Justification of an Energy-Efficient Air Purification System in Subways Based on Air Dust Content Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- For fine particles PM2.5 (absorbable into blood)—the daily average value is no more than 20 µg/m3 and the average annual value is no more than 10 µg/m3;
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- For coarse particles PM10 (can penetrate in lungs)—the daily average value is no more than 50 µg/m3 and the average annual value is no more than 25 µg/m3.
Literature Review
2. Methods
3. Results
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- Number of dust particles, units/L;
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- The volume of dust concentration, µg/m3.
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- The percentage of dust particles by their diameters relative to the total volume, q, %, and the percentage of dust particles smaller than a certain diameter, Q, %;
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- The metal mass concentration, Cm, mg/kg;
4. Discussion
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- Raiymbek Batyr: PM2.5—92 µg/m3 (higher than the WOS allowable daily average value by 4.6 times), PM10—224 µg/m3 (higher than the allowable daily average value by 4.48 times);
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- Almaty: PM2.5—143 µg/m3 (higher than the allowable daily average value by 7.15 times), PM10—315 µg/m3 (higher than the allowable daily average value by 6.3 times);
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- Baikonyr: PM2.5—153 µg/m3 (higher than the allowable daily average value by 7.65 times), PM10—309 µg/m3 (higher than the allowable daily average value by 6.18 times);
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- Alatau: PM2.5—116 µg/m3 (higher than the allowable daily average value by 5.8 times), PM10—230 µg/m3 (higher than the allowable daily average value by 4.6 times).
5. Conclusions
- The article substantiates the use of an energy-efficient air purification from dust system installed in a ventilation failure in the subway, through which air movement is carried out due to air flows from the piston action of trains.
- The research results are correct for subways with single-track tunnels and open-type stations.
- In situ measurements of fine dust parameters have been accomplished at four stations of the Almaty Metro.
- The concentration and the number of particles of fine dust in subway air greatly exceed these values in outside air. Accordingly, the main sources of dust exist inside the subways, and cleaning of incoming air at the air intake points can only insignificantly reduce the dust concentration in subway air.
- The dust concentrations in the air at the subway stations exceed the effective rates and WHO recommendations by 4.6–7.65 and 4.6–6.3 times in terms of particulate dust matters PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. The average density of dust is 3639 kg/m3. The elemental composition of dust is mostly oxides of iron, Fe, and lesser oxides of silicon, Si, sodium, Na and calcium, Ca, which is reflective of the dust sources represented by train brake shoes, eroded surfaces of metal works and reinforced concrete tubing in tunnels. Some dust comes in the subway on passenger shoes.
- The dust concentration has the highest value at the passenger platforms in subways. This is connected with the fact that a passenger platform lies in an air circulation loop generated by air flows through the tunnels and adjacent stations. These areas are the main generators and accumulators of dust as these circulation loops involve little fresh air. Therefore, it is most efficient to trap dust and to reduce dust concentration immediately at the points of dust generation—in tunnels, at stations and in ventilation connections.
- It is proposed to place filtration equipment in the station ventilation connections as they are involved in the air circulation loops, and this contributes to multiple passages of one and the same air volumes through the connections. Moreover, filters placed in the station ventilation connections do not clog the train movement.
- Air flows through ventilation connections greatly affect the operation of the filtration equipment placed there. In cases wherein air flows under the piston effect only, the filtration equipment should possess a sufficiently low air resistance to have no influence on air distribution in the subway. For this reason, it is suggested to install inertial and electrostatic filters in ventilation connections.
- Alongside the filtration equipment, it is possible to place air flow controllers (ventilation valves) and adiabatic cooling systems for tunnel air in ventilation connections. In this manner, a station ventilation connection serves an important component of the integrated air handling systems in subways.
- A preliminary assessment of the energy efficiency of the proposed method of air purification from dust has been carried out; with a frequency of 24 pairs of trains per hour, energy savings will amount to 240,170 kWh per year per ventilation failure.
- The in situ testing results work as the source data for numerical modeling of dust trapping by the filters with a view to their design and improvement.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Irgibayev, T.; Lugin, I.; Kiyanitsa, L. Justification of an Energy-Efficient Air Purification System in Subways Based on Air Dust Content Studies. Buildings 2023, 13, 2771. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112771
Irgibayev T, Lugin I, Kiyanitsa L. Justification of an Energy-Efficient Air Purification System in Subways Based on Air Dust Content Studies. Buildings. 2023; 13(11):2771. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112771
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrgibayev, Tuleukhan, Ivan Lugin, and Lavrentij Kiyanitsa. 2023. "Justification of an Energy-Efficient Air Purification System in Subways Based on Air Dust Content Studies" Buildings 13, no. 11: 2771. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112771