Next Article in Journal
Seismic Behavior of Concrete Beam-Column Joints Reinforced with Steel-Jacketed Grouting
Previous Article in Journal
Analysis of Capillary Water Absorption within Unsaturated Concrete Based on the Principle of Stationary Action
Previous Article in Special Issue
Study on the Performance Improvement of Straw Fiber Modified Asphalt by Vegetable Oil
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Buildings
Volume 14
Issue 10
10.3390/buildings14103240
buildings-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

A Bibliometric Analysis and Review on Applications of Industrial By-Products in Asphalt Mixtures for Sustainable Road Construction

by
Adham Mohammed Alnadish
1,
Madhusudhan Bangalore Ramu
2,*,
Narimah Kasim
3,
Aawag Mohsen Alawag
4 and
Abdullah O. Baarimah
2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Balochistan Campus, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
2
Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, College of Engineering, A’Sharqiyah University, Ibra 400, Oman
3
Department of Construction Management, Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja 86400, Johor, Malaysia
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3240; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103240
Submission received: 14 September 2024 / Revised: 10 October 2024 / Accepted: 11 October 2024 / Published: 12 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of High-Performance Asphalt and Asphalt Mixture in Construction)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The growing consumption of natural resources to meet the needs of road construction has become a significant challenge to environmental sustainability. Additionally, the increase in industrial by-products has raised global concerns due to their environmental impacts. The utilization of industrial by-products in asphalt mixtures offers an effective solution for promoting sustainable practices. The objective of this article is to conduct a bibliometric analysis and citation-based review to characterize and analyze the scientific literature on the use of steel slag aggregates, copper slag, phosphorus slag, bottom ash, fly ash, red mud, silica fume, and foundry sand in asphalt mixtures. Another aim is to identify research gaps and propose recommendations for future studies. The bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer software version 1.6.18, focusing on authors, co-authorship, bibliographic coupling, and countries. A total of 909 articles were selected for the bibliometric analysis. The findings indicate that more effort is needed to expand the application of industrial by-products in asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, these by-products should be utilized in different types of asphalt mixtures. The incorporation of industrial by-products into asphalt mixes also requires field validation and further laboratory investigations, particularly concerning aging and moisture resistance. In addition, the effects of chemical reactions involving industrial by-products on the long-term performance of asphalt layers should be evaluated. Finally, this article encourages engineers and researchers to intensify their efforts in utilizing industrial by-products for environmental sustainability.

1. Introduction

Asphalt is a mixture of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, filler, and bitumen. The function of bitumen in the asphalt mix is to bind the components together, producing a cohesive mass after mixing and compaction [1,2]. Globally, asphalt is the preferred choice for paving roads due to its smooth surface, noiselessness, durability, recyclability, and cost-effectiveness [3,4,5]. However, the increasing demand for road construction and maintenance is leading to the growing consumption of coarse and sand aggregates, which are non-renewable resources [6]. It is reported that the annual demand for natural aggregates may rise to sixty billion tons by 2030 [7]. As a result, the use of natural aggregates in civil engineering applications has become a global environmental sustainability challenge [8,9]. On the other hand, global industrial development and population growth have led to the expansion of industries to meet developmental needs. This, in turn, has increased industrial production, resulting in a growing volume of industrial waste and by-products [10,11]. Recently, the global annual generation of industrial waste and by-products has reached approximately 9200 million tons [12]. These wastes and by-products have become a major threat to the environment and to environmental sustainability [13]. Disposing of industrial by-products in landfills has become a significant challenge for both industry owners and environmental organizations due to limited landfill space and the associated environmental damages, such as groundwater pollution, soil contamination, and the release of greenhouse gases [14,15]. Therefore, there is a strict global movement to reduce industrial waste and by-products due to their harmful impact on human health and the environment [16]. One effective strategy for managing and reducing industrial by-products is utilizing them in asphalt applications [17]. The use of industrial by-products in asphalt can minimize their environmental impact and help preserve natural resources [18]. This study aims to provide a bibliometric analysis and citation-based review by highlighting research focused on the use of industrial by-products in asphalt mixtures. Additionally, the research identifies gaps and provides recommendations for future directions in the utilization of these by-products. The research questions addressed in this article are as follows: (1) What is the annual trend in publications on utilizing industrial by-products in asphalt mixes over the past ten years? (2) Which authors and countries have made the most significant contributions to this field? (3) What has been done so far in utilizing industrial by-products in asphalt applications? (4) What are the gaps in the literature, and what recommendations can be made for future research?

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Approach of Study

In this study, a bibliometric analysis was carried out to enhance the quality of articles by assisting the researchers in identifying relevant literature. Additionally, bibliometric analysis was used to predict future trends in specific disciplines. This type of analysis is conducted using tools that create map visualizations based on imported data. VOSviewer is a commonly used software for creating and analyzing bibliometric visualizations [19,20]. Data for bibliometric analysis can be obtained from various sources, such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Dimensions. While Scopus and Web of Science databases are available by subscription, access to PubMed, Google Scholar, and Dimensions is free [21,22,23]. Furthermore, it has been documented that Dimensions has broader journal coverage compared to Scopus and Web of Science, as supported by a comparative analysis conducted by Singh et al. [24]. On the other hand, citation analysis is used to identify influential documents based on the number of citations they receive. As the number of citations for a document increases, so does its impact. Citation analysis helps researchers identify the most significant documents and their outputs, allowing them to recognize research gaps and future directions in a discipline [25,26].

2.2. Source of Data

The data for the bibliometric analysis were obtained in CSV format from Dimensions by searching the title and abstract for the keywords “steel slag AND asphalt”, “phosphorus slag AND asphalt”, “bottom ash AND asphalt”, “fly ash AND asphalt”, “copper slag AND asphalt”, “red mud AND asphalt”, “silica fume AND asphalt”, and “foundry sand AND asphalt”. The keywords were searched from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2022. The 10-year period for the bibliometric analysis was selected based on the recommendations of the research strategy committee for the use of bibliometric indicators in the assessment of publications, as a 10-year period is considered appropriate for individual-level analysis [27].

2.3. Eligibility Criteria

In this study, articles such as original articles, reviews, and letters were considered for bibliometric analysis, while chapters, proceedings, and preprints were excluded. Figure 1 shows the approach for the selected published documents.

2.4. Data Analysis

In this study, the bibliometric analysis was conducted by means of VOSviewer version 1.6.18, in which co-authorships and bibliographic coupling were the types of analysis, while the authors and countries were the units of analysis, respectively. However, the resolution parameter and minimum cluster size were set to 1, which are the default settings of VOSviewer. Furthermore, the minimum number of documents for the bibliometric analysis between co-authorships, authors, bibliographic coupling, and countries are listed in Table 1.

3. Results

3.1. Bibliometric Analysis

Annual Publications

The trend of annual publications on industrial by-products, such as steel slag, copper slag, phosphorus slag, bottom ash, fly ash, red mud, silica fume, and foundry sand, is shown in Figure 2. It can be seen that the highest number of documents pertained to steel slag aggregates and fly ash, indicating that these were the most widely utilized industrial by-products in asphalt mixes over the past ten years, compared to others. Additionally, the figure shows a continuous increase in the use of industrial by-products in asphalt applications, particularly from 2017 to 2022. On the other hand, the utilization of phosphorus slag, copper slag, bottom ash, red mud, silica fume, and foundry sand remained somewhat limited in comparison to steel slag and fly ash. Overall, there appears to be a growing interest in employing industrial by-products in asphalt mixtures.

3.2. Top Contributing Authors

The number of citations and documents was used to measure the influence of researchers or countries in a specific area [25]. The connections between co-authorship and authorship were analyzed using VOSviewer, with fractional counting adopted. Table 1 summarizes the outputs of the VOSviewer software. As seen in the table, Wu, Hainin, Qian, Nam, Liang, Saride, Boffetta, and De Lima were the top contributing authors to the utilization of steel slag, copper slag, phosphorus slag, bottom ash, fly ash, red mud, silica fume, and foundry sand in asphalt mixture applications, respectively. Furthermore, mapping visualization is another output of the VOSviewer tool. This type of visualization is used to assess the impact of authors in a specific area by examining the network of links between co-authors. The impact of authors is represented by the size of circles and links in the map. The larger the nodes and links, the greater the impact of the authors. Additionally, the strength of the link can be assessed through the number of publications two authors have co-authored, while the distance/length of links between nodes indicates the relatedness between authors and co-authors [20]. A shorter distance between nodes suggests a strong relationship between the author and co-author, while a longer distance implies weaker relatedness. The network visualization of authors utilizing steel aggregates in asphalt mixes is shown in Table 2. It was observed that Wu was the top contributing author, while the strongest link was between Wu and Xie. The network visualization of authors and co-authors for the use of copper slag in asphalt mixtures is also shown in Table 2. The close distance between Oluwasola and Hainin suggests a strong relationship, indicating that the published articles were from the same affiliation. Regarding the network between authors and co-authorship for the application of phosphorus slag in asphalt mixes, the figure shows that Qian was the top contributor, while the strength of links between authors was approximately equal. The short distance and equal link strength between authors for the map of using bottom ash in asphalt mixes imply that the publications were from the same affiliation. The equal size of nodes in the network visualization of red mud, fly ash, and silica fume suggests that the contributions of authors were roughly equal. According to the foundry sand network visualization in Table 2, De Lima was the top contributor, while the strongest link was between De Lima, Dyer, and Silva.

