Required Changes to Unlock Value Generation through Implementing BIM and IoT for Universities FM Services
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Process issues, such as lack of collaboration between stakeholders for managing information models [22,24]; difficulties in engaging software providers and cultural resistance to changes [22,23]; need for investments in infrastructure and training for the generation and management of information models [3,20,21,22,23];
2. Materials and Methods
- -
- The intermediate level involves the availability of a CAFM system; availability of online tools for users reporting faults; availability of digitalised asset information (drawings, spreadsheets, standards, etc.); availability of BIM models of buildings/university campus; use of BIM model as one, but not the only, reliable source of information for FM purposes; partial integration of BIM models and CAFM system; change management triggered by BIM implementation;
- -
- availability of IoT devices to support building management OR intention to integrate IoT devices into BIM model;
- -
- while the low level involves the availability of a CAFM system; availability of online tools for users reporting faults; availability of digitalised asset information (drawings, spreadsheets, standards, etc.)
3. Results and Discussion
- What is the capability of FM team members in asset data and information management?
- What are the technological abilities and requirements necessary to support FM digital transformation?
- What is the role played by standards and mandates in FM digital transformation?
- What is the level of engagement with digital transformation among the distinct stakeholders?
3.1. Technology
“So, we are using Archibus to link Archibus to Revit, and my experience with CAFM software, in general, hasn’t been great. I think they, from what I’ve seen, are like the kinds of systems that were created in the 80 s that haven’t really moved a lot since. So, I think for this [kind of ...] digital campus I don’t know if any system will really kind of live up to the expectations [...]. They have very rigid data structures. Archibus, for example, uses inside the room number as a primary key which means if you want to change the room number and [...] add it again with a different new code, you will lose all of the data. So, it is a really poor structure, I think.”(UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2018)
“So, I would go back to the IT people and [say] “Look, this is not working, here I need a form for me to sign, to forward, because that person does not have access to our computers”, or “because it needs a way to forward to the purchasing [department] to buy something that is missing when a material is missing, or else they need to be able to return to me.”(BR UNIVERSITY, 2019a)
“And what some companies do is, once you are bought into their system, you cannot integrate into other manufacturers’ products. So, basically, you “buy their stuff” […] or you do not have their system. […] there are certain protocols that are only supported and maintained by one vendor and their proprietary system, so we take the decision of just not using them because if we later buy from another, it will not work, and we will have to buy all from that one company and that in my opinion is really risky. Because they can double the prices, or rack prices up […] So, we avoid that. […] So, that is the biggest thing that annoys me. But I know why companies do it. They do it because they want more money, basically. I might be wrong, but I am pretty sure […] that’s business.”(UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019d)
“I think the interesting thing with sensors is that you can have so many that you could almost become overwhelmed by data. So, I think it is essential getting the balance right and understanding the right sort of sensor for the right place.”(UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019c)
3.2. Process
“IoT is the internet of things, and there are a lot of systems that are connected to the network, but they are not accessed through the internet. […] So, it is a local network of things (LAT).”(UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019d)
“It is the way every university uses BIM with CAFM.”(UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b)
“[…] we were talking about innovative ways to change how the university is working with IT.”(UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b)
“We took this information by surprise in the AutoCAD course. And then we started to argue with each other, so we have, of course, an obligation to implement it by 2021, but we also have the desire to implement it, to start using Revit, because the projects that come to us will also start arriving in Revit, we have to know, right?”(BR UNIVERSITY, 2019a)
“People do not like it... it is more comfortable an incremental change, but that is not what we need. We need a monumental change! We need to get from a very bad position to a very good position.”(UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2018)
“The tip of the spear is people with low digital literacy; this is our difficulty. Because, for example, the bricklayer, excellent bricklayers, but they are not use to work with computers, for example.”(BR UNIVERSITY, 2019a)
“But the problem ended up in whoever is going to manage it. We were unable to have a person to say, “This guy will manage, will test the system, will know how to change the system, will know how to dim, will know how to do, how to sector to be able to try this”, so there was no person who was appointed to do that, in addition to some system failures as well.”(BR UNIVERSITY, 2019a)
“When you have got an established building where you have not got BIM, you have not got air conditioning survey; possibly, you have not got a facility management system set up to that level of detail that would be very expensive to set up.”(UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019c)
