ÖNORM B 2203-1 as a Supplement to FIDIC Emerald Book in Conventional Tunnel Construction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Status Quo
1.2. Research Gaps and Questions
1.3. Materials and Methodological Approach
2. Basics on Examined Contractual Frameworks
2.1. Overview of FIDIC Emerald Book
2.2. Overview of ÖNORM B 2203-1 Works Contract Form
3. Comparison of Contract Characteristics
3.1. Geotechnical Baseline Report in FIDIC Emerald Book
3.2. Systemic Conditions and Tunnelling Classes in ÖNORM B 2203-1
3.3. Comparison of Performance Certificates
3.4. Comparison of Field Measurement Sheets
3.5. Comparison of Sample Contract Forms
4. Compatibility of Reimbursement Models
4.1. Remuneration
4.2. Bill of Quantities for Excavation and Support Works
4.3. Quantity-Related Items
4.4. Time-Related Items
4.5. Documentation of Tunnel Construction
5. Dispute Resolution Models
5.1. Risk Allocation in FIDIC Emerald Book
5.2. Excavation Hindrances
5.3. Dispute Adjudication
5.4. Claim Management as Defined in the FIDIC Contract Model
5.5. Selecting and Implementing the Appropriate Dispute Resolution
6. Results and Assessment
7. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Contract Characteristic | FIDIC Emerald Book | ÖNORM B 2203-1 |
---|---|---|
Geotechnical Baseline Report | Emphasises the importance of a GBR as the basis for project planning; GBR describes anticipated subsurface conditions and defines risk allocation | Takes systemic conditions and tunnelling classes as the basis for project planning and remuneration; tunnelling classes are determined by specified round length, extent, and type of supporting measures |
Construction planning and monitoring | Requires continuous monitoring of excavation work and submission of subsoil interpretation to the Engineer; Engineer may reassess the time for construction work based on field conditions | Defines excavation classes and systemic conditions for different geological ranges; design of tunnelling classes includes evaluating drilling, support processes, and compliance with long-term structural requirements |
Performance certificates | Two variants for recording excavation services: one for miners’ expenses and other cost components, and another for labour costs of the tunnelling crew | Specifies separate items for labour, other performance-dependent, and time-independent costs |
Field measurement sheets | Provides provisions for measuring excavation and lining works; measurements subject to adjustment of contract price and completion time | Measurement method stated in contract data; Contractor is responsible for the measurement and submission of relevant measures; field measurement sheets are used for invoicing |
Sample contract forms | Client attaches subsoil prognosis to the contract; contractor commissioned for construction work; pricing is based on a lump-sum with adjustment options | Client carries out approval and implementation planning, and Contractor is commissioned for construction work; pricing is based on a unit price contract with adjustment options |
Selected Characteristics | FIDIC Emerald Book | Austrian Standards |
---|---|---|
Invoicing | Actual measurement and unit prices | Unit prices, lump-sum contracts |
Security provisions | Retention money, performance security, advance payment guarantee | Security deposit, liability bond, cover bond |
Comparison of securities | Performance security (similar to security deposit), retention money (combination of liability and cover bond), no equivalent provision for advance payment guarantee | Security deposit, liability bond, cover bond |
Payment for ground risks | Differentiation between impacted and unaffected sections | Reimbursed at a fixed amount (fixed fee) for unaffected sections |
Adjustment and compensation | Based on additional drilling, lining works, and deviation from benchmark production rates and costs | Adjustments based on quantity and time-related rate items |
BoQ categories | Fixed-rate items, time-related items, quantity-related items, value-related items | Unit prices, lump sum, direct price |
Excavation and lining works | Reimbursement based on unit prices; remaining works priced as lump sum | Unit prices for excavation and lining works |
Quantity-related items | Reimbursement for material consumption, tunnelling team costs | Quantity-based unit prices |
Time-related items | Adjustments based on subsurface conditions, completion time | Adjustments in contract price corresponding to time adjustments |
Documentation | Monthly progress reports, comprehensive information on progress, manufacturer details, construction stages | Comprehensive reports, documentation obligations |
Reimbursement models | FIDIC Emerald Book | ÖNORM B 2110 |
Selected Characteristics | FIDIC Emerald Book and ÖNORM Standard |
---|---|
Quantity determination for invoicing | Theoretical plan dimensions |
Validity of the standard | Through Contract |
Preparation of permit applications | By the Employer |
Subsoil risk | Employer |
Calculation risk | Contractor |
Process risk | Contractor |
Selected Characteristics | FIDIC Emerald Book | ÖNORM Standard |
---|---|---|
Independent standards for cyclical tunnelling | - | ÖGG planning guidelines ÖNORM B 2203-1 ÖNORM B 2118 |
Pricing | Lump-sum contract | Unit price contract |
Remuneration model | Flexible according to tunnelling sections as specified in the GBR | Flexible according to the tunnelling classes |
Ground investigation | GBR by Employer | Geotechnical report by Employer |
Time required for the decision on excess or reduced cost claims | Within 42 days | Within 2 months |
Structure of the rock mass/Classification of the subsoil | Homogeneous and heterogeneous zones depending on the project | Rock mass behaviour types |
Minimum technical requirements of the tunnelling method | Geotechnical Baseline Report by the Employer | Geotechnical planning |
Detailed design | By the Contractor | Usually by the Employer |
Determination of tunnelling class | Effort for excavation, support and ancillary measures, preliminary subsoil investigation, seepage treatment | Number of support measures Tunnelling method |
Compensation for time-related costs | Schedule of Baselines/Actual calendar days | Construction timetables |
Service description | Constructional description for tunnelling and support measures; otherwise, functional service description | Constructional description |
Service specifications | Items for tunnelling and lining services | Structured by single items |
Safety and health protection | By the Contractor | By the Employer |
Dispute resolution | 3-stage procedure (mandatory) | 2-stage procedure (can be agreed upon) |
Warranty period | Determined by the Client, dependent on the project | 2 years for movable items 3 years for immovable items |
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Melnyk, O.; Raab, J.; Lulei, F. ÖNORM B 2203-1 as a Supplement to FIDIC Emerald Book in Conventional Tunnel Construction. Buildings 2023, 13, 1837. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071837
Melnyk O, Raab J, Lulei F. ÖNORM B 2203-1 as a Supplement to FIDIC Emerald Book in Conventional Tunnel Construction. Buildings. 2023; 13(7):1837. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071837
Chicago/Turabian StyleMelnyk, Oleksandr, Jacqueline Raab, and Frank Lulei. 2023. "ÖNORM B 2203-1 as a Supplement to FIDIC Emerald Book in Conventional Tunnel Construction" Buildings 13, no. 7: 1837. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071837