Top Contributing Countries

The bibliometric analysis of bibliographic coupling and countries was used to assess the contributions of different countries to the utilization of by-products in asphalt mixes [25]. VOSviewer was employed to analyze the network links between bibliographic coupling and countries in the application of by-products in asphalt mixes. The documents, citations, and total link strength of the countries are listed in Table 3. As seen in Table 3, the countries that contributed the most to the utilization of steel slag, copper slag, phosphorus slag, bottom ash, fly ash, red mud, silica fume, and foundry sand in asphalt mixtures were China, India, China, the United States, the United States, China, India, and the United States, respectively. In addition, the map visualization in Table 3 was used to study the link strength between the top contributing countries. The network map of steel slag showed that the strongest link was between China, Italy, and Iran, indicating that these countries have contributed the most to published articles on the use of steel slag in asphalt mixes. In the network map of copper slag, the link strengths were approximately equal among contributing countries. The network map of bottom ash showed a strong link between the United States and South Korea. Furthermore, the high number of published articles on the utilization of fly ash in asphalt mixes comes from China, the United States, and India, with strong links between these countries, as shown in the network map of fly ash. The strong link between China, India, and the United States in the network map of red mud indicates their interest in applying red mud in asphalt mixes. Finally, the large nodes and strong links between India and the United States in the network maps of silica fume and foundry sand imply that these countries have made the most significant contributions toward applying these by-products in asphalt mixtures.

3.3. Citation-Based Review on the Applications of Industrial By-Products in Asphalt Mixtures

The impactful and significant outputs of a study in a particular area are measured through the links between documents and citations. In other words, the higher the number of citations a document has, the greater its impact. The links between documents are used to ensure that the content is relevant, based on the connected citations among them [25,26]. In this study, the most influential documents on the utilization of industrial by-products in asphalt mixtures were reviewed based on an analysis of citations and documents using VOSviewer software. The data were imported from Dimensions in CSV format, obtained by searching the title and abstract for the keywords “steel slag AND asphalt”, “phosphorus slag AND asphalt”, “bottom ash AND asphalt”, “fly ash AND asphalt”, “copper slag AND asphalt”, “red mud AND asphalt”, “silica fume AND asphalt”, and “foundry sand AND asphalt”.

3.3.1. Steel Slag Aggregates

Steel slag is a by-product generated from the steel industry [28]. It is documented that the annual production of steel slag is approximately 1.6 billion tons worldwide [29]. The steel slag properties are summarized in Table 4. Figure 3 shows the most influential authors’ documents. As seen in the figure, the larger the node size, the greater the impact of a document. The documents by Ameri, Li, Gao, Phan, Shafabakhs, Shen, Fakhri, Sun, Pasetto, and Liu were the most impactful on the use of steel slag aggregates in asphalt mixes. Ameri and Benhood [28] conducted a study on the use of steel slag aggregates in cold-recycled asphalt. The authors found that replacing virgin aggregates with steel slag improved the resilient modulus, tensile strength, and Marshall stability, and reduced the air void content. Pasetto and Baldo [30] investigated replacing 40% of natural coarse aggregates with coarse steel slag aggregates in a warm-mix asphalt. The researchers confirmed that adding steel slag improved the stiffness and permanent deformation, though it decreased the fatigue resistance of the warm-mix asphalt. In another study by Pasetto and Baldo [31], conventional coarse aggregates in stone-mix asphalt were substituted with 59% steel slag aggregates. The research results indicated that asphalt mixes with steel slag aggregates performed well in terms of tensile strength, fatigue resistance, resilient modulus, and rutting resistance. The researchers observed an increase in the creep modulus by 53%, the stiffness modulus by 22%, and the tensile strength ratio by 10%.
Gao et al. [32] assessed the impact of replacing virgin coarse aggregates sized 9.5–2.36 mm with steel slag in terms of thermal conductivity and heating uniformity. Their findings showed that substituting 40–60% of natural aggregates by volume with steel slag improved both the thermal conductivity and heating uniformity. Sun et al. [33] noted that incorporating coarse steel slag into the asphalt mix enhanced its self-healing properties. Shen et al. [34] studied the adhesion properties between rubber asphalt and steel slag aggregates. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy found that the porosity of steel slag significantly enhanced the adhesion between the binder and the steel slag. Liu et al. [35] investigated the potential use of coarse steel slag aggregates in permeable (porous) asphalt mixes. The researchers confirmed that mixes with steel slag aggregates had satisfactory permeability, water stability, Marshall stability, and no signs of chemical reactions. According to Shafabakhs et al. [36], the addition of nano-TiO2/SiO2 to an asphalt mix incorporating steel slag aggregates improved fatigue and resistance to rutting. Fakhri et al. [37] explored the use of steel slag aggregates as a coarse portion in an asphalt mix combined with fine recycled asphalt pavement. Their study confirmed that incorporating steel slag aggregates as both a coarse component and fine recycled asphalt pavement notably enhanced the fracture energy and moisture resistance. Phan et al. [38] reported that replacing 30% of natural aggregates with steel slag aggregates improved the self-healing and ductile behavior of hot-mix asphalt. Lastly, Masoudi et al. [39] discovered that adding a warm-mix additive to an asphalt mix, incorporating steel slag aggregates as a coarse portion, enhanced the mix’s resistance to aging.

3.3.2. Copper Slag

Copper slag is a by-product generated from the manufacturing and smelting of copper [40]. The global annual production of copper slag is approximately 40 million tons [41]. The properties of copper slag are summarized in Table 4. Recently, there has been growing interest in using copper slag in asphalt applications. Figure 4 shows a network visualization of significant studies on the utilization of copper slag in asphalt mixes. It can be seen in the figure that authors such as Oluwasola, Behnood, Modarres, Ziari, Raposeiras, and Mohi Ud Din have produced the most influential documents. Behnood et al. [40] evaluated the asphalt mixes’ performance composed of different mineral fillers, such as fly ash, copper slag, rice husk ash, and Portland cement, in cold-recycled mixes. The authors observed that copper slag demonstrated better performance than fly ash and rice husk ash in terms of Marshall stability, stiffness modulus, tensile strength, and moisture sensitivity.
Raposeiras et al. [42] investigated the characteristics of asphalt mixes containing copper slag, replacing conventional aggregates sized 2.5 to 0.08 mm with copper slag. The study concluded that using copper slag No. 8 (2.36 mm) as a replacement for natural aggregates showed superior performance in terms of durability and strength compared to other sizes. Ziari et al. [43] studied the characteristics of warm-mix asphalt containing different proportions of copper slag (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%) as a replacement for natural fine aggregates. Marshall procedures were utilized to investigate the performance of the asphalt mixtures. The results demonstrated that replacing conventional aggregates with 20% copper slag provided superior performance in terms of flow number, tensile strength, stiffness modulus, and rutting resistance. Caceres et al. [44] evaluated the feasibility of using copper slag in asphalt mixtures with a high content of recycled asphalt pavement. The findings revealed that incorporating copper slag as a partial replacement for natural aggregates at a 15% ratio significantly enhanced fatigue resistance by approximately 68%, increased rutting resistance by about 71.6%, and facilitated a higher content of reclaimed asphalt pavement. Mohi Ud Din and Mir [45] concluded that incorporating copper slag into asphalt mixes at 15% by aggregate weight significantly enhanced the Marshall stability and skid resistance. In a study by Modarres and Bengar [46], natural fillers in asphalt mixes were replaced with 6% copper slag. The findings revealed that adding copper slag significantly improved the resilient modulus and fatigue-cracking resistance of the asphalt mixes. Oluwasola et al. [47] found that substituting 40% of natural aggregates with steel slag aggregates and 20% with copper slag significantly improved the resilient modulus and dynamic creep. The authors concluded that the mix incorporating steel slag and copper slag improved the resilient modulus by approximately 37% and dynamic creep by about 25% compared to the control mix. In another study by Oluwasola et al. [48], the mechanical properties of stone mastic asphalt incorporating 40% steel slag aggregates and 20% copper slag was studied with respect to rutting resistance. The findings indicated that combining steel slag aggregates and copper slag in stone mastic asphalt significantly reduced permanent deformation and drain-down.

