Enhancing Social Qualities in University Campus Outdoor Spaces through Islamic Spatial Configurations: The Case of the American University in Cairo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Effect of Islamic Spatial Configurations on Social Quality in UCOS
2.2. Defining Activity Categories in Islamic Spatial Configurations of UCOS
2.3. A Theoretical Framework for Physical Aspect Principles and Indicators
2.4. Space Syntax Analysis of UCOS Islamic Spatial Configuration
3. Methods and Materials
3.1. Observational Studies
- (1)
- The effectiveness and diversity of social activities in UCOS.
- (2)
- Diversity of users in UCOS.
- (3)
- The design of the surrounding buildings and the degree of enclosure.
- (4)
- Accessibility to pedestrian movement lanes.
- (5)
- Density of vegetation cover and elements of tree planting and shading.
Behavioral Mapping and Movement Tracing
3.2. Computational Method: Space Syntax Analysis
- Visibility graph analysis (VGA)
- Agent simulation (gate count analysis)
- Axial maps
3.2.1. Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA)
3.2.2. Agent Simulation: Gate Count Analysis
3.2.3. Axial Maps
3.3. Case Study Context (The American University in Cairo)
Defining Islamic Spatial Configuration of UCOS in AUC
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Computational Studies: Space Syntax Analysis
4.1.1. Axial Map (Connectivity)
4.1.2. Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA) and Gate Count Analysis
4.1.3. Findings of Space Syntax Analysis for Defined Paths and Spaces
4.2. Observation Mapping: Behavioral Mapping and Movement Tracing
Qualitative Data of Behavioral Mapping Findings
4.3. Quantitative Data: Observational and Computational Findings
5. Discussion
- The most influential physical aspects of studied UCOS are mixed-use, accessibility, and density, respectively.
- The highest connectivity and visibility analysis values occur along the main axial path and the intersections between the various buildings.
- Walking constitutes the highest percentage in the activity categories along the axial pathways in UCOS in P1, Q1, and Q2, respectively.
- The highest value of social interactions between students and other users and sitting activity categories occurs in attached spaces to the edge of buildings in arcades and stair seats, respectively.
- There is a positive correlation between the results of the computational and observational methods.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Sketches | Social Qualities | Defining | |
---|---|---|---|---|
The edge of the buildings | Arcades | It is a series of arches supported by columns, and is an architectural design pattern in Islamic architecture and Islamic garden design [20,24]. It consists of an arched passage and solid wall (buildings) open on at least one side and a covered passage providing access to the UCOS. These spaces allow students to move from educational buildings to outdoor spaces [25]. | ||
Stair seats | Stair seats are an important structural component in spatial design. They serve as a link between UCOS and buildings and are also a very important pattern in architectural visual design [26]. The outdoor gathering spaces are surrounded by pockets of activity—small, semi-enclosed areas at the edge of the buildings which jut out into the UCOS between the axial pathways and contain activities that make it natural for people to pause, interact, and participate [20]. | |||
Intersections/Corridors | As the space where pedestrian movements converge, intersections or corridors are an important part of campus design. A well-designed intersection covers both transportation and safety needs and provides opportunities to enhance outdoor spaces [20,27]. | |||
Movement in central plaza (Axial pathway) | The axial pathway with double-loaded buildings. The central plaza, which is the most important and essential UCOS and provides the campus heart or focal point, is hard-paved and offers passive relaxation [28]. It may include any or all of the other UCOS types and is thus the most dynamic [29]. | |||
Movement in quad (Axial pathway) | The axial pathway with single-loaded buildings. Campus quads are the most prominent natural/green UCOS for passive recreational and campus entrances through multifunctional greeneries. Quads are typically used to ensure a key pedestrian path across a lawn/garden connecting buildings and to provide important landscaped outdoors. Modern quads resemble historical monastic cloister gardens called garths, which are surrounded by covered arcades or cloisters [30]. This design instructs you to open up outdoor spaces and greenery provides excellent views at one end. At this size, the square itself functions as a type of backyard, from which a person might look out over a much greater space [20]. |
