Deflection Monitoring Method for Simply Supported Girder Bridges Using Strain Response under Traffic Loads
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory of Deflection Calculation Based on Strain Measurement Input
2.1. Deflection Calculation Based on Distributed Strain Measurement Input
2.2. Assessment Method of Deflection Based on Strain Measurements at One Location under TrafficLoad
2.2.1. Displacement Reciprocal Theorem
2.2.2. Static Strain Distribution Obtained with One Strain Sensor under Traffic Loads
- (1)
- Uniaxial vehicle load
- (2)
- Biaxial vehicle load
- (3)
- Multi-axle vehicle load
3. Strain Measurement Based on Optical Fibre Sensors
3.1. Strain Measurement Principle
3.2. Long-Gauge Optical Fibre Sensor
3.3. Strain Sensing Performance of the Sensor
4. Study on the FE Bridge Model
4.1. Introduction to the Bridge Model
4.2. Extraction and Processing of Strain Data
- Wavelet decomposition. Generally, a wavelet basis type and the layer N of wavelet decomposition are selected first, and then N layer decomposition of the noisy signal is performed to obtain the wavelet coefficient of each layer. The wavelet basis function used in this paper is Sym8, which has already been used in many application scenarios in signal processing and data compression. Sym8 can decompose the data signal into multiple sub-signals, reducing the data noise while retaining the important features of the signal. It can retain the important features of the signal as much as possible and remove the noise interference. Here N is set as 4.
- Threshold processing. The wavelet coefficients from the first layer to the N layer are processed with appropriate thresholds, and the noise is removed with its de-correlation (Figure 15). The main principle is to set a threshold λ. When the wavelet coefficient is greater than λ, it retains its original value. When the wavelet coefficient is less than λ, it is directly set to 0. In this way, the original features are well preserved and the noise removal signal is smoother.
- Wavelet reconstruction. The processed signal is reconstructed and the denoised signal is obtained. In Figure 16, the signal S(t) is decomposed by four-layer wavelet, in which WCD1, WCD2, WCD3, and WCD4 are the high-frequency wavelet coefficients of each layer wavelet decomposition, while WCA1, WCA2, WCA3, and WCA4 are the low-frequency wavelet coefficients. Here, noise is mainly contained in the low-frequency wavelet coefficient, so it is considered that WCA1, WCA2, WCA3, and WCA4 are less than λ, and then can be set as 0. Finally, the denoised signal is obtained.
4.3. Results and Analysis
4.4. Parameter Influence Analysis
- (1)
- Vehicle type
- (2)
- Vehicle speed
- (3)
- Structural damage
- (1)
- Damage between the hinge joints
- (2)
- Concrete cracks
5. On-Site Experimental Study
5.1. Experimental Description
5.2. Experimental Results and Analysis
6. Conclusions and Remarks
- (1)
- The displacement reciprocal theorem enabled the development of a method for converting the temporal strain response under traffic loads to the spatial distribution of strain under the same static loads. Meanwhile, modified methods for decreasing the error caused by vehicle type differences were established.
- (2)
- The deflection measurement method relied largely on strain distribution input, which was measured using the proposed macro-strain sensor, a long-gauge FBG sensor. The high accuracy of the proposed method was validated by FE simulation results, which indicated a relative error of about 5%. However, when key parameters such as vehicle type, vehicle speed, and structural damage were considered, damage to the hinge joint in the middle location significantly affected the proposed method’s accuracy, as the deflection error could exceed 10%.