3.3.3. Phosphorus Slag

The by-product of phosphorus slag is obtained from the manufacturing of yellow phosphorus [49]. It is documented that producing 1 ton of yellow phosphorus generates 7.5 tons of phosphorus slag [50]. The properties of phosphorus slag are described in Table 4. The network visualization for influential research on the use of phosphorus slag is shown in Figure 5. It is clear from the figure that the studies by Yu, Qian, and Sheng are the most significant due to the high number of citations, as indicated by the larger node size. Sheng et al. [49] assessed the impact of modifying a base binder with phosphorus slag and polyester fiber on the rheological properties of bitumen and the characteristics of the asphalt mix. The authors confirmed that modifying the base binder with 3% polyester fiber and 1% phosphorus slag (by volume of bitumen) enhanced the rheological properties of the binder and improved the performance of the asphalt mix in terms of the rutting resistance, tensile strength ratio, and cracking resistance at low temperatures. Yu et al. [51] investigated the rheological properties of modified bitumen with phosphorus slag at different dosages (0%, 4%, 7%, 10%, 12%, and 15% by binder weight). The results revealed that modifying bitumen with 10% phosphorus slag exhibited superior performance in terms of fatigue resistance and resistance to rutting.
Qian et al. [52] assessed the potential use of phosphorus slag as a mineral filler in hot asphalt mixes. The researchers noted that using phosphorus slag as a mineral filler notably improved the rutting and moisture resistance of the asphalt mix. They suggested that phosphorus slag could be used as an anti-stripping additive. Qian et al. [53] evaluated the performance of modified binder with different phosphorus slag contents (0%, 5%, 6%, 8%, and 10%). The results showed that adding 8% phosphorus slag successfully reduced smoke during asphalt mixing or paving. According to Yu et al. [54], modifying the base binder with 3% phosphorus slag and 2.5% phosphate monoalkoxy titanate (by weight of phosphorus slag) reduced aging sensitivity and improved the aging resistance of the binder.

3.3.4. Bottom Ash

The by-product of bottom ash is produced from coal burning in coal-fired power plants [55]. Globally, about 730 million tons of bottom ash are generated by power plants [56]. The properties of bottom ash are shown in Table 4. The most impactful documents based on citations belong to the authors Al-Hdabi, Jattack, Buritatum, Luo, Yoo, and Pasetto, as shown in Figure 6. Al-Hdabi et al. [55] evaluated the use of bottom ash in cold-rolled asphalt, where it served as a mineral filler. The laboratory results showed that the use of bottom ash significantly improved the stiffness modulus, permanent deformation, and moisture resistance of the cold-rolled asphalt. Jattack et al. [57] assessed the use of bottom ash in warm-mix asphalt, replacing 20% of the natural fine aggregates with bottom ash. The results indicated that adding bottom ash improved the indirect tensile strength and reduced carbon monoxide emissions during manufacturing. Luo et al. [58] noted that replacing 80% of fine aggregates in open-graded asphalt with incinerator bottom ash significantly enhanced the bonding force between aggregates and binder, as well as the Marshall stability and strength of the asphalt mix.
Yoo et al. [59] recommended substituting 10% to 30% of natural fine aggregates with bottom ash in hot-mix asphalt. Their study found that asphalt mixtures containing 10% to 30% bottom ash demonstrated better fatigue resistance, stability, and flow number compared to reference mixes. In research conducted by Buritatum et al. [60], natural fine aggregates were replaced with bottom ash at different contents (0% to 25%, in 5% increments). The findings indicated that replacing 5% of natural fine aggregates with bottom ash provided superior performance in terms of Marshall stability, resistance to permanent deformation, and indirect tensile strength. Colonna et al. [61] concluded that substituting 15% to 20% of fine natural aggregate with bottom ash increased the Marshall stability compared to control mixes. According to Pasetto and Baldo [62], replacing natural aggregates in an asphalt mix with 50% steel slag aggregates, 30% bottom ash, and 10% reclaimed asphalt pavement showed satisfactory performance in terms of resistance to permanent deformation and indirect tensile strength.

3.3.5. Fly Ash

Fly ash is a by-product in the form of a fine powder generated from the burning of pulverized coal in power plants [63]. Fly ash can be classified into Class C and Class F. Class F is generated from the burning of anthracite or bituminous coal, while Class C is obtained from the combustion of lignite or sub-bituminous coal [64]. The global production of fly ash is 400 million tons annually [65]. The properties of fly ash are described in Table 4. The significant documents on utilizing fly ash in asphalt mixes are shown in Figure 7. The figure indicates that the most impactful documents belong to the authors Cheng, Woszuk, Sobolev, Likitlersuang, Pasandin, Mistry, Lu, and Behnood. Cheng et al. [66] evaluated the possible use of different types of fillers, including limestone, hydrated lime, fly ash, and diatomite, as binder modifiers. The dosage of fly ash used was 6.1% by volume of bitumen. The study found that modifying bitumen with fly ash exhibited a better softening point, adhesive properties, and resistance to permanent deformation compared to modifying bitumen with hydrated lime and limestone. In a study conducted by Woszuk et al. [67], the natural filler in an asphalt mix was substituted with fly ash in different proportions (25%, 50%, and 75%). The researchers concluded that adding either Type F or Type C fly ash displayed satisfactory performance regarding the volumetric properties, tensile strength, and water sensitivity.
Sobolev et al. [68] assessed modified bitumen with different contents of fly ash (0%, 5%, 15%, 30%, and 60% by weight of bitumen). The results demonstrated that modifying bitumen with 15% Type F fly ash showed superior performance in terms of the rheological and physical properties. Likitlersuang and Chompoorat [69] investigated the feasible use of 1.5% fly ash and 1.5% Portland cement as mineral fillers in an asphalt mix. Their findings showed that the combination of fly ash and cement improved the mechanical properties of the asphalt mix, including the stiffness modulus, resistance to permanent deformation, and moisture susceptibility. Pasandin et al. [70] indicated that utilizing biomass fly ash as the total filler (2.5% by weight of mix) decreased the asphalt mix’s resistance to water and affected the bitumen–aggregate bonding. Mistry et al. [71] found that incorporating 4% fly ash and rice husk ash in an asphalt mix reduced the bitumen content and enhanced the mechanical properties compared to the control mix, which incorporated 2% hydrated lime as filler. Lu et al. [72] studied the impact of introducing 1% fly ash and 1% ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as mineral fillers in cold-mix asphalt. The authors found that adding 1% fly ash, 1% GGBS, and 2% Portland cement exhibited higher tensile strength, superior dynamic stability, lower air voids, and better interface bonding between the binder and aggregates compared to the control cold-mix asphalt, which incorporated only 2% Portland cement. Behnood et al. [40] assessed the use of fly ash and rice husk as mineral fillers in an asphalt mix. The proportion of filler ranged from 1% to 6% in 1% increments by weight of the aggregates. The study demonstrated that introducing fly ash at a content of 5% improved the tensile strength, resistance to permanent deformation, and moisture resistance of the asphalt mix.

3.3.6. Red Mud

The by-product of red mud (bauxite residue) is obtained from the extraction of aluminum from bauxite using the Bayer process [73]. For each tonne of alumina produced, around 1 to 1.5 tonnes of red mud are generated [74,75]. The properties of red mud are summarized in Table 4. The significant documents on utilizing red mud in asphalt mixes are illustrated through the network visualization shown in Figure 8. As observed from the figure, the most influential documents belong to the authors Lima, Zhang, and Chaudhary, as indicated by the larger size of their nodes compared to others. Lima et al. [76] found that adding 5% of red mud as filler to an asphalt mix increased the indirect tensile strength and decreased the rutting depth. Zhang et al. [77] studied the effect of modifying bitumen with red mud. The bitumen was prepared with three different red mud ratios (0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9%). The findings demonstrated that modifying the bitumen with red mud at a ratio of 0.9% improved the resistance of the asphalt mix to rutting and raveling.
In a study conducted by Chaudhary et al. [78], the conventional filler in an asphalt mix was replaced with red mud to investigate its potential use. The results showed that using red mud as a filler significantly increased the Marshall stability, rutting resistance, and fatigue resistance. Zhang et al. [79] found that replacing the conventional filler with red mud in an asphalt mix improved the stiffness modulus, resistance to aging, and elastic recovery. However, they also noted that utilizing red mud as a filler made the asphalt mix more susceptible to moisture, which required adding a certain amount of hydrated lime to enhance the moisture resistance. Kumar and Ramakrishna [80] evaluated the impact of incorporating red mud in asphalt mixtures containing 50% reclaimed asphalt pavement. Their findings indicated that adding 15% red mud by weight improved the mechanical and durable properties of the asphalt mix containing reclaimed asphalt pavement. Chaudhary et al. [81] studied the use of red mud as a filler at various contents (10%, 20%, and 30% by volume). The researchers found that modifying bitumen with 20% red mud exhibited superior fatigue performance.