Principles | Indicators | Quantitative Measures |
---|---|---|
Density | Tracing user numbers from observational maps, static snapshots, and OpenStreetMap. | Using field observation. St per 1 m2 [15] |
Accessibility | - Provide mixed-use environments with a variety of amenities that are accessible to all. - An increased sense of security. - Spaces that are well-connected and simple to navigate, and connected roadways that are friendly to pedestrians and cyclists. - Easy access to services and parks as recreational and leisure facilities [38]. | Using field observation [8]. |
Mixed-use | Availability of more versatile campus outdoor spaces that are able to provide different types of social activities. More mixed-use, higher social interaction, and activity category diversity among users [35]. | Using field observation. The mixed-use percentage is calculated based on the total number of different uses/total number of educational buildings on the campus [35]. |
UCOS Type | Quadrangle (Q1) | Bartlett Plaza (P1) | Quadrangle (Q2) |
---|---|---|---|
Total Area m2 | 4830 | 10,170 | 3485 |
Accessibility and Mixed-use | - Campus Center - Central Plaza (P1) - Athletic Facilities - Student Housing - Student Parking | - Main Library - School of Engineering - School of Business - UCOS (Q1/Q2) - Core Academic Center - Student Parking | - School of Engineering - Core Academic Center - School of Humanities - Administrative building - Central Plaza (P1) - Student Parking |
Movement in UCOS | Axial pathway with single-loaded buildings | Axial pathway with double-loaded buildings | Axial pathway with single-loaded buildings |
Typology uses | Events/Activities | Events/Activities | Activities |
Vegetation m² | 150 | 800 | 1185 |
Shading area m² | 820 | 1160 | 520 |
Corridors m² | 1720 | 1875 | 1800 |
Degree of enclosure | An outdoor space surrounded by several buildings (enclosure ratio = 2:1) Threshold enclosure | Minimum enclosure for aggregated gathering spaces along an axial pathway (enclosure ratio = 3:1) | An outdoor space surrounded by several buildings (enclosure ratio = 1:1) Full enclosure |
UCOS | VGA | Axial Map (Connectivity) | Gate Count Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Connectivity) | (Visual Integration) | |||
Q1 | Moderate at the main intersection point and low along the edges of the buildings | Low connectivity | All UCOS have a low density | |
Bartlett Plaza (P1) | High in the axial and edge of the buildings | High in axial and moderate at the edge of the buildings | High connectivity in axial pathway | High density in the axial pathway and intersections |
Q2 | High in the axial and edge of the buildings | Low at the edges of the buildings and high in the axial pathway | High connectivity in the axial pathway | Moderate density in the axial pathway |
Patterns of Islamic Spatial Configurations and Activity Categories (09:30 a.m.–03:30 p.m.) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Islamic Spatial Configurations | Arcades | 92 | 29 | 63 | 87 | 44 | 315 | 1368 | 23.0 | UCOS (Q2) | Count |
Stair Seats | 68 | 15 | 86 | 20 | 189 | 13.8 | 660 | ||||
Corridors | 84 | 33 | 188 | 37 | 52 | 394 | 28.8 | ||||
Axial Pathway | 50 | 32 | 285 | 56 | 47 | 470 | 34.4 | ||||
Arcades | 266 | 51 | 155 | 236 | 165 | 873 | 3202 | 27.3 | UCOS (P1) | ||
Stair Seats | 89 | 35 | 25 | 84 | 78 | 311 | 9.73 | ||||
Corridors | 218 | 32 | 354 | 14 | 103 | 721 | 22.5 | ||||
Axial Pathway | 198 | 68 | 656 | 169 | 90 | 1181 | 36.83 | ||||
Main Library | 42 | 13 | 18 | 9 | 34 | 116 | 3.64 | ||||
Arcades | 36 | 3 | 22 | 46 | 33 | 140 | 802 | 17.46 | UCOS (Q1) | ||
Stair Seats | 45 | 5 | 33 | 32 | 24 | 139 | 17.33 | ||||
Corridors | 20 | 14 | 125 | 15 | 174 | 21.70 | |||||
Axial Pathway | 98 | 21 | 175 | 32 | 23 | 349 | 43.51 | 3 | |||
Interactions | Standing | Walking | Sitting | Waiting | Total values | Total values of UCOS | Percentage % |
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Abu Elkhair, K.I.; Sarhan, A.E.N.; Bayoumi, A.A. Enhancing Social Qualities in University Campus Outdoor Spaces through Islamic Spatial Configurations: The Case of the American University in Cairo. Buildings 2023, 13, 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051179
Abu Elkhair KI, Sarhan AEN, Bayoumi AA. Enhancing Social Qualities in University Campus Outdoor Spaces through Islamic Spatial Configurations: The Case of the American University in Cairo. Buildings. 2023; 13(5):1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051179
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbu Elkhair, Kamel I., Alaa ElDin Nagy Sarhan, and Amr A. Bayoumi. 2023. "Enhancing Social Qualities in University Campus Outdoor Spaces through Islamic Spatial Configurations: The Case of the American University in Cairo" Buildings 13, no. 5: 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051179