“So, I think there are two things to say: a brand new building, absolutely, would be really helpful, but for an older building, older state, there are many holes behind the walls, if you know what I mean, that we do not know what goes on because we were not here when the first fix was done, it is a lot more difficult, does that make you understand?”(UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019c)
3.3. Policy
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Date | 6 December 2018 | 15 February 2019 | 25 February 2019 | 27 February 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Duration | 00:30:00 | 01:28:00 | 01:00:29 | 00:12:54 (Part 1) 42:56:00 (Part 2) |
Interview ID | UK University 1_Interview_1 (2018) (Interview discarded for Content Analysis due to the lack of structured transcription) * | UK University 1_Interview_2 (2019) | UK University 1_Interview_3 (2019) | UK University 1_Interview_4 (2019) |
Interviewee identification | UK University 1_Prof_1 | UK University 1_Prof_2 UK University 1_Prof_3 | UK University 1_Prof_4 | UK University 1_Prof_5 |
Job Title | General Maintenance Manager | Technical Lead CAFM/CAD/BIM Technician | Director of Estates Operations | Network Engineer |
Department/ Sector | FM Sector | Computing Services FM Sector | FM Sector | Computing Services |
Type of interview | Not structured | Semi-structured | Semi-structured | Not structured |
Recording tools | Written notes | Audio record and questionnaire | Audio record and questionnaire | Audio record |
Transcription ID | (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2018a) | (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b) | (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019c) | UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019d) |
Topics | FM sector FM budget Critical maintenance RMS process Building database CAFM system BIM model | CAFM system BMS system Database BIM model Financial information RMS process model IoT uses App for monitoring FM craftsman | Characterization of FM sector and services (scope, hierarchy, professionals, budget) BIM and IoT implementation (solutions, costs, impact on RM efficiency, benefits, and barriers) | Current and potential applications of IoT to FM activities (e.g., emergency lighting system management) |
Date | 19 December 2018 | 18 February 2019 |
---|---|---|
Duration | 01:15:35 | 00:48:04 |
Interview ID | UK UNIVERSITY 2_Interview_1_2018 | UK UNIVERSITY 2_Interview_2_2019 |
Interviewee identification | UK UNIVERSITY 2_Prof_1 | UK UNIVERSITY 2_Prof_1 |
Job Title | Digital/BIM Manager | Digital/BIM Manager |
Department/ Sector | Digital Campus Innovations Team Estates|FM Sector | Digital Campus Innovations Team Estates|FM Sector |
Type of interview | Semi-structured interview | Semi-structured interview |
Recording tools | Audio record and questionnaire | Audio record and questionnaire |
Transcription ID | (UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2018) | (UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2019b) |
Topics | CAFM system RMS process model BIM model | FM sector BIM benefits and barriers for RM IoT uses Financial information |
Date | 15 October 2019 | 13 December 2019 |
---|---|---|
Duration | 00:07:49 (Part 1) 01:23:50 (Part 2) | 00:55:41 |
Interview ID | BR University_FocusGroup (2019) | BR University_Interview (2019) |
Interviewee identification | BR University_Prof_1 BR University_Prof_2 BR University_Prof_3 | BR University_Prof_1 |
Job Title | General Maintenance Chief Architect CAD Technician | General Maintenance Chief |
Department/ Sector | Division of Maintenance and Operation | Division of Maintenance and Operation |
Type of interview | Semi-structured | Semi-structured |
Recording tools | Audio record and questionnaire | Audio record and questionnaire |
Transcription ID | (BR UNIVERSITY, 2019a) | (BR UNIVERSITY, 2019b) |
Topics | Characterization of FM sector RMS process Maintenance support system Potential BIM advantages for FM Critical maintenance problems to benefit from BIM adoption Steps for BIM adoption Project documentation for the campus management Main problems for the campus management related to cost, labour, risk, and disruption | Maintenance support system RMS process Database characterization of FM sector and services (scope, hierarchy, professionals, budget) BIM and IoT implementation (solutions, costs, impact on RM efficiency, benefits, and barriers) |
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University | Date | Interview ID | Interviewee ID | Transcription ID |
---|---|---|---|---|
UK University 1 | 15 February 2019 | UK University 1_Interview_2_2019 | UK University 1_Prof_2 UK University 1_Prof_3 | (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b) |
25 February 2019 | UK University 1_Interview_3_2019 | UK University 1_Prof_4 | (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019c) | |
27 February 2019 | UK University 1_Interview_4_2019 | UK University 1_Prof_5 | (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019d) | |
UK University 2 | 19 December 2018 | UK UNIVERSITY 2_Interview_1_2018 | UK UNIVERSITY 2_Prof_1 | (UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2018) |
18 February 2019 | UK UNIVERSITY 2_Interview_2_2019 | UK UNIVERSITY 2_Prof_1 | (UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2019b) | |
BR University | 15 October 2019 | BR UNIVERSITY_FocusGroup_2019 | BR UNIVERSITY_Prof_1 BR UNIVERSITY_Prof_2 BR UNIVERSITY_Prof_3 | (BR UNIVERSITY, 2019a) |
13 December 2019 | BR UNIVERSITY_Interview_2019 | BR UNIVERSITY_Prof_1 | (BR UNIVERSITY, 2019b) |
Step | Description |
---|---|
i. Pre-analysis | Summarising initial ideas and defining an analytical plan; free-floating reading of the material; selecting and preparing documents for analysis; formulating hypotheses and objectives; and establishing indexes for content interpretation. |
