
PET | Length = 30 mm, width = 4 mm, thickness = 0.3 mm | Tensile strength = 101 MPa, elastic modulus = 0.19 GPa, density = 1100 kg/m3, | 1.5 vol.% of concrete | 44.00 | - | - | [43] |
PP | Length = 12 mm, diameter = 0.03 mm | Specific gravity = 0.91, elastic modulus = 3.5 GPa | 0.3 vol.% of concrete | 1.30 | 0.3 vol.% of concrete | 22.30 | [44] |
PP | Length = 12 mm, diameter = 0.025–0.04 mm | Specific gravity = 0.90–0.91, tensile strength = 4600 MPa, elastic modulus > 4 GPa | 0.5 vol.% of concrete | 4.20 | 0.5 vol.% of concrete | 16.87 | [45] |
RPET * 10 | Ring shape, inner diameter = 60 ± 5 mm, width = 10 ± 1 mm | - | 0.25 vol.% of concrete | 4.23 | 1 vol.% of concrete | 35.10 | [46] |
PVC | Length = 40 mm, diameter = 0.5 mm | - | 1 vol.% of concrete | 4.95 | 0.5 vol.% of concrete | 14.28 | [47] |
PET | Length = 35 mm, width = 1 mm | Specific gravity = 1.36 | 1.5 wt.% of fine aggregate | 3.98 | 1.5 wt.% of fine aggregate | 5.59 | [48] |
Polythene | - | - | 0.5 wt.% of cement | 3.84 | 0.5 wt.% of cement | 1.63 | [49] |
Polyester (Recron-3S) | Length = 12 ± 1, 18 ± 1 mm, diameter, 0.0375 mm | Specific gravity = 1.36, tensile strength = 578 MPa, elastic modulus = 17.24 GPa, density = 890–940 kg/m3 | 0.4 vol.% of concrete | 43.30 | 0.2 vol.% of concrete | 30.14 | [50] |
HDPE † | Length = 23 mm, diameter = 0.25 mm | Tensile strength = 37 MPa, elastic modulus = 0.5 GPa, density = 940 kg/m3 | 0.4 vol.% of concrete | 12.45 | 0.4 vol.% of concrete | 10.39 | [51] |
HDPE | Length = 30 mm, diameter = 0.40 mm | Tensile strength = 37 MPa, elastic modulus = 0.5 GPa, density = 940 kg/m3 | 0.75 vol.% of concrete | 14.16 | 0.4 vol.% of concrete | 8.60 | [51] |
PET | Length = 25 mm, width = 2 mm, aspect ratio = 35 | - | 1.5 wt.% of cement | 3.59 | 1 wt.% of cement | 11.20 | [52] |
Waste plastic | Length = 30 mm, width = 5 mm, thickness = 1 mm | - | 1 vol.% of concrete | 4.00 | 1 vol.% of concrete | 11.00 | [53] |
PP | - | - | 0.1, 0.3 vol.% of concrete | 19.34 | - | - | [54] |
Physical Properties | FA (River Sand) | CA (Crushed Stone) |
---|---|---|
Fineness modulus | 3.05 | 7.50 |
Unit weight (kg/m3) | 1778 | 1535 |
Voids (vol.%) | 31.06 | 38.96 |
Bulk specific gravity (OD *) | 2.50 | 2.50 |
Bulk specific gravity (SSD †) | 2.58 | 2.51 |
Apparent specific gravity | 2.73 | 2.54 |
Absorption (wt.%) | 3.03 | 0.60 |
Mixture Designation | PVC Fiber | Basic Ingredients (kg/m3) | Superplasticizer (wt.% of Cement) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiber Length (mm) | Fiber Content (wt.% of Cement) | Water | Cement | CA (SSD *) | FA (SSD) | ||
Control | - | 0 | 198 | 341.7 | 935.5 | 771.9 | 1 |
PVCFRC 1 | 20 | 0.5 | 197 | 340 | 930.8 | 768 | |
PVCFRC 2 | 1 | 196 | 338.3 | 926.1 | 764.2 | ||
PVCFRC 3 | 1.5 | 195 | 336.6 | 921.5 | 760.3 | ||
PVCFRC 4 | 40 | 0.5 | 197 | 340 | 930.8 | 768 | |
PVCFRC 5 | 1 | 196 | 338.3 | 926.1 | 764.2 | ||
PVCFRC 6 | 1.5 | 195 | 336.6 | 921.5 | 760.3 |
Mixture Designation | PVC Fiber | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Elastic Modulus (MPa) | Splitting Tensile Strength (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Flexural Toughness (N-mm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiber Length (mm) | Fiber Content (wt.%) | ||||||
Control | - | 0 | 21.40 | 19,462 | 2.55 | 4.69 | 2887.45 |
PVCFRC 1 | 20 | 0.5 | 25.00 | 26,800 | 2.80 | 5.69 | 6467.63 |
PVCFRC 2 | 1 | 26.80 | 27,062 | 2.90 | 6.25 | 8385.51 | |
PVCFRC 3 | 1.5 | 20.50 | 25,614 | 2.76 | 5.52 | 6410.53 | |
PVCFRC 4 | 40 | 0.5 | 23.20 | 26,167 | 2.87 | 5.21 | 5951.22 |
PVCFRC 5 | 1 | 25.70 | 26,899 | 2.82 | 6.04 | 8109.57 | |
PVCFRC 6 | 1.5 | 22.10 | 26,071 | 2.74 | 5.60 | 6810.15 |
Mixture Designation | PVC Fiber | First Crack Impact Resistance (No. of Blows for First Visible Crack, Nc) | First Crack Impact Toughness, Ic (J) | Ultimate Impact Resistance (No. of Blows for Ultimate Failure, Nu) | Ultimate Impact Toughness, Iu (J) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiber Length (mm) | Fiber Content (wt.%) | |||||
Control | - | 0 | 15 | 302.6 | 19 | 383.3 |
PVCFRC 1 | 20 | 0.5 | 32 | 645.6 | 45 | 907.8 |
PVCFRC 2 | 1 | 36 | 726.3 | 55 | 1109.6 | |
PVCFRC 3 | 1.5 | 27 | 544.7 | 38 | 766.6 | |
PVCFRC 4 | 40 | 0.5 | 29 | 585.1 | 39 | 786.8 |
PVCFRC 5 | 1 | 35 | 706.1 | 51 | 1028.9 | |
PVCFRC 6 | 1.5 | 31 | 625.4 | 42 | 847.3 |
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Islam, T.; Safiuddin, M.; Roman, R.A.; Chakma, B.; Al Maroof, A. Mechanical Properties of PVC Fiber-Reinforced Concrete—Effects of Fiber Content and Length. Buildings 2023, 13, 2666. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102666
Islam T, Safiuddin M, Roman RA, Chakma B, Al Maroof A. Mechanical Properties of PVC Fiber-Reinforced Concrete—Effects of Fiber Content and Length. Buildings. 2023; 13(10):2666. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102666
Chicago/Turabian StyleIslam, Tarikul, Md. Safiuddin, Rezwan Ahmed Roman, Bodhijit Chakma, and Abdullah Al Maroof. 2023. "Mechanical Properties of PVC Fiber-Reinforced Concrete—Effects of Fiber Content and Length" Buildings 13, no. 10: 2666. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102666