3.3.7. Silica Fume

The production of ferrosilicon alloys and silicon metal in electric arc furnaces generates a by-product called silica fume [82]. The annual global production of silica fume is approximately one million tons [83]. The properties of silica fume are summarized in Table 4. Figure 9 displays the network visualization of significant studies on the use of silica fume in asphalt mixes. As observed in the figure, the most impactful documents on utilizing silica fume in asphalt mixes are authored by Nassar, Zheng, Abutalib, Ezzat, Zhu, Fini, and Kai. Nassar et al. [82] investigated the addition of silica fume to binary blended fillers. The authors found that adding silica fume might eliminate the retardation in hydration formation. Zheng et al. [84] assessed the impact of modifying bitumen with 6% silica fume and 4% SBS by weight of the binder. Their study showed that modifying the bitumen with silica fume and SBS notably enhanced both the high- and low-temperature performance of the base binder.
Abutalib et al. [85] evaluated a modified binder with different dosages of silica fume (0%, 4%, and 8%) in terms of the oxidation rate of the modified bitumen. They stated that modifying bitumen with 4% silica fume improved the binder’s resistance to aging, while increasing the silica fume content to 8% negatively affected the oxidation rate. Ezzat et al. [86] reported that modifying base bitumen with 7% nano-silica fume improved the performance grade and high-temperature performance of the binder. In a study conducted by Al-Taher et al. [87], 6% silica fume by binder weight was blended with SBS-modified bitumen to investigate the performance of the modified binder subjected to aging. The performance tests showed that adding silica fume improved the aging resistance and high-temperature performance. Fini et al. [88] studied the impact of modifying the base binder with different proportions of nano-silica fume (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by bitumen mass). Their findings demonstrated that modifying bitumen with 6% nano-silica fume enhanced the rheological properties of the base bitumen, including elasticity, storage modulus, and resistance to aging. Kai et al. [89] indicated that modifying base bitumen with an optimum content of 7% silica fume improved both the high- and low-temperature characteristics of the modified bitumen. However, the authors observed that increasing the silica fume dosage beyond 7% reduced the performance of the modified binder at low temperatures.

3.3.8. Foundry Sand

The manufacturing of ferrous and non-ferrous metal casting plants results in the by-product known as foundry sand [90]. It is reported that about 0.6 tons of foundry sand are generated for every ton of ferrous and non-ferrous production [91]. The properties of foundry sand are shown in Table 4. According to the network visualization shown in Figure 10, the most influential documents belong to the authors Pasetto, Dyer, Tyuryukhanov, and De Souza. Rodriguez et al. [90] confirmed that an asphalt mix consisting of 50% steel slag, 35.5% reclaimed asphalt pavement, and 12% foundry sand resulted in satisfactory performance in terms of the Marshall stability and dynamic stability. Pasetto et al. [62] found that incorporating 10% bottom ash, 30% foundry sand, 50% steel slag aggregates, and 10% reclaimed asphalt pavement in a foamed mix asphalt met the standard requirements for moisture resistance, permanent deformation resistance, and tensile strength. In a study conducted by Dyer et al. [92], the natural fine aggregates in dense hot-mix asphalt were replaced with different amounts of foundry sand, i.e., 50% and 100%. The study highlighted that the performance of the asphalt mix containing foundry sand regarding the resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, modified Lottman, and fatigue met the required criteria for use as a surface layer.
In another study by Dyer et al. [93], the natural fine aggregates in hot-mix asphalt were substituted with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% foundry sand. The research results showed that the performance of the asphalt mix with foundry sand in terms of the stiffness modulus and indirect tensile strength was almost comparable to the control asphalt mix. Tyuryukhanov et al. [94] evaluated the potential use of 12% foundry sand as a replacement for natural fine aggregates. The research findings demonstrated that the performance of the asphalt mix containing foundry sand was satisfactory in terms of the water saturation, residual porosity, and compressive strength. De Souza et al. [95] assessed the potential use of foundry sand as a filler replacement in an asphalt mix. The proportions of natural filler replaced by foundry sand ranged from 25% to 100%, in 25% increments by filler weight. The study findings indicated that the performance of the mixes with 25% to 100% foundry sand filler met the Brazilian standards for the Marshall stability, stiffness modulus, indirect tensile strength, and fatigue cracking resistance.
Table 4. Properties of the industrial by-products.
Table 4. Properties of the industrial by-products.
SizeSpecific GravityAbsorption (%) (<2)Los Angeles Abrasion (%)
(<25)		Sodium Sulfate Soundness Loss (%)Angle of Internal Friction (°)Hardness
Steel slag aggregates [28,30,96]
15–0.075 mm3.2–3.6320–25<1240–506–7
Properties of copper slag [48,97]
4.75–0.077 mm2.8–3.80.13–0.224.100.940–536–7
Phosphorus slag [96,98]
4.75–0.075 mm1.36–1.441–1.5<30<1--
Bottom ash [96]
4.75–0.075 mm2.1–2.70.8–230–501.5–10--
Fly ash [96]
<0.075 mm2.1–35----
Red mud [98]
0.7–100 μm2.7–3.26-----
Silica fume [99]
0.15 μm2.2-----
Foundry sand [96]
<0.075 mm2.39–2.550.45<25–1533–40-

3.4. Discussions

In this study, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to describe the global trend of utilizing industrial by-products in asphalt applications. Additionally, the analysis aimed to identify the most influential authors and countries in this field. No comprehensive bibliometric analysis has been conducted on the utilization of industrial by-products among the 909 articles reviewed. Therefore, the aim of this article was to identify trends and highlight the top contributing authors and countries in the application of industrial by-products in asphalt mixes. According to the trend in annual publications, the most commonly used industrial by-products in asphalt mixtures are steel slag aggregates and fly ash. Research on the performance of asphalt mixes incorporating steel slag aggregates and fly ash increased significantly from 2016 to 2022. In contrast, the use of copper slag, phosphorus slag, bottom ash, red mud, silica fume, and foundry sand remains limited.
Consequently, there should be more encouragement to utilize these industrial by-products in asphalt applications. The bibliometric analysis revealed that the top-three contributing countries for utilizing steel slag aggregates in asphalt mixes were China, the United States, and Iran, with a total of 129, 26, and 30 documents, respectively. The leading countries in publishing documents on the use of copper slag in asphalt mixes were India, Iran, and Spain, with 8, 6, and 6 documents, respectively. China was the most significant contributor for utilizing phosphorus slag. China, Italy, and Malaysia were the top contributors in publishing documents on using bottom ash in asphalt mixes. For fly ash, the top-three countries were China, India, and Indonesia, with 82, 50, and 20 documents, respectively. The leading countries in terms of incorporating red mud in asphalt mixes were China, India, and the United States. China, Egypt, and India were the top countries for evaluating asphalt mixes integrated with silica fume.
The top-three countries for publishing documents on the incorporation of foundry sand in asphalt mixes were Brazil, India, and Russia. These findings indicate that significant contributions to utilizing industrial by-products largely come from developed countries. Therefore, there should be considerable support and encouragement for developing countries to enhance sustainability by utilizing industrial by-products in pavement and construction applications. This can be achieved by encouraging and supporting universities in developing countries to publish their findings on projects that utilize industrial by-products. Another aim of this article was to provide a citation-based review of the incorporation of industrial by-products.
The purpose of this review was to highlight the most significant findings and identify research gaps to introduce recommendations for future work. According to the findings of significant articles, incorporating coarse steel slag aggregates in asphalt mixes significantly improves mechanical properties, such as stiffness modulus, tensile strength, rutting resistance, fatigue cracking, and low-temperature cracking. These enhancements are attributed to the hardness and angular shape of steel slag aggregates [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. However, the addition of steel slag aggregates into the asphalt mix increases the bitumen content and decreases the mix’s resistance to aging, due to the high porosity of steel slag aggregates, which reduces the film thickness [39]. Replacing natural fine aggregates with copper slag enhances both the high- and low-temperature performance of the asphalt mix. The angular shape of copper slag improves interlocking, while its hardness enhances the toughness of the asphalt mix [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48]. The recommended dosage of copper slag is 15–20%, with a recommended size of 2.36 mm.
However, adding copper slag smaller than 2.36 mm may decrease the mix’s resistance to moisture damage [42]. The use of phosphorus slag as a bitumen modifier improves the physical and rheological properties and reduces the binder’s sensitivity to aging. As a mineral filler, phosphorus slag significantly enhances the asphalt mix performance and moisture damage resistance [49,50,51,52,53,54]. The use of bottom ash as fine aggregates produces asphalt mixes with performance similar to or better than the control mix. The recommended replacement dosage is 15–30% by weight of natural fine aggregates [55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62]. Utilizing fly ash as a bitumen modifier or mineral filler results in asphalt mixes with satisfactory or improved performance compared to the control mix [63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72].
However, studies indicate that using fly ash as a mineral filler can decrease the mix’s resistance to moisture damage [70]. Similarly, incorporating red mud as a bitumen modifier significantly improves the base binder’s performance, although it may decrease the asphalt mix’s resistance to moisture damage [73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81]. Modifying base bitumen with silica fume improves the physical and rheological properties of the binder and enhances resistance to aging and moisture damage [82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89]. Using foundry sand as fine aggregates produces asphalt mixes with better or satisfactory performance compared to the reference mix [90,91,92,93,94,95].