ii. Exploration of the corpus | Corresponding to the analysis of the selected material through codification, a systematic process that transforms raw data into a representation of the content or its expression. The coding process involves the labelling and organising of content according to categories or themes related to the research focus, which can be predefined by the literature or identified through the data [36]. Codification was undertaken through the clipping (i.e., selection of record and context unities), enumeration (i.e., the definition of rules for counting), and classification (i.e., choice of categories) of content. Principles such as mutual exclusion, homogeneity, relevance, objectivity, and fidelity were observed towards establishing appropriate categories for analyses. |
iii. Treatment and interpretation of results | Involves the identification of latent factors in the descriptions and categories (e.g., ideologies, representations, discourses, intentions, contexts, relationships, and valuations) [35], supporting the theoretical contribution to the literature [31,36]. |
Theme | Category Group | Category |
---|---|---|
Technology | Software, hardware and network: the aspects of the software, systems, hardware, devices, and network involved in the current and potential FM processes. | Ability: relates to the functionalities of the technological tools in the FM context, including CAFM, BIM, and IoT software and devices. User-friendliness: relates to the quality of the FM-driven systems, software, and devices being simple for people to use. Interoperability: relates to the effective management of data integrity over various stakeholders and systems. |
Data and information: regards to the factors involved in gathering, sharing, storing, and updating asset data and information for FM purposes. | Accessibility and availability: relates to the ability to easily obtain data and information needed over the FM service process and to manage CAFM systems. Accuracy and reliability: relates to the precision and integrity of data and information for FM. | |
Process | People issues: regards to the FM service processes from the perspective of the FM team members. | Awareness: relates to the individual understanding of BIM and IoT as disruptive solutions to improve FM services. Capability: relates to the skills of FM members in managing digital information and is considered a core barrier to ICT implementation. Engagement: relates to the perception regarding the individual involvement with the digital transformation supported by ICTs. Satisfaction: relates to the individuals’ sense of achievement related to the FM sector and services. |
Strategic, tactical and operational FM: regards the role played by the organization in the advancement of FM services’ performance. | Value: relates to the value given by the organization to the FM services. Leadership: relates to the involvement of the organization in the FM digital transformation through BIM and IoT implementation. Feasibility: relates to the feasibility of digital transformation from distinct perspectives of the participants. | |
Policy | Regulatory: the internal procedures and protocols supporting operation and maintenance processes. | Classification: relates to methods and criteria for service classification and may include services prioritization according to the scale and impact of the problem on the users (i.e., service level agreement), service classification based on the building characteristics (i.e., room type), and budget setting according to FM key performance indicators (KPI’s). Guidelines: relates to instructions to support data and information management and exchange among FM stakeholders. Standard and regulations: relates to a set of official orders and rules about FM digitalization based on BIM and IoT solutions. |
Contractual: the impact of the FM sector roles and the relationship among stakeholders on the service processes. | Responsibility and compliance: relates to setting roles and responsibilities to ensure that the right decisions are taken by the right supplier in each stage of the process. |
Theme | Category Group | Category | Code Examples | Statement Example |
---|---|---|---|---|
Technology | Software, hardware and network | Ability | functionalities; “the system can do” ; “it was designed for” ; “able to” ; “poor structure” ; synchronizes; visualise; “to take measurements” ; “it is not working” ; “to quantify” ; “half checks” | “I don’t think Archibus was doing what it needed to.” (UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2019b) “[…] last year they [Department of Estates] wanted to buy the full Archibus package and that came with its own mobile app. So, in October they [the craftsman] started using this one, they don’t like this one, they keep saying “bring back the old one” […] and they were complaining because they didn’t like it, didn’t work very well for them.” (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b) |
User-friendliness | “easy to use” ; “user friendly” ; awful | “Archibus itself is not very easy to use, I will show you. It’s not very pretty, it is very much like a spreadsheet, it is simple. It does the job, but it is not very user-friendly.” (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b) | ||
Interoperability | “easily go straight to” ; “talk together” ; “fragmented” ; “they do not speak” ; “talk to each other” ; integrated… | “But if we could get information from all other systems and tune them together, it would draw a better picture of what is going on.” (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019d) | ||
Data and information | Accessibility and availability | access; acesso (access); available; “looking for information” ; lost; permission; “it’s difficult to get the information” ; “limited view” | “[NAME] is responsible for the trees, so every tree that has to be cut on campus, she goes there, photographs, she has a file that indicates what tree it is and such, but it is very restricted, no one else has access to it.” (BR UNIVERSITY, 2019a) | |
Accuracy and reliability | precise; accurate; “wrong data” ; “knew exactly what was inside” ; certainty; trusts; reliable; “it never matches” | “the workman forgets to hit stop, or they do not hit start, you know, the data is just not accurate” (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b). | ||