- (3)
- The results of on-site experiments validated the proposed method, as the maximum relative error of deflection measurement was about 8% and the absolute error was below 0.05 mm.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elastic Mode for Girder | Compressive Strength for Girder | Tensile Strength for Girder | Elastic Mode for Joints | Compressive Strength for Joints | Tensile Strength for Girder |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
32.5 GPa | 19.1 Mpa | 1.71 Mpa | 30 Gpa | 14.3 Mpa | 1.43 Mpa |
Girder No. | Actual Deflection (mm) | Deflection by Static Strain Distribution | Deflection by Equivalent Strain Distribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | ||
1 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 3.39 | 0.88 | 5.63 |
2 | 0.83 | 0.85 | 2.61 | 0.86 | 3.34 |
3 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0.85 | 0.62 |
4 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.84 |
5 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.11 |
6 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.00 | 0.86 | −0.05 |
Vehicle Type | Actual Deflection (mm) | Deflection by Static Strain Distribution | Deflection by Equivalent Strain Distribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | ||
Biaxial van | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.00 | 0.86 | −0.03 |
Biaxial truck | 0.81 | 0.82 | 1.12 | 0.82 | 1.92 |
Three-axle truck | 1.44 | 1.46 | 1.35 | 1.45 | 0.81 |
Multi-axle trailer | 1.40 | 1.40 | 0.00 | 1.32 | −5.62 |
Item | Actual Deflection | Deflection by Static Strain Distribution | Deflection by Equivalent Strain Distribution | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 km/h | 60 km/h | 90 km/h | 120 km/h | |||
Deflection (mm) | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.92 |
Error (%) | / | 0.00 | −0.05 | 0.41 | 1.20 | 5.50 |
D | Actual Deflection (mm) | Static Strain Distribution | Equivalent Strain Distribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | ||
0.1 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 15.88 |
0.2 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.01 | 1.02 | 15.37 |
0.3 | 0.92 | 0.92 | −0.70 | 1.09 | 17.63 |
0.4 | 0.97 | 0.95 | −1.45 | 1.14 | 17.60 |
0.5 | 1.02 | 1.00 | −2.24 | 1.18 | 15.97 |
0.6 | 1.08 | 1.04 | −3.11 | 1.22 | 13.53 |
0.7 | 1.14 | 1.10 | −4.06 | 1.26 | 10.46 |
0.8 | 1.22 | 1.16 | −5.14 | 1.30 | 6.91 |
0.9 | 1.31 | 1.23 | −6.34 | 1.35 | 2.78 |
1.0 | 1.76 | 1.65 | −6.33 | 1.66 | −5.78 |
D | Actual Deflection (mm) | Static Strain Distribution | Equivalent Strain Distribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | ||
0.05 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 1.12 | 0.88 | 1.54 |
0.10 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 1.10 | 0.88 | 1.51 |
0.15 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 1.07 | 0.88 | 1.42 |
0.20 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 1.04 | 0.88 | 1.27 |
0.25 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.94 |
0.30 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.36 |
0.35 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.86 | −0.60 |
0.40 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.85 | −2.18 |
0.45 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 1.13 | 0.84 | −4.05 |
Condition | Actual Deflection (mm) | Static Strain Distribution | Equivalent Strain Distribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | ||
Longitudinal crack | 0.84 | 0.85 | 1.20 | 0.86 | 1.75 |
Transverse crack | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.15 | 0.87 | 2.87 |
Condition | Actual Deflection (mm) | Static Strain Distribution | Equivalent Strain Distribution | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | Deflection (mm) | Error (%) | |||
South direction | 30 km/h | 0.71 | 0.68 | −3.40 | 0.75 | 6.02 |
60 km/h | 0.71 | 0.68 | −3.40 | 0.69 | −2.48 | |
North direction | 30 km/h | 0.62 | 0.63 | 1.81 | 0.57 | −8.25 |
60 km/h | 0.62 | 0.63 | 1.81 | 0.59 | −4.25 |
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Tang, Y.; Cang, J.; Zheng, B.; Tang, W. Deflection Monitoring Method for Simply Supported Girder Bridges Using Strain Response under Traffic Loads. Buildings 2024, 14, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010070
Tang Y, Cang J, Zheng B, Tang W. Deflection Monitoring Method for Simply Supported Girder Bridges Using Strain Response under Traffic Loads. Buildings. 2024; 14(1):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010070
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Yongsheng, Jigang Cang, Bohan Zheng, and Wei Tang. 2024. "Deflection Monitoring Method for Simply Supported Girder Bridges Using Strain Response under Traffic Loads" Buildings 14, no. 1: 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010070