4. Research Gaps and Recommendations

Despite the remarkable increase in studies on the performance of asphalt mixes incorporating industrial by-products, and the significant findings from these studies, there are still gaps in the literature that need to be addressed. Specifically, there is a lack of information regarding the characteristics of asphalt mixes incorporating industrial by-products when exposed to long-term aging. Additionally, field validation for asphalt layers incorporating industrial by-products has not been adequately addressed in the literature. The influence of utilizing copper slag and fly ash on the susceptibility of asphalt mixes to moisture has also not been thoroughly investigated. The use of phosphorus slag in various types of asphalt mixes, such as stone mastic asphalt and porous asphalt mixtures, has not been explored in depth.
Concerning the incorporation of bottom ash in asphalt mixtures, there is insufficient information on investigating the performance of asphalt mixes containing different sizes of bottom ash. Furthermore, there is a lack of literature on the impact of adding silica fume, red mud, fly ash, and foundry sand on the performance of different asphalt mixes with respect to moisture damage and long-term aging performance. Additionally, more research is needed on the use of foundry sand and silica fume as fillers, as previous studies have primarily focused on utilizing silica fume as a bitumen modifier and foundry sand as fine aggregates.
Based on the research gaps, the following recommendations are proposed:
  • The influence of long-term aging on the characteristics of asphalt mixes incorporating industrial by-products should be evaluated.
  • Industrial by-products should be introduced into different types of asphalt mixes, such as warm-mix asphalt, cold-mix asphalt, stone mastic asphalt, and porous asphalt mixes, to provide a better assessment of the behavior of asphalt mixes incorporating industrial by-products.
  • The use of bottom ash in asphalt mixes composed of steel slag aggregates and copper slag should be evaluated as a means of reducing the high density of asphalt mixtures incorporating steel slag.
  • Based on previous studies, adding phosphorus slag improves the moisture sensitivity of an asphalt mix [49,50,51,52], while modifying the asphalt mix with red mud negatively affects its moisture resistance [79]. Thus, the impact of adding phosphorus slag to asphalt mixes that already contain red mud should be investigated to understand the benefits in terms of moisture resistance.
  • It is documented that modifying asphalt mixes with red mud or silica fume enhances aging resistance [79,84,85,86,87,88], whereas the use of steel slag aggregates in asphalt mixes increases sensitivity to aging [39]. Therefore, the incorporation of steel slag aggregates and red mud in asphalt mixes should be studied.
  • The use of silica fume and foundry sand as fillers should be evaluated in terms of their impact on the performance of asphalt mixes.
  • According to previous studies, adding silica fume and phosphorus slag improves the resistance of asphalt mixes to moisture damage. Therefore, introducing silica fume or phosphorus slag into asphalt mixes containing red mud or fly ash should be investigated as a means to mitigate the negative impact of these materials on moisture resistance.
  • It is documented that replacing natural aggregates in asphalt mixes with coarse steel slag aggregates enhances the mechanical properties of the asphalt mix [37,38,39]. Hence, the addition of steel slag aggregates to asphalt mixes incorporating different types of industrial by-products should be investigated.
  • The effect of chemical reactions involving industrial by-products on the long-term performance of asphalt layers should be evaluated.
  • The low-temperature performance of asphalt mixes incorporating industrial by-products should be emphasized.
  • The use of coal gangue as a replacement for coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and filler in asphalt mixtures is recommended due to its potential to enhance the performance of the asphalt mix, particularly in terms of rutting resistance and cracking resistance.

