Highlighting the Characteristics of Roman Mortars from Ovidiu’s Quadriburgium Archaeological Site, Romania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. XRD Analysis
3.2. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF)etect
3.3. SEM-EDS
3.4. Thermal Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lime | Weakly Hydraulic | Moderately Hydraulic | Highly Hydraulic |
---|---|---|---|
Hydraulic index | 0.1–0.2 | 0.2–0.4 | >0.4 |
Cementation index | 0.3–0.5 | 0.5–0.7 | 0.7–1.1 |
Sample | Crystalline Phases | Abundance |
---|---|---|
A | CaCO3 (Calcite) | +++ |
CaCO3 (Aragonite) | ++ | |
SiO2 (Quartz) | + | |
Ca(Fe,Mg)(CO3)2 (Ankerite) | - | |
B | CaCO3 (Calcite) | +++ |
CaCO3 (Aragonite) | + | |
SiO2 (Quartz) | +++ | |
Ca(Fe,Mg)(CO3)2 (Ankerite) | - | |
C | CaCO3 (Calcite) | +++ |
CaCO3 (Aragonite) | ++ | |
SiO2 (Quartz) | +++ | |
Ca(Fe,Mg)(CO3)2 (Ankerite) | + |
Oxide (%) | Sample A | Sample B | Sample C |
---|---|---|---|
CaO | 62.83 | 52.57 | 55.99 |
MgO | 6.85 | 6.25 | 7.13 |
Al2O3 | 0.87 | 1.20 | 2.33 |
SiO2 | 9.42 | 14.26 | 12.54 |
Fe2O3 | 1.11 | 0.49 | 0.89 |
P2O5 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.16 |
K2O | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.64 |
MnO | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
SO3 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.10 |
Trace elements (ppm) | |||
Ni | n.d. | 3.20 | 12.09 |
Cu | 34.27 | 30.45 | 33.11 |
Zn | 36.76 | 52.2 | 122 |
Ga | 2.25 | 2.51 | 4.13 |
Ge | 0.400 | n.d. | 0.470 |
As | 1.62 | 1.71 | 3.41 |
Ba | 91.7 | 141 | 151 |
Br | 5.03 | 7.12 | 11.02 |
Rb | 10.92 | 10.10 | 21.46 |
Sr | 812 | 742 | 654 |
Y | 7.62 | 7.97 | 10.55 |
Zr | 36.56 | 24.01 | 102 |
Nb | n.d. | 2.41 | 3.43 |
Pb | 3.18 | 3.60 | 8.13 |
Ce | n.d. | 27.64 | n.d. |
Sn | n.d. | 1.10 | n.d. |
Loss on Ignition (LOI) | 18.53 | 24.75 | 20.19 |
Hydraulicity Index (HI) | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
Cementation Index (CI) | 0.39 | 0.68 | 0.58 |
Sample | Temperature (°C) | Total Weight Loss (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
35–660 | 660–860 | 860–1000 | ||
A | 4.115 | 32.578 | 0.285 | 36.978 |
B | 3.687 | 32.406 | 0.183 | 36.275 |
C | 4.329 | 27.450 | 0.248 | 32.028 |
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Mociu, N.C.; Maftei, C.E.; Carazeanu Popovici, I.; Voicu, G.; Buta, C.; Stanescu, M. Highlighting the Characteristics of Roman Mortars from Ovidiu’s Quadriburgium Archaeological Site, Romania. Buildings 2023, 13, 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030672
Mociu NC, Maftei CE, Carazeanu Popovici I, Voicu G, Buta C, Stanescu M. Highlighting the Characteristics of Roman Mortars from Ovidiu’s Quadriburgium Archaeological Site, Romania. Buildings. 2023; 13(3):672. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030672
Chicago/Turabian StyleMociu, Nicolae Costin, Carmen Elena Maftei, Ionela Carazeanu Popovici, Georgeta Voicu, Constantin Buta, and Madalina Stanescu. 2023. "Highlighting the Characteristics of Roman Mortars from Ovidiu’s Quadriburgium Archaeological Site, Romania" Buildings 13, no. 3: 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030672