Disintegration Characteristics Investigation of Carbonaceous Shale in High-Latitude Cold Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Wetting Program
2.2.2. Drying Program
2.3. Test Process
- (1)
- Take samples 1#, 2#, 3#, 4# and 5# and place them on the tray. Add enough water to the tray to immerse the samples’ surfaces. Soak samples 1#, 2#, 4#, and 5# for 12 h, and immediately put sample 3# into the −15 °C low-temperature test chamber and freeze for 12 h after soaking with water.
- (2)
- After soaking for 12 h, slowly filter the water of samples 1#, 2#, 4#, and 5# using a 200 mesh sieve.
- (3)
- Please specimen #1 in the oven at 50 °C to dry for 12 h; please specimens 2#, 4#, and 5# outdoors under sunlight conditions to naturally air dry. Specimen 3# is then taken out and placed directly outside under sunlight conditions to melt and air dry, and during the process of melting, slowly filter the moisture of the specimens using a 200 mesh filter sieve. If the free water during the melting process is not filtered in time, the sample will soak for a long time and further disintegrate, thus, wait for it to dry naturally.
- (4)
- After each completion of the wet and dry cycles, sieve the specimens using nine different sizes of standard sieves from large to small ones, such as 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, 5 mm, 2 mm, 1 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.25 mm, and 0.075 mm ones.
- (5)
- Record the mass of the different particle size specimens with an accuracy of 0.01 g using an electronic balance and compare them with the previous results.
2.4. Analysis Method
2.4.1. Disintegration Resistance Index
2.4.2. Disintegrating Fractal Dimension
2.4.3. Scanning Electron Microscope
3. Experimental Results and Analysis
3.1. Carbonaceous Shale Disintegration under the Action of Dry and Wet Cycles
3.2. Particle Size Change Patterns of Disintegrated Material under the Action of Dry and Wet Cycles
3.3. Influence of Indoor and Outdoor Dry–Wet Cycles on Disintegration Characteristics
3.4. Influence of Freeze–Thaw on Disintegrate Characteristics of Carbonaceous Shale
3.5. Influence of Different Initial Particle Sizes on Disintegration Characteristics
4. Disintegration Resistance and Fractional Dimensional Number Research and Modeling
4.1. Disintegration Resistance
4.2. Disintegrating Fractal Dimension Research and Model Establishment
5. Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanism of Carbonaceous Shale Disintegration
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- In this study, the main component of carbonaceous shale is quartz, albite, muscovite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, and hematite, with content values of 26.4%, 7.9%, 38.1%, 18.7%, 7.8%, and 1.1%, respectively.
- (2)
- During the dry–wet cycle, the samples with particle sizes that were greater than 10 mm during the first three cycles were severely disintegrated. During the fourth to the seventh wetting–drying cycle, the particle with a size of 5 mm~10 mm mainly disintegrated into particles with a size range of 2 mm~5 mm. After eight cycles, the particle size of the carbonaceous shale particles tended to be stable, and disintegration was basically achieved. Additionally, the particle size of the disintegration particles was concentrated in the range of 2 mm~10 mm, of which the particle size of 2 mm~5 mm accounts for a large proportion.
- (3)
- Temperature and freeze–thaw cycle conditions will affect the disintegration resistance characteristics of carbonaceous shale and reduce its stability. Compared with temperature, freeze–thaw actions have an obvious effect on the disintegration characteristics of carbonaceous shale, as after disintegration, the particle size is smaller, and the time required for disintegration stability is shorter. After the freeze–thaw cycles, the degree of disintegration resistance of the carbonaceous shale was poorer, and the disintegration resistance index decreased faster.
- (4)
- The initial particle size significantly affects the particle size distribution of disintegrates after wet and dry cycling. The specimen disintegration stability time with a larger particle size is slower than that of a smaller one. The sample with a particle size between 2 mm and 10 mm has better disintegration resistance. For carbonaceous shale with a large initial particle size, certain external conditions or external disturbances can be applied to accelerate its disintegration and fragmentation to a smaller particle size to improve the stability of the carbonaceous shale.
- (5)
- There is a negative correlation between the disintegration resistance index and the fractional dimension number. The similarity of disintegrating carbonaceous shale can be used to characterize the disintegration resistance of carbonaceous rocks indirectly. In the preliminary dry–wet cycle (within three cycles), the fractal dimension of carbonaceous shale changed significantly, and with the increase in the dry–wet cycle, the disintegration phenomenon weakened, the increase in the fractal dimension tended to be stable, and the fractal dimension was around 1.78 when disintegration was achieved.
- (6)
- The presence of kaolinite and montmorillonite in carbonaceous shale is the main cause of its disintegration. Due to the highly hydrophilic characteristic of the two clay mineral particles, after immersion, uneven expansion occurred, and this formed tensile stress, resulting in the disintegration of the carbonaceous shale. After drying, the clay particles cracked due to water loss and shrinkage, and when the water molecules intruded again, it was more likely to enter the rock and cause it to disintegrate.
7. Limitations and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Wang, R.; Zheng, M.; Ao, B.; Liu, H.; Cheng, P. Disintegration Characteristics Investigation of Carbonaceous Shale in High-Latitude Cold Regions. Buildings 2023, 13, 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020466
Wang R, Zheng M, Ao B, Liu H, Cheng P. Disintegration Characteristics Investigation of Carbonaceous Shale in High-Latitude Cold Regions. Buildings. 2023; 13(2):466. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020466
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Rui, Mingjie Zheng, Bin Ao, Hongqing Liu, and Peifeng Cheng. 2023. "Disintegration Characteristics Investigation of Carbonaceous Shale in High-Latitude Cold Regions" Buildings 13, no. 2: 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020466