5. Conclusions

This paper aimed to introduce a bibliometric analysis and citation-based review on the incorporation of industrial by-products in asphaltic mixes. The conclusions of this article are stated as follows:
  • Steel slag aggregates and fly ash were the most used industrial by-products in the last ten years.
  • Based on the trend of annual publications, the industrial by-products of bottom ash, phosphorus slag, copper slag, red mud, silica fume, and foundry sand need more efforts to increase their usage in asphalt applications.
  • The use of coarse steel slag aggregates, phosphorus slag, and copper slag notably enhanced the performance of the asphalt mixtures.
  • Replacing the natural fine aggregates with certain content of bottom ash produces asphalt mixtures with satisfactory performance.
  • Modifying asphalt mixtures with red mud offers positive effects on the characteristics of asphalt mixes, except for moisture resistance.
  • The use of silica fume as a modifier for the base binder produces modified bitumen with superior performance.
  • Substituting the fine natural aggregates with foundry sand may produce asphalt mixes with satisfactory performance.
  • The use of industrial by-products in asphalt mixtures can enhance durability and sustainability, promoting their use in road construction.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.M.A. (Adham Mohammed Alnadish); methodology, A.M.A. (Adham Mohammed Alnadish); software, A.M.A. (Adham Mohammed Alnadish); validation, A.M.A. (Adham Mohammed Alnadish), M.B.R., N.K., A.M.A. (Aawag Mohsen Alawag) and A.O.B.; formal analysis, A.M.A. (Adham Mohammed Alnadish); investigation, A.M.A. (Adham Mohammed Alnadish); resources, A.M.A. (Adham Mohammed Alnadish); data curation, A.M.A. (Adham Mohammed Alnadish); writing—original draft preparation, A.M.A. (Adham Mohammed Alnadish); writing—review and editing, A.M.A. (Adham Mohammed Alnadish), M.B.R., N.K., A.M.A. (Aawag Mohsen Alawag) and A.O.B.; visualization, A.M.A. (Adham Mohammed Alnadish); supervision, M.B.R.; project administration, M.B.R.; funding acquisition, M.B.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank A’Sharqiyah University, Oman, for its support and encouragement of this research. They also wish to extend their heartfelt thanks to the Department of Civil Engineering at NUST Balochistan Campus for its invaluable support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Brown, E.R.; Kandhal, P.S.; Roberts, F.L.; Kim, Y.R.; Lee, D.Y.; Kennedy, T.W. Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design and Construction; NAPA Research and Education Foundation: Greenbelt, MD, USA, 1991. [Google Scholar]
  2. Ogbo, C.; Kaseer, F.; Oshone, M.; Sias, J.E.; Martin, A.E. Mixture-based rheological evaluation tool for cracking in asphalt pavements. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 2019, 20 (Suppl. S1), S299–S314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Miljković, M.; Radenberg, M. Thin noise-reducing asphalt pavements for urban areas in Germany. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2012, 13, 569–578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Kowalski, K.J.; McDaniel, R.S.; Shah, A.; Olek, J. Long-term monitoring of noise and frictional properties of three pavements: Dense-graded asphalt, stone matrix asphalt, and porous friction course. Transp. Res. Rec. 2009, 2127, 12–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Alnadish, A.M.; Aman, M.Y.; Katman, H.Y.B.; Ibrahim, M.R. Characteristics of warm mix asphalt incorporating coarse steel slag aggregates. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Akhtar, A.; Sarmah, A.K. Construction and demolition waste generation and properties of recycled aggregate concrete: A global perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 186, 262–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Behera, M.; Bhattacharyya, S.K.; Minocha, A.K.; Deoliya, R.; Maiti, S. Recycled aggregate from C&D waste & its use in concrete–A breakthrough towards sustainability in construction sector: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 68, 501–516. [Google Scholar]
  8. Alnadish, A.M.; Aman, M.Y.; Katman, H.Y.B.; Ibrahim, M.R. Influence of the long-term oven aging on the performance of the reinforced asphalt mixtures. Coatings 2020, 10, 953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Baikerikar, A. A review on green concrete. J. Emerg. Technol. Innov. Res. 2014, 1, 472–474. [Google Scholar]
  10. Vila-Cortavitarte, M.; Jato-Espino, D.; Tabakovic, A.; Castro-Fresno, D. Optimizing the valorization of industrial by-products for the induction healing of asphalt mixtures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 228, 116715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Vignesh, K.S.; Rajadesingu, S.; Arunachalam, K.D. Challenges, issues, and problems with zero-waste tools. In Concepts of Advanced Zero Waste Tools; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021; pp. 69–90. [Google Scholar]
  12. Valentin, J.; Trejbal, J.; Nežerka, V.; Valentová, T.; Faltus, M. Characterization of quarry dusts and industrial by-products as potential substitutes for traditional fillers and their impact on water susceptibility of asphalt concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 301, 124294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Huang, Y.; Bird, R.N.; Heidrich, O. A review of the use of recycled solid waste materials in asphalt pavements. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2007, 52, 58–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Alnadish, A.M.; Aman, M.Y.; Katman, H.Y.B.; Ibrahim, M.R. Laboratory evaluation of fiber-modified asphalt mixtures incorporating steel slag aggregates. CMC-Comput. Mater. Contin. 2022, 70, 5967–5990. [Google Scholar]
  15. Alnadish, A.; Aman, Y. Mechanistic approach for reducing the thickness of asphalt layer incorporating steel slag aggregate. Civil Eng. J. 2018, 4, 334–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Kamon, M.; Katsumi, T. Civil engineering use of industrial waste in Japan. In Developments in Geotechnical Engineering; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2021; pp. 265–278. [Google Scholar]
  17. Junak, J.; Stevulova, N. Potential of selected industrial wastes in civil engineering applications. In Proceedings of the International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference, Albena, Bulgaria, 20–25 June 2011; Volume 567. [Google Scholar]
  18. Alnadish, A.M.; Aman, M.Y.; Katman, H.Y.B.; Ibrahim, M.R. Laboratory assessment of the performance and elastic behavior of asphalt mixtures containing steel slag aggregate and synthetic fibers. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 2020, 14, 473–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Baarimah, A.O.; Bazel, M.A.; Alaloul, W.S.; Alazaiza, M.Y.; Al-Zghoul, T.M.; Almuhaya, B.; Mushtaha, A.W. Artificial intelligence in wastewater treatment: Research trends and future perspectives through bibliometric analysis. Case Stud. Chem. Eng. 2024, 10, 100926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Yousafzai, A.K.; Sutanto, M.H.; Khan, M.I.; Yaro, N.S.A.; Baarimah, A.O.; Khan, N.; Sani, A. Systematic Literature Review and Scientometric Analysis on the Advancements in Electrically Conductive Asphalt Technology for Smart and Sustainable Pavements. Transp. Res. Rec. 2024, 03611981241260703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Alawag, A.M.; Alaloul, W.S.; Al-dhawi, B.N.S.; Baarimah, A.O.; Bazel, M.A.; Mushtaha, A.W. A Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Blockchain Adoption Within the Context of Smart Construction Projects. In Proceedings of the 2024 ASU International Conference in Emerging Technologies for Sustainability and Intelligent Systems (ICETSIS), Manama, Bahrain, 28–29 January 2024; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2024; pp. 805–811. [Google Scholar]
  22. Alnadish, A.M.; Katman, H.Y.B.; Ibrahim, M.R.; Gamil, Y.; Mashaan, N.S. A bibliometric analysis and review on the performance of polymer-modified bitumen. Front. Mater. 2023, 10, 1225830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Baarimah, A.O.; Gartoumi, K.I.; Alaloul, W.S.; Liew, M.S.; Alawag, A.M.; Bahamid, R.A. Applications of Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM): A Bibliometric Review and Future Trends. In Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Sustaining Heritage: Innovative and Digital Approaches (ICSH), Sakhir, Bahrain, 18–19 June 2023; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2023; pp. 104–111. [Google Scholar]
  24. Singh, V.K.; Singh, P.; Karmakar, M.; Leta, J.; Mayr, P. The journal coverage of Web of Science, Scopus and Dimensions: A comparative analysis. Scientometrics 2021, 126, 5113–5142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Alnadish, A.M.; Singh, N.S.S.; Alawag, A.M. Applications of Synthetic, Natural, and Waste Fibers in Asphalt Mixtures: A Citation-Based Review. Polymers 2023, 15, 1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Bazel, M.A.; Baarimah, A.O.; Mohammed, F.; Alaloul, W.S.; Alawag, A.M.; Alzubi, K.M. Blockchain Technology in Construction Industry: Current State and Future Trends through Bibliometric Analysis. In Proceedings of the 2023 4th International Conference on Data Analytics for Business and Industry (ICDABI), Zallaq, Bahrain, 25–26 October 2023; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2023; pp. 114–123. [Google Scholar]
  27. Available online: https://kib.ki.se/en/publish-analyse/bibliometrics-verification/recommendations-concerning-use-bibliometric-indicators (accessed on 10 October 2024).
  28. Ameri, M.; Behnood, A. Laboratory studies to investigate the properties of CIR mixes containing steel slag as a substitute for virgin aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 26, 475–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Naidu, T.S.; Sheridan, C.M.; van Dyk, L.D. Basic oxygen furnace slag: Review of current and potential uses. Miner. Eng. 2020, 149, 106234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Pasetto, M.; Baliello, A.; Giacomello, G.; Pasquini, E. Sustainable solutions for road pavements: A multi-scale characterization of warm mix asphalts containing steel slags. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 166, 835–843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Pasetto, M.; Baldo, N. Performance comparative analysis of stone mastic asphalts with electric arc furnace steel slag: A laboratory evaluation. Mater. Struct. 2012, 45, 411–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Gao, J.; Sha, A.; Wang, Z.; Tong, Z.; Liu, Z. Utilization of steel slag as aggregate in asphalt mixtures for microwave deicing. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 152, 429–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Sun, Y.H.; Liu, Q.T.; Wu, S.P.; Shang, F. Microwave heating of steel slag asphalt mixture. In Key Engineering Materials; Trans Tech Publications Ltd.: Bäch, Switzerland, 2014; Volume 599, pp. 193–197. [Google Scholar]