Process | People issues | Awareness | understanding; “A lot of people do not understand” ; “understanding their requirements” ; “we were surprised by this information”) | “I have identified the data, and we want to be able to put it into that system and specify the EIR (Exchange Information Requirement), you know, this data has to be in a certain format, so [can it] should be taken into the system at the end. Other many organisations really thought about that.” (UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2018) |
Capability | capability; skilled; specialists; “guys here struggle” ; “low literacy” ; “we have got a little bit of education to do here” ; training; “we are unable to attend them.” | “These units have their maintenance team; however, they ask us for some things. In the past, there was more, but our team has been decreasing, and we are unable to attend them.” (BR UNIVERSITY, 2019a) | ||
Engagement | “I’m not convinced yet” ; resistant; willingness; “to make everything a lot better” ; cooperation; “I would like to move in that direction” | “Hopefully [BIM implementation will happen] early next year, maybe the middle of the next year. […] Yeah, I am always very optimistic.” (UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2018) | ||
Satisfaction | satisfaction; “I don’t like this” ; reclamação (complaint); unfortunately; “that’s unfortunate about it” ; happy | “[…] now in the Estates, there is a lot of doing restructure of all of the staff, and I think that... people are not happy at the moment” (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b). | ||
Strategic, tactical and operational FM | Value | “essential services” ; important; “treated as commercial because they make income.” | “I think that is the difference in accommodation hospitalities; they are treated as commercial because they make income, even if the income goes back to the University, they still sell the accommodation to the student, they sell the food to the costumer, so they have to be running in a more commercial kind of professional environment.” (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b) | |
Leadership | “Estates have not really asked for that” ; “Estates do not really drive for this kind of change” ; “led by the Estates Department” ; (planning) | “[…] this is probably one of the biggest problems, is that the Estates do not really drive for this kind of change, so we are saying we think we can do it for you, what would be helpful, and they are like “ok maybe, try it out, so we are going to give it a go and just see what happens”. (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b) | ||
Feasibility | risk; change; cost; expensive; budget; context; time; savings; “a lot more difficult” ; “do it for real” ; “high workload” | “[…] the universities at the top of the deep tables, they struggle to change, because they have got what they think is… their way… ‘it got us here so far’, the risk of changes is expensive.” (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b) | ||
Policy | Regulatory | Classification | classify; categorization; priority; “priority” ; prioritization | “I will show you the phone app in a minute, but essentially as soon as they assign it, that work will just appear on the work man’s mobile phone app, and then they can see all the priorities and the target dates, then it is up to them they decide when they want to do the work.” (UK UNIVERSITY 1, 2019b) |
Guidelines | “general report,” “masterplan” ; “standard code” ; “generic list” ; “a plan” | “And it was just a matter of working on how to integrate it with CAFM because it does solve a big problem like getting the supply chain to deliver data; it has never been easy, and asking them to do a non-standard by a UE specific and coding system, etc. It has never been successful, so having BIM and going to be a Uniclass as an industry standard has made the process easier.” (UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2018) | ||
Standard and regulations | standard; Uniclass, COBIE; UK government mandate | “I think it started with the UK government mandate building new things, getting BIM information anyway. And it was just a matter of working on how to integrate it with CAFM because it does solve a big problem, like getting the supply chain to deliver data; it has never been easy and asking them to do a non-standard by a UE-specific and coding system, etc. It has never been successful, so having BIM and going to be a Uniclass as an industry standard has made the process easier.” (UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2019b) | ||
Contractual | Responsibility and compliance | “responsible for” ; responsável (responsible); designada (assigned); poder (power); allocation; manage; contract; subcontractor; handover; delivery | “So, supply chain capability and the supply chain understanding of FM, as we spoke about already, so you often get loads of problems with the BIM handover, especially from the design team to the contractor team, you get gaps, and it can be still in the client’s contract and how they have contracted, how they want the information […] and you can end up with gaps in the model.” (UK UNIVERSITY 2, 2018) |
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Fialho, B.C.; Fabricio, M.M.; Codinhoto, R. Required Changes to Unlock Value Generation through Implementing BIM and IoT for Universities FM Services. Buildings 2023, 13, 2150. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092150
Fialho BC, Fabricio MM, Codinhoto R. Required Changes to Unlock Value Generation through Implementing BIM and IoT for Universities FM Services. Buildings. 2023; 13(9):2150. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092150
Chicago/Turabian StyleFialho, Beatriz Campos, Márcio Minto Fabricio, and Ricardo Codinhoto. 2023. "Required Changes to Unlock Value Generation through Implementing BIM and IoT for Universities FM Services" Buildings 13, no. 9: 2150. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092150