  34. Shen, A.; Zhai, C.; Guo, Y.; Yang, X. Mechanism of adhesion property between steel slag aggregate and rubber asphalt. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 2018, 32, 2727–2740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Liu, W.; Li, H.; Zhu, H.; Xu, P. Properties of a steel slag–permeable asphalt mixture and the reaction of the steel slag–asphalt interface. Materials 2019, 12, 3603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Shafabakhsh, G.H.; Ani, O.J. Experimental investigation of effect of Nano TiO2/SiO2 modified bitumen on the rutting and fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures containing steel slag aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 98, 692–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Fakhri, M.; Ahmadi, A. Evaluation of fracture resistance of asphalt mixes involving steel slag and RAP: Susceptibility to aging level and freeze and thaw cycles. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 157, 748–756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Phan, T.M.; Park, D.W.; Le, T.H.M. Crack healing performance of hot mix asphalt containing steel slag by microwaves heating. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 180, 503–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Masoudi, S.; Abtahi, S.M.; Goli, A. Evaluation of electric arc furnace steel slag coarse aggregate in warm mix asphalt subjected to long-term aging. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 135, 260–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Behnood, A.; Gharehveran, M.M.; Asl, F.G.; Ameri, M. Effects of copper slag and recycled concrete aggregate on the properties of CIR mixes with bitumen emulsion, rice husk ash, Portland cement and fly ash. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 96, 172–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Phiri, T.C.; Singh, P.; Nikoloski, A.N. The potential for copper slag waste as a resource for a circular economy: A review–Part II. Miner. Eng. 2021, 172, 107150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Raposeiras, A.C.; Movilla-Quesada, D.; Muñoz-Cáceres, O.; Andrés-Valeri, V.C.; Lagos-Varas, M. Production of asphalt mixes with copper industry wastes: Use of copper slag as raw material replacement. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 293, 112867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Ziari, H.; Moniri, A.; Imaninasab, R.; Nakhaei, M. Effect of copper slag on performance of warm mix asphalt. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2019, 20, 775–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Muñoz-Cáceres, O.; Raposeiras, A.C.; Movilla-Quesada, D.; Castro-Fresno, D.; Lagos-Varas, M.; Andrés-Valeri, V.C.; Valdés-Vidal, G. Mechanical performance of sustainable asphalt mixtures manufactured with copper slag and high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 304, 124653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Mohi Ud Din, I.; Mir, M.S. Effect of copper slag and reclaimed asphalt pavement on the skid resistance of asphalt mixes. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2021, 23, 3983–3996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Modarres, A.; Alinia Bengar, P. Investigating the indirect tensile stiffness, toughness and fatigue life of hot mix asphalt containing copper slag powder. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2019, 20, 977–985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Oluwasola, E.A.; Hainin, M.R.; Aziz, M.M.A. Evaluation of asphalt mixtures incorporating electric arc furnace steel slag and copper mine tailings for road construction. Transp. Geotech. 2015, 2, 47–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Oluwasola, E.A.; Hainin, M.R. Evaluation of performance characteristics of stone mastic asphalt incorporating industrial waste. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2016, 28, 06016016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Sheng, Y.; Zhang, B.; Yan, Y.; Chen, H.; Xiong, R.; Geng, J. Effects of phosphorus slag powder and polyester fiber on performance characteristics of asphalt binders and resultant mixtures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 141, 289–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Abbas, S.; Arshad, U.; Abbass, W.; Nehdi, M.L.; Ahmed, A. Recycling untreated coal bottom ash with added value for mitigating alkali–silica reaction in concrete: A sustainable approach. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Yu, H.; Zhu, X.; Qian, G.; Gong, X.; Nie, X. Evaluation of phosphorus slag (PS) content and particle size on the performance modification effect of asphalt. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 256, 119334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Qian, G.; Bai, S.; Ju, S.; Huang, T. Laboratory evaluation on recycling waste phosphorus slag as the mineral filler in hot-mix asphalt. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2013, 25, 846–850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Qian, G.; Yu, H.; Gong, X.; Zheng, W. Effect of phosphorus slag powder on flammability properties of asphalt. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2019, 31, 04019280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Yu, H.; Li, S.; Qian, G.; Gong, X.; Wang, K. Experiment evaluation on the surface treatment of phosphorus slag (PS) micropowder for asphalt modification. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 262, 119931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Al-Hdabi, A.; Nageim, H.A.; Ruddock, F.; Seton, L. Laboratory studies to investigate the properties of novel cold-rolled asphalt containing cement and waste bottom ash. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 2014, 15, 78–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Ding, Y.; Xi, Y.; Gao, H.; Wang, J.; Wei, W.; Zhang, R. Porosity of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash effects on asphalt mixture performance. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 369, 133344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Jattak, Z.A.; Hassan, N.A.; Satar, M.K.I.M. Moisture susceptibility and environmental impact of warm mix asphalt containing bottom ash. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2021, 15, e00636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Luo, H.L.; Chen, S.H.; Lin, D.F.; Cai, X.R. Use of incinerator bottom ash in open-graded asphalt concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 149, 497–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Yoo, B.S.; Park, D.W.; Vo, H.V. Evaluation of asphalt mixture containing coal ash. Transp. Res. Procedia 2016, 14, 797–803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Buritatum, A.; Suddeepong, A.; Horpibulsuk, S.; Akkharawongwhatthana, K.; Yaowarat, T.; Hoy, M.; Arulrajah, A. Improved Performance of Asphalt Concretes using Bottom Ash as an Alternative Aggregate. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Colonna, P.; Berloco, N.; Ranieri, V.; Shuler, S.T. Application of bottom ash for pavement binder course. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 2012, 53, 961–971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Pasetto, M.; Baldo, N. Laboratory investigation on foamed bitumen bound mixtures made with steel slag, foundry sand, bottom ash and reclaimed asphalt pavement. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 2012, 13, 691–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Rashad, A.M. A brief on high-volume Class F fly ash as cement replacement—A guide for Civil Engineer. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 2015, 4, 278–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Xie, J.; Kayali, O. Effect of superplasticiser on workability enhancement of Class F and Class C fly ash-based geopolymers. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 122, 36–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Dwivedi, A.; Jain, M.K. Fly ash–waste management and overview: A Review. Recent Res. Sci. Technol. 2014, 6, 30–35. [Google Scholar]
  66. Cheng, Y.; Tao, J.; Jiao, Y.; Tan, G.; Guo, Q.; Wang, S.; Ni, P. Influence of the properties of filler on high and medium temperature performances of asphalt mastic. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 118, 268–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Woszuk, A.; Bandura, L.; Franus, W. Fly ash as low cost and environmentally friendly filler and its effect on the properties of mix asphalt. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 235, 493–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Sobolev, K.; Vivian, I.F.; Saha, R.; Wasiuddin, N.M.; Saltibus, N.E. The effect of fly ash on the rheological properties of bituminous materials. Fuel 2014, 116, 471–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Likitlersuang, S.; Chompoorat, T. Laboratory investigation of the performances of cement and fly ash modified asphalt concrete mixtures. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 2016, 9, 337–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Pasandín, A.R.; Pérez, I.; Ramírez, A.; Cano, M.M. Moisture damage resistance of hot-mix asphalt made with paper industry wastes as filler. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 853–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Mistry, R.; Karmakar, S.; Kumar Roy, T. Experimental evaluation of rice husk ash and fly ash as alternative fillers in hot-mix asphalt. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 2019, 20, 979–990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Lu, D.; Wang, Y.; Leng, Z.; Zhong, J. Influence of ternary blended cementitious fillers in a cold mix asphalt mixture. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 318, 128421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Khairul, M.A.; Zanganeh, J.; Moghtaderi, B. The composition, recycling and utilisation of Bayer red mud. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019, 141, 483–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Jovičević-Klug, M.; Souza Filho, I.R.; Springer, H.; Adam, C.; Raabe, D. Green steel from red mud through climate-neutral hydrogen plasma reduction. Nature 2024, 625, 703–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Lima, M.S.; Thives, L.P. Evaluation of red mud as filler in Brazilian dense graded asphalt mixtures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 260, 119894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Zhang, H.; Li, H.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, D.; Harvey, J.; Wang, H. Performance enhancement of porous asphalt pavement using red mud as alternative filler. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 160, 707–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Choudhary, J.; Kumar, B.; Gupta, A. Performance evaluation of bauxite residue modified asphalt concrete mixes. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 2022, 26, 978–994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Zhang, J.; Li, P.; Liang, M.; Jiang, H.; Yao, Z.; Zhang, X.; Yu, S. Utilization of red mud as an alternative mineral filler in asphalt mastics to replace natural limestone powder. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 237, 117821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Chaudhary, M.; Saboo, N.; Gupta, A.; Miljković, M. Influence of red mud filler on the fatigue behaviour of bituminous mastic. In Green and Intelligent Technologies for Sustainable and Smart Asphalt Pavements; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2021; pp. 561–566. [Google Scholar]
  80. Ram Kumar, B.A.V.; Ramakrishna, G. Sustainable Use of Red Mud and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Wastes in Roller Compacted Concrete. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 2022, 17, 291–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  81. Nassar, A.I.; Mohammed, M.K.; Thom, N.; Parry, T. Mechanical, durability and microstructure properties of Cold Asphalt Emulsion Mixtures with different types of filler. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 114, 352–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. Türköz, M.; Umu, S.U.; Öztürk, O. Effect of silica fume as a waste material for sustainable environment on the stabilization and dynamic behavior of dispersive soil. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Zheng, X.; Xu, W.; Feng, H.; Cao, K. High and low temperature performance and fatigue properties of silica fume/SBS compound modified asphalt. Materials 2020, 13, 4446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  84. Abutalib, N.; Fini, E.H.; Aflaki, S.; Abu-Lebdeh, T.M. Investigating effects of application of silica fume to reduce asphalt oxidative aging. Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 2015, 8, 176–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Katkhuda, H.N.; Shatarat, N.K.; Hyari, K.H. Effect of silica fume on mechanical properties of concrete containing recycled asphalt pavement. Struct. Eng. Mech. 2017, 62, 357–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Ezzat, H.; El-Badawy, S.; Gabr, A.; Zaki, E.S.I.; Breakah, T. Evaluation of asphalt binders modified with nanoclay and nanosilica. Procedia Eng. 2016, 143, 1260–1267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  87. Al-Taher, M.G.; Hassanin, H.D.; Ibrahim, M.F.; Sawan, A.M. Investigation of the effect of adding silica fume on asphalt concrete properties. Int. J. Eng. Res. 2018, 7, 48–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  88. Fini, E.H.; Hajikarimi, P.; Rahi, M.; Moghadas Nejad, F. Physiochemical, rheological, and oxidative aging characteristics of asphalt binder in the presence of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2016, 28, 04015133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  89. Kai, C.; Wenyuan, X.; Dan, C.; Huimin, F. High-and low-temperature properties and thermal stability of silica fume/SBS composite-modified asphalt mortar. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 2018, 1317436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  90. Rodríguez-Fernández, I.; Lastra-González, P.; Indacoechea-Vega, I.; Castro-Fresno, D. Recyclability potential of asphalt mixes containing reclaimed asphalt pavement and industrial by-products. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 195, 148–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Chesner, W.H.; Collins, R.J.; MacKay, M.H.; Emery, J. User Guidelines for Waste and By-Product Materials in Pavement Construction; FHWA-RD-97-148, Guideline Manual, Rept No. 480017; Recycled Materials Resource Center: Washington, DC, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
  92. Dyer, P.P.; Coppio, G.J.; Silva, S.A.; Cividanes, L.S.; Klinsky, L.M.G.; de Lima, M.G. Mechanical and microstructural assessments of waste foundry sand in hot mix asphalt. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 311, 125329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Dyer, P.P.O.L.; Gutierrez Klinsky, L.M.; Silva, S.A.; de Lima, M.G. Mechanical and structural assessment of hot mix bituminous mixtures containing waste foundry sand. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2021, 22, 1801–1812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  94. Tyuryukhanov, K.Y.; Pugin, K.G. An Impact of Waste Foundry Sand on Asphalt Concrete Mixture. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2020; Volume 753, p. 022079. [Google Scholar]
  95. De Souza Campelo, N.; da Costa, K.J.S.; Vieira, R.K.; Vieira, A.K. Use of waste foundry sand (WFS) as filler in Hot-Mixed Asphalt concrete. In Sandy Materials in Civil Engineering-Usage and Management; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2019. [Google Scholar]
  96. Emery, J.J. Manitoba Slags Deposit, Characterization, Modifications, Potential Utilization; JEGEL Report; Geotechnical Engineering Limited: Toronto, ON, Canada, 1986; p. 367. [Google Scholar]
  97. Das, B.M.; Tarquin, A.J.; Jones, A.D. Geotechnical Properties of a Copper Slag; Transportation Research Record: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 1983. [Google Scholar]
  98. Wang, P.; Liu, D.Y. Physical and chemical properties of sintering red mud and bayer red mud and the implications for beneficial utilization. Materials 2012, 5, 1800–1810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  99. Srivastava, V.; Kumar, R.; Agarwal, V.C.; Mehta, P.K. Effect of silica fume on workability and compressive strength of OPC concrete. J. Environ. Nanotechnol. 2014, 3, 32–35. [Google Scholar]
Buildings 14 03240 g001
Figure 1. Approach for selecting the published articles for bibliometric analysis.
Figure 1. Approach for selecting the published articles for bibliometric analysis.
Buildings 14 03240 g001
Buildings 14 03240 g002
Figure 2. Annual publications.
Figure 2. Annual publications.
Buildings 14 03240 g002
Buildings 14 03240 g003
Figure 3. Network visualization of steel slag aggregates.
Figure 3. Network visualization of steel slag aggregates.
Buildings 14 03240 g003
Buildings 14 03240 g004
Figure 4. Network visualization of copper slag.
Figure 4. Network visualization of copper slag.
Buildings 14 03240 g004
Buildings 14 03240 g005
Figure 5. Network visualization of phosphorus slag.
Figure 5. Network visualization of phosphorus slag.
Buildings 14 03240 g005
Buildings 14 03240 g006
Figure 6. Network visualization of bottom ash.
Figure 6. Network visualization of bottom ash.
Buildings 14 03240 g006
Buildings 14 03240 g007
Figure 7. Network visualization of fly ash.
Figure 7. Network visualization of fly ash.
Buildings 14 03240 g007
Buildings 14 03240 g008
Figure 8. Network visualization of red mud.
Figure 8. Network visualization of red mud.
Buildings 14 03240 g008
Buildings 14 03240 g009
Figure 9. Network visualization of silica fume.
Figure 9. Network visualization of silica fume.
Buildings 14 03240 g009
Buildings 14 03240 g010
Figure 10. Network visualization of foundry sand.
Figure 10. Network visualization of foundry sand.
Buildings 14 03240 g010
Table 1. Minimum number of documents for the bibliometric analysis between co-authorships, authors, bibliographic coupling, and countries.
Table 1. Minimum number of documents for the bibliometric analysis between co-authorships, authors, bibliographic coupling, and countries.
Industrial By-ProductsMinimum Number of Documents for the Analysis between Co-Authorships and AuthorsMinimum Number of Documents for the Analysis between Bibliographic Coupling and Countries
Steel slag1415
Copper slag56
Phosphorus slag37
Bottom ash45
Fly ash1020
Red mud68
Silica fume48
Foundry sand45
Table 2. Outputs of VOSviewer for top contributing authors.
Table 2. Outputs of VOSviewer for top contributing authors.
Type of
By-Product		AuthorDocumentsCitationsTotal Link StrengthNetwork Visualization
Steel slagBaldo, Nicola1440114Buildings 14 03240 i001
Chen, Zongwu1443611
Pasetto, Marco2043514
Shen, Aiqin11600
Wu, Shaopeng38132523
Xiao, Yue1541211
Xie, Jun1426711
Copper slagHainin, Mohd Rosli61295Buildings 14 03240 i002
Mir, Mohammad Shafi5190
Oluwasola, Ebenezer51275
Phosphorus
slag		Qian, Guoping51193Buildings 14 03240 i003
Yu, Huanan3733
Gong, Xiangbing3733
Bottom
ash		Baldo, Nicola4584Buildings 14 03240 i004
Edil, Tuncer B.5634
Nam, Boo Hyun5700
Pasetto, Marco4584
Soleimanbeigi, Ali4554
Fly ashArulrajah, Arul116261Buildings 14 03240 i005
Edil, Tuncer B.102050
Saride, Sireesh132161
Red mudGupta, Ankit6310Buildings 14 03240 i006
Liang, Ming61596
Zhang, Jizhe61595
Yao, Zhanyong61596
Silica fumeBoffetta, Paolo42174Buildings 14 03240 i007
Burstyn, Igor42174
Heikkilä, Pirjo42174
Singh, Surender61640
Foundry sandDe Lima, Maryangela 7657Buildings 14 03240 i008
Dyer, Paulo P.O.L.4554
Klinsky, Luis Miguel 4114
Silva, Silvelene 4114
Table 3. Outputs of VOSviewer for top contributing countries.
Table 3. Outputs of VOSviewer for top contributing countries.
Type of
By-Product		CountryDocumentsCitationsTotal Link StrengthNetwork Visualization
Steel slgChina1292697849.26Buildings 14 03240 i009
United States26380510.62
Iran301146313.43
Italy29622363.86
Malaysia15276173.27
India20149371.80
Copper slagIndia82557.72Buildings 14 03240 i010
Iran652946.50
Spain66652.50
PhospourusChina714215-
Bottom ashChina510398.63Buildings 14 03240 i011
Italy616129.64
Malaysia72415.50
South Korea644137.49
United Kingdom637281.85
United States31403209.26
Fly ashChina821259701.45Buildings 14 03240 i012
India50581305.86
Indonesia201028
United Kingdom2035694.12
United States1092044629.56
Red mudChina15305169.37Buildings 14 03240 i013
India84030.66
United States8196149.92
Silica fume China8345Buildings 14 03240 i014
Egypt811253
India1423850.42
Iraq87511
United States1462161.75
Foundry sand Brazil86612.10Buildings 14 03240 i015
India56275
Russia578.83
United States104074
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Alnadish, A.M.; Bangalore Ramu, M.; Kasim, N.; Alawag, A.M.; Baarimah, A.O. A Bibliometric Analysis and Review on Applications of Industrial By-Products in Asphalt Mixtures for Sustainable Road Construction. Buildings 2024, 14, 3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103240

AMA Style

Alnadish AM, Bangalore Ramu M, Kasim N, Alawag AM, Baarimah AO. A Bibliometric Analysis and Review on Applications of Industrial By-Products in Asphalt Mixtures for Sustainable Road Construction. Buildings. 2024; 14(10):3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103240

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alnadish, Adham Mohammed, Madhusudhan Bangalore Ramu, Narimah Kasim, Aawag Mohsen Alawag, and Abdullah O. Baarimah. 2024. "A Bibliometric Analysis and Review on Applications of Industrial By-Products in Asphalt Mixtures for Sustainable Road Construction" Buildings 14, no. 10: 3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103240

APA Style

Alnadish, A. M., Bangalore Ramu, M., Kasim, N., Alawag, A. M., & Baarimah, A. O. (2024). A Bibliometric Analysis and Review on Applications of Industrial By-Products in Asphalt Mixtures for Sustainable Road Construction. Buildings, 14(10), 3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103240

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop