Buildings

19 pages, 10211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Transformation in University Architecture: Optimizing Construction Processes and User Experience through CAMPUS 2.0 at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana

by Daniela Carrasco-Beltrán, Alejandro Serrano-Sierra, Roberto Cuervo, Carolina Valbuena-Bermúdez, Jaime A. Pavlich-Mariscal and César Granados-León

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3095; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103095 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

The integration of digital technologies in managing technical and design information is transforming architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) processes within educational institutions. Despite this, construction education lacks practical, interactive learning tools, and there is insufficient collaboration between academia and the construction industry. To [...] Read more.

The integration of digital technologies in managing technical and design information is transforming architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) processes within educational institutions. Despite this, construction education lacks practical, interactive learning tools, and there is insufficient collaboration between academia and the construction industry. To address these challenges, the CAMPUS 2.0 project at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana developed a web-based platform that integrates building information modeling (BIM) and gamification elements. This platform improves project coordination, facilitates interdisciplinary learning, and enhances the management of technical and design information for campus buildings. CAMPUS 2.0 also promotes collaboration and active user engagement, filling a critical gap in the practical tools in construction education. This study assesses the usability of CAMPUS 2.0 among 235 students, teachers, and staff members, demonstrating a positive impact on the university community. The findings provide insights into how digital tools can improve project management, interdisciplinary collaboration, and knowledge sharing within educational settings, offering broader implications for other institutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Technologies in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC))

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19 pages, 5841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Addition of Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete against Carbonation and Sulfate Attack

by Ana Torre, Luisa Shuan, Noemi Quintana, Isabel Moromi, Jesus Basurto, Luis Mosquera and Noe Cortez

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3094; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103094 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study evaluates the impact of the addition of nanoparticles of anodic manganese dioxide (NAMD) on the mechanical properties and resistance to chemical attack of concrete. The research focused on nine concrete mixtures with water/cement ratios of 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50 and NAMD [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the impact of the addition of nanoparticles of anodic manganese dioxide (NAMD) on the mechanical properties and resistance to chemical attack of concrete. The research focused on nine concrete mixtures with water/cement ratios of 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50 and NAMD contents of 0, 5, and 10%. The properties of NAMD were analyzed, and fresh concrete properties such as temperature, unit weight, and consistency were measured. The compressive strength was determined at different ages (7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days). The tensile and flexural strength were evaluated at 28 days, and the longitudinal change generated by the SO₄Mg attack was monitored until 90 days. In addition, an accelerated carbonation test was performed on concrete samples with 28 days of curing exposed to an atmosphere of 6% CO₂ for one week. The addition of NAMD did not significantly affect the temperature or unit weight of the fresh concrete, but it did influence the consistency. An increase in compressive, tensile, and flexural strength was observed, especially at early ages and for low w/c ratios. The addition of NAMD reduced the expansion of concrete exposed to magnesium sulfate, with 5% being the most effective dose, and reduced the carbonation rate of concrete by up to 40% in mixes with w/c ratios of 0.40 and 0.50. It was shown that the addition of 5% as an effective dose of NAMD improves the mechanical and durability properties of concrete, especially in mixtures with a low water/cement ratio, contributing to the improvement of the quality and strength of concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

28 pages, 4894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Neural Network-Based Automated Finite Element Model Updating with an Integrated Graphical User Interface for Operational Modal Analysis of Structures

by Hamed Hasani and Francesco Freddi

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3093; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103093 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

This paper presents an artificial neural network-based graphical user interface, designed to automate finite element model updating using data from operational modal analysis. The approach aims to reduce the uncertainties inherent in both the experimental data and the computational model. A key feature [...] Read more.

This paper presents an artificial neural network-based graphical user interface, designed to automate finite element model updating using data from operational modal analysis. The approach aims to reduce the uncertainties inherent in both the experimental data and the computational model. A key feature of this method is the application of a discrete wavelet transform-based approach for denoising OMA data. The graphical interface streamlines the FEMU process by employing neural networks to automatically optimize FEM inputs, allowing for real-time adjustments and continuous structural health monitoring under varying environmental and operational conditions. This approach was validated with OMA results, demonstrating its effectiveness in enhancing model accuracy and reliability. Additionally, the adaptability of this method makes it suitable for a wide range of structural types, and its potential integration with emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things further amplifies its relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Computational Methods in Structural Engineering)

17 pages, 4878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Substitution of Sand in Concrete Blocks with Coconut Fiber and Cattle Manure: Effects on Compressive Strength and Thermal Conductivity

by Yahir González, Cesar Miranda-Cantillo, Jason Quintero-Torres, Jesús D. Rhenals-Julio, Andrés F. Jaramillo and Juan José Cabello-Eras

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3092; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103092 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Improving the energy performance of buildings is critical in the construction sector. This study investigates the effects of incorporating coconut mesocarp fibers (F = Fiber) and bovine manure (M = Manure) on the thermal conductivity and compressive strength of concrete blocks. Bovine manure [...] Read more.

Improving the energy performance of buildings is critical in the construction sector. This study investigates the effects of incorporating coconut mesocarp fibers (F = Fiber) and bovine manure (M = Manure) on the thermal conductivity and compressive strength of concrete blocks. Bovine manure and coconut fiber replaced the block sand at maximum concentrations of 10 and 1.5%, respectively. Thermal conductivities were measured according to the ASTM C177 (2013) standard, compression tests were performed using the ASTM C140 standard, and characterization assays such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to determine the morphological properties of the final material and its constituents. The results showed a 50% reduction in the thermal conductivity coefficient of the blocks when 10 and 1.5% of the sand was replaced with manure and coconut fiber, respectively. Similarly, incorporating coconut fiber at percentages of 0.5, 1, and 1.5% improved compressive strength results. Blocks comprising 0.5, 1, and 1.5% fiber or a mix of 3% manure and 1.5% fiber attained the compressive strength requirements established by the standard. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using coconut fiber mixed with cattle manure as a substitute for up to 2.5% of the sand in non-structural wall elements manufacturing, attaining a decrease in thermal conductibility of around 10%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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25 pages, 6008 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Solar Photovoltaic Roofs in Energy-Saving Buildings: Research Progress and Future Development Trends

by Qing Yin, Ailin Li and Chunmiao Han

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3091; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103091 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The depletion of global resources has intensified efforts to address energy scarcity. One promising area is the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) roofs for energy savings. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 333 articles published between 1993 and 2023 in the [...] Read more.

The depletion of global resources has intensified efforts to address energy scarcity. One promising area is the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) roofs for energy savings. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 333 articles published between 1993 and 2023 in the Web of Science (WOS) core database to provide a global overview of research on solar photovoltaic (PV) roofs, with a particular emphasis on their energy-saving benefits. The analysis identifies current trends and future development trajectories in this field. Over the past three decades, research on solar PV roofs has shown steady growth, progressing from initial exploration to stable development. Key research themes include integrating renewable energy with building efficiency, the synergistic benefits of green roofs and PV systems, the design and practical application of PV-integrated roofs, and optimization techniques for parametric models. Future research will likely prioritize the efficient integration of PV components with roof maintenance structures, shifting from solely assessing PV component performance to evaluating the holistic performance of roofs and their broader impact on the built environment. This shift underscores the importance of improving the overall sustainability of the building. By aligning research efforts with these emerging trends, stakeholders can contribute to developing more effective and sustainable energy solutions for the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Building Energy and Environment, 2nd Volume)

20 pages, 2721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Compaction of High Groundwater Level Subgrade of Buildings: A Model Test-Based Analysis of Stress Distribution and Reinforcement Mechanisms

by Jingyuan Sun, Peixuan Li, Xinsheng Ge, Jingyue Wang, Yasheng Liu and Shiyu Tian

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3090; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103090 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Dynamic compaction (DC) represents a cost-effective method for reinforcing subgrade and is particularly suited to treating large-scale building subgrade. Nevertheless, the effect of DC reinforcement on high groundwater level (HGL) subgrade remains uncertain due to the lack of clarity surrounding the energy transfer [...] Read more.

Dynamic compaction (DC) represents a cost-effective method for reinforcing subgrade and is particularly suited to treating large-scale building subgrade. Nevertheless, the effect of DC reinforcement on high groundwater level (HGL) subgrade remains uncertain due to the lack of clarity surrounding the energy transfer mechanism of DC in HGL subgrade. In this paper, an outdoor model test of HGL subgrade was conducted based on the DC method. The temporal evolution of the internal transverse and vertical dynamic stresses in soil under different water levels, energy levels, and tamper weight conditions was monitored, and the DC mechanism of HGL subgrade was described from the perspectives of the dynamic stress waveform, peak development, and attenuation. On this basis, a novel methodology for assessing the extent of subgrade reinforcement through the utilization of impulses was put forth, thereby facilitating a more precise evaluation. The results showed that the HGL is obstructive in DC energy transfer. The peak dynamic stress, depth of impact and maximum impulse per unit area were markedly diminished when tamping the water surface. The study results also recommend that construction could expand the application range of the DC method and provide engineering suggestions for the selection of construction parameters and subsequent building construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

20 pages, 6768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Technology: Performance of Sustainable Asphalt Mixes Modified with Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Waste

by Ghassan Suleiman, Ala Abu Taqa, Murat Ergun, Deya Qtiashat, Mervat O. Aburumman, Mohamed O. Mohsen, Ahmed Senouci and Ali Sercan Kesten

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3089; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103089 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

This experimental study evaluated the performance of modified asphalt mixtures prepared by incorporating 2%, 4%, and 6% linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) by weight of asphalt binder through a series of tests. The microstructural analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted on asphalt [...] Read more.

This experimental study evaluated the performance of modified asphalt mixtures prepared by incorporating 2%, 4%, and 6% linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) by weight of asphalt binder through a series of tests. The microstructural analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted on asphalt samples to assess the engineering properties of the asphalt mixes. Finally, ANOVA statistical analysis has been employed to determine the statistical significance of the differences in all tests’ means. Based on laboratory findings, the Marshall stability test result showed that the modified asphalt mixes up to 4% LLDPE had enhanced performance by 12.7% compared to the control mix. A significant decrease (up to 31.3%) in binder penetration was demonstrated due to the incorporation of LLDPE into the asphalt mix. The softening point of the LLDPE–asphalt mixes was increased by up to 17.6%. It was also demonstrated that the incorporation of such LLDPE dosages maintains the flow limits within the specified range; however, the flow of the asphalt mix with 4% LLDPE was 3.17 mm which is the nearest to the average value of the upper and lower acceptable limits. The air voids of mixes with LLDPE content more than 4% by was decreased to less than 4% which is not recommended in high-temperature climates to control mixture bleeding. Microscopic analysis revealed an improvement in the densification of asphalt microstructures, attributed to the LLDPE particles significantly changing the rheology and viscosity of the base mixture and making the hot asphalt mixture more homogeneous. Based on the physical and rheological properties investigated in this study, it could be concluded that 4% LLDPE produces the best performance in asphalt mixtures. Overall, the ANOVA analysis demonstrated that the incorporation of LLDPE into asphalt mixes has a significant impact on all of their properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable and Green Construction Materials)

23 pages, 19734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Dimensional Influencing Factors of Spatial Evolution of Traditional Villages in Guizhou Province of China and Their Conservation Significance

by Xin Su, Hanru Zhou, Yanlong Guo and Yelin Zhu

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3088; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103088 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

As a model of the symbiotic wisdom between humans and nature, traditional villages carry rich historical and cultural values in their existence. However, the rapid urbanization process has led to the destruction and even disappearance of many traditional villages, and surviving villages urgently [...] Read more.

As a model of the symbiotic wisdom between humans and nature, traditional villages carry rich historical and cultural values in their existence. However, the rapid urbanization process has led to the destruction and even disappearance of many traditional villages, and surviving villages urgently need to cope with the severe challenge of protecting their original ecology and cultural environment. To preserve the heritage of traditional villages, it is necessary to investigate their geographic distribution and influencing factors. We have conducted research and statistics on traditional villages using Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis technology (GIS), described in detail the complex interrelationships among natural, social, and cultural variables in the distribution and evolution of villages, and analyzed the relevant influencing factors qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the research show that (1) in terms of geographical distribution, traditional villages in Guizhou tend to exhibit a high degree of agglomeration and clustering, and their distribution structure is characterized by “small aggregation and scattering, with many cores and few peripheries”. (2) Most traditional villages in Guizhou appeared after the end of the Qing Dynasty. (3) Natural and cultural factors influence the design and layout of traditional settlements, and socioeconomic and historical culture influence the evolution of traditional settlements. These factors also influence the formation of traditional villages and the changes in their geographical distribution. This study provides a scientific basis for the sustainable development of traditional villages in Guizhou Province. It explores a new way to study and protect the spatial patterns of traditional villages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

16 pages, 1094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Moroccan Construction through Innovative Materials: A Case Study in a Semiarid Climate

by Oumaima Imghoure, Naoual Belouaggadia, Abdelkabir Zaite, Mohammed Ezzine, Rachid Lbibb and Nassim Sebaibi

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3087; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103087 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Rising global energy demand has intensified the need for sustainable building practices and reduced energy consumption in the construction sector. This study investigates the energy-saving potential of integrating innovative materials into building wall structures in semiarid climates. Specifically, we examine the combination of [...] Read more.

Rising global energy demand has intensified the need for sustainable building practices and reduced energy consumption in the construction sector. This study investigates the energy-saving potential of integrating innovative materials into building wall structures in semiarid climates. Specifically, we examine the combination of thermal insulation made from recycled textile waste and phase change materials (PCMs) in exterior walls. Using the dynamic simulation tool TRNSYS, we analyzed heat transfer through the modified wall assembly under semiarid climate conditions typical of Marrakech, Morocco. Our results show that this “bioclimatic” design significantly impacts cooling loads more than heating demands. The modified building achieved a 52% reduction in summer energy usage compared to a conventional reference building. This energy saving translates to a 39% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. Importantly, this study confirms that this configuration maintains thermal comfort for occupants, with particular effectiveness during the hot summer months when cooling demands are highest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials, Structural Systems and Construction for Green Buildings)

21 pages, 10339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Integration of Bio-Active Elements into Building Façades as a Sustainable Concept

by Walaa Mohamed Metwally and Vitta Abdel Rehim Ibrahim

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103086 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Global warming and climate change are major concerns across multiple disciplines. Population growth, urbanization, and industrialization are significant contributing factors to such problems due to the escalating use of fossil fuels required to meet growing energy demands. The building sector uses the largest [...] Read more.

Global warming and climate change are major concerns across multiple disciplines. Population growth, urbanization, and industrialization are significant contributing factors to such problems due to the escalating use of fossil fuels required to meet growing energy demands. The building sector uses the largest share of total global energy production and produces tons of greenhouse gas emissions. Emerging eco-friendly technologies, such as solar and wind energy harvesting, are being extensively explored; however, they are insufficient. Nature-inspired technologies could offer solutions to our problems. For instance, algae are microorganisms that use water, light, and CO₂ to produce energy and sustain life, and the exploitation of these characteristics in a built environment is termed algae building technology, which is a very efficient and green application suitable for a sustainable future. Algae-integrated façades show great versatility through biomass and energy production, wastewater treatment, shading, and thermal and acoustic insulation. In this paper, algae will be introduced as a robust tool toward a greener and more sustainable future. Algae building technology and its implementation will be demonstrated. Furthermore, steps for applying this sustainable strategy in Egypt will be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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18 pages, 8076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Site Measuring Robot Technology for Post-Construction Quality Assessment of Building Projects

by Hangzi Wu, Minglei Ma, Yan Yang, Lifang Han and Siyuan Wu

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3085; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103085 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Post-construction quality assessment of building projects involves inspecting and verifying that completed construction works meet the specified standards. This process is traditionally conducted through manual methods, which can be inefficient and time-consuming. Existing measurement robots, typically integrating a robotic platform with 3D laser [...] Read more.

Post-construction quality assessment of building projects involves inspecting and verifying that completed construction works meet the specified standards. This process is traditionally conducted through manual methods, which can be inefficient and time-consuming. Existing measurement robots, typically integrating a robotic platform with 3D laser scanners, face challenges such as high storage demands, reliance on specialized post-processing software, and substantial costs. Additionally, robots with multiple sensors may face limitations in handling diverse measurement items. To address these issues, this article introduces a cost-effective and fully automated on-site measuring robot. A systematic approach was employed, including robot design, measurement algorithm development, validation experiments, and engineering applications. Firstly, a cost-effective hardware was designed, reducing expenses by 30% compared to commercial 3D laser scanners. Thereafter, the algorithm was developed by processing effective point cloud data to measure dimensions, wall evenness, alignments, floor heights, and corner angles, achieving a 90% reduction in data storage requirements. Subsequently, validation experiments were conducted, which verified the measurement accuracy of the developed robot. Furthermore, the robot was applied in two building projects, demonstrating a 40% improvement in efficiency over manual measurements and a minimum 50% reduction in labor costs. This investigation shows that the developed on-site measuring robot offers a practical and automated solution for post-construction quality assessment in building projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications in Structural Vibration Control)

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27 pages, 4356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visual versus Tabular Scheduling Programs

by Tanmay Zakaria Tuscano and Bita Astaneh Asl

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3084; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103084 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Effective scheduling in construction is crucial for ensuring timely project completion and maintaining budget control. Scheduling programs play an important role in this process by providing digital tools to develop, monitor, and adjust project timelines effectively. In the industry’s current method of practice, [...] Read more.

Effective scheduling in construction is crucial for ensuring timely project completion and maintaining budget control. Scheduling programs play an important role in this process by providing digital tools to develop, monitor, and adjust project timelines effectively. In the industry’s current method of practice, tabular scheduling programs are utilized that require users to enter task information and their relationships in a tabular format. Recently, a new scheduling program approach called visual scheduling has emerged that requires users to draw the network diagram to create the schedule. This paper presents an experimental study that evaluated the efficiency of schedule creation using a visual scheduling program compared to two tabular scheduling programs. The results show that the time spent creating a schedule using the visual scheduling program was significantly shorter than using tabular scheduling programs. Participants found visual scheduling easier to define tasks, define correlations, spot mistakes in the schedule, make changes to the schedule, and understand the overall schedule. The majority of the participants reported visual scheduling as a tool that allowed them to create schedules faster. They also found it to be a more intuitive scheduling tool and a method that can reduce the possibility of making mistakes during scheduling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Digital Construction Management)

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23 pages, 16947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Summer Hourly Climate-Influencing Factors in Suburban Areas of Cities in CFA Zone—Taking Chengdu, China as an Example

by Lei Sima, Yisha Liu, Jian Zhang and Xiaowei Shang

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3083; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103083 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Elevated temperatures in urban centers have become a common problem in cities around the world. However, the climate problems in suburban areas are equally severe; there is an urgent need to find zero-carbon ways to mitigate this problem. Recent studies have revealed the [...] Read more.

Elevated temperatures in urban centers have become a common problem in cities around the world. However, the climate problems in suburban areas are equally severe; there is an urgent need to find zero-carbon ways to mitigate this problem. Recent studies have revealed the thermal performance of vegetation, buildings, and water surfaces. They functioned differently regarding the climate at different periods of the day. Accordingly, this study synthesizes remote sensing technology and meteorology station observation data to deeply explore the differences in the role of each climate-influencing factor in the suburban areas of Chengdu. The land surface temperature (LST) and air temperature (T_a) were used as thermal environmental indicators, while the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), and altitude were used as environmental factors. The results showed that the relevant influences of the environmental factors on the climate in the sample areas were significantly affected by the time of the day. The NDVI (R² = 0.5884), NDBI (R² = 0.3012), and altitude (R² = 0.5638) all showed strong correlations with T_a during the night (20:00–7:00), which gradually weakened after sunrise, yet the NDWI showed a poorer cooling effect during the night, which gradually strengthened after sunrise, reaching a maximum at 15:00 (R² = 0.5012). One reason for this phenomenon was the daily weather changes. These findings facilitate the advancement of the understanding of the climate in suburban areas and provide clear directions for further thermal services targeted towards people in different urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Sustainability: Sustainable Housing and Communities)

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14 pages, 2348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Low-Temperature Behavior of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures in Seasonal Freeze-Thaw Regions

by Shujian Wang, Chuanshan Wu, Yongli Zhao, Zhikai Su, Gang Su, Dong Tang and Tao Yang

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3082; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103082 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The use of recycled asphalt mixtures in regions with seasonal freeze-thaw cycles is becoming more popular. However, strict requirements for low-temperature cracking resistance limit their widespread application. This study designed thirteen types of recycled asphalt mixtures to explore factors affecting low-temperature performance in [...] Read more.

The use of recycled asphalt mixtures in regions with seasonal freeze-thaw cycles is becoming more popular. However, strict requirements for low-temperature cracking resistance limit their widespread application. This study designed thirteen types of recycled asphalt mixtures to explore factors affecting low-temperature performance in seasonal freeze-thaw regions and potential optimization methods. The three-point bending test assessed the low-temperature cracking performance of mixtures with varying recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) content, asphalt-aggregate ratios, asphalt types, and gradations under both conventional and freeze-thaw conditions. Results show that destructive strain and fracture energy decrease with higher RAP content, but increase with higher asphalt-aggregate ratios and 4.75 mm sieve passing rates. Adding rubber powder significantly enhances both destructive strain and fracture energy. Furthermore, the destructive strain remains insensitive to factors under both and freeze-thaw conditions, while fracture energy effectively distinguishes differences in low-temperature crack resistance. Analysis of variance reveals that RAP content, asphalt-aggregate ratio, asphalt type, and gradation significantly affect fracture energy after freeze-thaw cycles. Optimizing gradation is recommended to improve low-temperature performance of recycled asphalt mixtures in freeze-thaw regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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21 pages, 4638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis of Internal Force Distribution in Combining Supporting Structures for Expansive Soil High Slope along Railway

by Yuan Yan, Yidan Zhang, Quan Shen and Chaohui Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3081; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103081 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

To simulate the influence of rainfall on the internal forces of expansive soil slope retaining structures, an approximate calculation method for the humidity stress field of expansive soil is proposed in this study. Considering both rainy and non-rainy conditions, on a high expansive [...] Read more.

To simulate the influence of rainfall on the internal forces of expansive soil slope retaining structures, an approximate calculation method for the humidity stress field of expansive soil is proposed in this study. Considering both rainy and non-rainy conditions, on a high expansive soil slope, a numerical model is constructed for a combining supporting structure, which is composed of upper and lower anti-sliding piles and anchor rods/cable frames. Furthermore, the distribution of internal forces in the retaining structure is studied, and design optimization is performed. The research findings reveal that the bending moment profile along the longitudinal axis of the lower anti-sliding pile demonstrates a distinctive “W” pattern, which is characterized by initial reduction, following augmentation, a subsequent reduction, and final amplification. In contrast, the upper anti-sliding pile experiences an ascending trend, followed by a descending trend, and then a subsequent ascending trend. Interestingly, the introduction of rainfall grants an escalation in both the shear force exerted along the entire length of the upper and lower anti-sliding piles and the bending moment encountered by the lower anti-sliding pile. The determination of the internal force distribution of the expansive soil slope retaining structures under different conditions, using the proposed calculation method, provides a further optimization in their design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Structural Analysis and Design of Civil Structures)

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17 pages, 8974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interface Fatigue Test of Hybrid-Bonded Fiber-Reinforced Plastic-Reinforced Concrete Specimen

by Kun Zhou, Qian Wei, Jiabin Wang, Lei Gao, Chao Dong, Zejun Zhang, Kunhao Fu and Ziqin Cheng

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3080; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103080 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

This research produced five hybrid-bonded fiber-reinforced plastic (HB-FRP)-reinforced beam specimens, and different fatigue load amplitudes were used as parameter variables for the fatigue performance tests of the FRP–concrete interface. The results show that FRP sliding with the number of cycles can be roughly [...] Read more.

This research produced five hybrid-bonded fiber-reinforced plastic (HB-FRP)-reinforced beam specimens, and different fatigue load amplitudes were used as parameter variables for the fatigue performance tests of the FRP–concrete interface. The results show that FRP sliding with the number of cycles can be roughly divided into fatigue initiation stage, fatigue development stage, and fatigue damage stage, and finally, because the load is too large and friction, pin, and bonding cannot provide a greater inhibition effect, FRP adhesive length is not enough to withstand the stripping load and failure. FRP slip increases with increasing fatigue load amplitude for the same number of fatigue cycles; for the specimens with fatigue damage, the interfacial stiffness of FRP–concrete decreases with the increase in the number of cyclic, and the rate of stiffness damage at the FRP–concrete interface accelerates with increasing fatigue load amplitude. For fatigue load magnitudes higher than 0.6, the slopes of fatigue bond–slip curves decrease with the increase in the number of cycles. When the fatigue load magnitude is lower than 0.4, the slope of the fatigue bond–slip curve increases with the number of cycles and is close to the slope of the monotonically loaded curve. Due to the difference in load class, the bond strength of HB-F-1 continues to decrease with the increase in fatigue times, decreasing by 26% after 100 fatigue cycles and decreasing to 7.33 MPa after 5000 fatigue cycles. The bond strength of the sample HB-F-2 first increased and then decreased with the increase in fatigue times. After 10,000 fatigue cycles, the bond strength decreased by 8%, and at 11,133,300 fatigue breaks, the bond strength of the sample HB-F-3 continued to increase with the increase in fatigue times. At 2 million fatigue load cycles, the bond strength increased to 7 MPa, far from reaching the peak strength. The empirical formulas for the fatigue life curve of HB-FRP-reinforced specimens under single steel fasteners are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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10 pages, 7574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Early-Stage Evolution of Free Water Content in Alkali-Activated Slag Systems by Using ¹H Low-Field NMR

by An Guo, Fanyuan Mu, Ting Zhang, Jiandong Wu, Zhenping Sun and Jingbin Yang

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3079; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103079 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

In the present study, the evolution of free water content in five different alkali-activated slag (AAS) systems was continuously monitored and compared using ¹H low-field NMR. The alkali activators used were waterglass solutions with three different moduli (1.2, 1.4, and 1.6), sodium [...] Read more.

In the present study, the evolution of free water content in five different alkali-activated slag (AAS) systems was continuously monitored and compared using ¹H low-field NMR. The alkali activators used were waterglass solutions with three different moduli (1.2, 1.4, and 1.6), sodium hydroxide solution, and sodium sulfate solution. The findings reveal that the type of activator significantly affected the dynamic changes in the relative free water content. Notably, an increase in free water content was observed in the early stages of hydration of all AAS systems except for those activated by sodium sulfate solution. Additionally, this study investigated the relationship between changes in free water content and hydration heat in the AAS systems, dividing the initial 24 h of AAS hydration into three stages. The results demonstrate that free water can serve as an effective probe for monitoring the hydration process in fresh AAS pastes, offering valuable insights alongside traditional thermal signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Properties of Cement-Based Materials and Concrete)

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18 pages, 7887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Simulation Investigations on the Bearing Capacity of Stepped Variable-Section DX Piles under Vertical Loading

by Jinsheng Cheng, Lei Tong, Chuanzhi Sun, Hanbo Zhu and Jibing Deng

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3078; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103078 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

As a new type of pile, the bearing characteristics of stepped variable-section DX piles (multi-joint extruded and expanded piles) are quite complicated; thus, their design concepts and pile-forming processes are still in the exploration stage, and their application in actual engineering is not [...] Read more.

As a new type of pile, the bearing characteristics of stepped variable-section DX piles (multi-joint extruded and expanded piles) are quite complicated; thus, their design concepts and pile-forming processes are still in the exploration stage, and their application in actual engineering is not particularly mature. The settlement law and load transfer law of the variable section DX pile have not been studied deeply, and the values of the parameters of engineering design are not clear, which are the problems to be solved for the variable section DX pile. To solve the above problems, the present study on the bearing characteristics of stepped variable-section DX piles under vertical loading is of great scientific significance and engineering practical value. In this study, the bearing capacity of a DX pile with two variable steps was first analyzed experimentally. Then, the bearing capacity of variable cross-section DX piles and equal cross-section piles were simulated under the same soil conditions. Later, the numerical simulation results were compared with the experimental results to verify the validity and accuracy of the numerical models established in ABAQUS software. Finally, the bearing capacity of stepped variable-section DX piles in different soil layers was analyzed numerically to compare the effect of different soils on the compressive bearing capacity of piles. The results indicated that the load-bearing plates had a greater influence on the bearing capacity of the stepped variable-section DX piles. At the optimum variable section ratio, which was close to 0.9, DX piles had a good bearing capacity. The relative errors of the numerical simulation ultimate loads were below 10%, which verified the accuracy of the developed numerical model. The simulated ultimate load of the equal-section pile was the smallest. The vertical compressive bearing capacity and the effect of controlling settlement under the same level of load of the variable section DX pile in sandy soil were both better than those in silt soil. There was little difference between the bearing capacities of the piles with a load-bearing plate. The bearing capacity of the pile with two load-bearing plates was the best, which can be used in practical engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence Techniques Applied in Infrastructure, Engineering and Construction)

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21 pages, 9009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Mineralogical and Mechanical Parameters of Alkali-Activated Materials Based on Water Sediments Activated by Potassium Silicate

by Ayodele Afolayan, Martin Mildner, Petr Hotěk, Martin Keppert, Robert Černý and Jan Fořt

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3077; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103077 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The circular economy transition encompasses the identification of various available and sustainable materials to replace traditional binders in the construction industry. The utilization of water sediments represents this point as a beneficial action that may provide synergy in terms of waste reduction and [...] Read more.

The circular economy transition encompasses the identification of various available and sustainable materials to replace traditional binders in the construction industry. The utilization of water sediments represents this point as a beneficial action that may provide synergy in terms of waste reduction and replacement of energy-intensive materials. To explore the potential of water sediments, this study contemplated the characterization of water sediments as precursors for the design of alkali-activated materials (AAMs). The experimental approach was based on the detailed characterization of raw materials’ chemical, mineralogical, and basic material properties and the assessment of the designed AAM paste and mortar samples. The results achieved revealed the capability of low amorphous water sediments to form dense structures with favorable mechanical performance, reaching up to 36.8 MPa in compressive strength. The microstructural and water sorption characteristics point to the applicability of such materials in the building practice and, thus, the valorization of water sediments into valuable material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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21 pages, 6487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BIoT Smart Switch-Embedded System Based on STM32 and Modbus RTU—Concept, Theory of Operation and Implementation

by Ionel Zagan and Vasile Gheorghiță Găitan

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3076; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103076 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Considering human influence and its negative impact on the environment, the world will have to transform the current energy system into a cleaner and more sustainable one. In residential as well as office buildings, there is a demand to minimize electricity consumption, improve [...] Read more.

Considering human influence and its negative impact on the environment, the world will have to transform the current energy system into a cleaner and more sustainable one. In residential as well as office buildings, there is a demand to minimize electricity consumption, improve the automation of electrical appliances and optimize electricity utilization. This paper describes the implementation of a smart switch with extended facilities compared to traditional switches, such as visual indication of evacuation routes in case of fire and acoustic alerts for emergencies. The proposed embedded system implements Modbus RTU serial communication to receive information from a fire alarm-control panel. An extension to the Modbus communication protocol, called Modbus Extended (ModbusE), is also proposed for smart switches and emergency switchboards. The embedded smart switch described in this paper as a scientific and practical contribution in this field, based on a performant microcontroller system, is integrated into the Building Internet of Things (BIoT) concept and uses the innovative ModbusE protocol. The proposed smart lighting system integrates building lighting access control for smart switches and sockets and can be extended to incorporate functionality for smart thermostats, access control and smart sensor-based information acquisition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart and Sustainable Buildings: New Trends, Technologies, and Integration in the Energy Transition)

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22 pages, 5790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Thermal Model for Rural Housing in Mexico: Towards the Construction of an Internal Temperature Assessment System Using Aerial Thermography

by Miguel Moctezuma-Sánchez, David Espinoza Gómez, Luis Bernardo López-Sosa, Iman Golpour, Mario Morales-Máximo and Ricardo González-Carabes

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3075; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103075 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Estimating energy flows that affect temperature increases inside houses is crucial for optimizing building design and enhancing the comfort of living spaces. In this study, a thermal model has been developed to estimate the internal temperature of rural houses in Mexico using aerial [...] Read more.

Estimating energy flows that affect temperature increases inside houses is crucial for optimizing building design and enhancing the comfort of living spaces. In this study, a thermal model has been developed to estimate the internal temperature of rural houses in Mexico using aerial thermography. The methodology used in this study considered three stages: (a) generating a semi-experimental thermal model of heat transfer through roofs for houses with high infiltration, (b) validating the model using contact thermometers in rural community houses, and (c) integrating the developed model using aerial thermography and Python 3.11.4 into user-friendly software. The results demonstrate that the thermal model is effective, as it was tested on two rural house configurations and achieved an error margin of less than 10% when predicting both maximum and minimum temperatures compared to actual measurements. The model consistently estimates the internal house temperatures using aerial thermography by measuring the roof temperatures. Experimental comparisons of internal temperatures in houses with concrete and asbestos roofs and the model’s projections showed deviations of less than 3 °C. The developed software for this purpose relies solely on the fundamental thermal properties of the roofing materials, along with the maximum roof temperature and ambient temperature, making it both efficient and user-friendly for rural community management systems. Additionally, the model identified areas with comfortable temperatures within different sections of a rural community, demonstrating its effectiveness when integrated with aerial thermography. These findings suggest the potential to estimate comfortable temperature ranges in both rural and urban dwellings, while also encouraging the development of public policies aimed at improving rural housing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Performance Simulation and Building Energy Consumption Analysis)

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18 pages, 7162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Urban Safety: Optimal Patrol Route Strategies for Volunteer Security Squads Based on Integrated BIM-GIS Data

by Jaewook Lee, Jae Hong Lee, Jaeuk Im and Junyoung Jang

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3074; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103074 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Urban safety is becoming an increasingly crucial issue due to rising crime rates and urbanization. The concept of a “Safe City” aims to ensure citizen safety through effective crime prevention and rapid response strategies. Volunteer security teams play a vital role in supplementing [...] Read more.

Urban safety is becoming an increasingly crucial issue due to rising crime rates and urbanization. The concept of a “Safe City” aims to ensure citizen safety through effective crime prevention and rapid response strategies. Volunteer security teams play a vital role in supplementing police efforts to maintain community safety. However, current patrol routes are often set unsystematically, relying on experience, leading to inefficient resource use and reduced effectiveness in crime prevention. This study optimized patrol routes for volunteer security teams using advanced data analysis techniques and route optimization algorithms. By integrating various data sources and applying advanced algorithms, the study systematically improved patrol efficiency and effectiveness. By analyzing security facility locations, crime data, and weak areas in Gangseo-gu, this study identified gaps between infrastructure and vulnerable areas. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive approach to deriving a security vulnerability index and designing optimal patrol routes based on integrated BIM-GIS data. This optimized approach ensures effective coverage of critical zones, significantly enhancing the operational efficiency of volunteer security teams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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22 pages, 1277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Whether Behavioral Guidance Policies of Construction Waste Resource Utilization Are Effective for Construction Contractors: Evidence from China

by Na Zhao, Qin Liu, Zhigang Zhang and Ke Gao

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3073; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103073 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

This research endeavors to delve comprehensively into the ramifications of behavioral guidance policies pertaining to construction waste resource utilization (CWRU) on the behavioral awareness and attitudes of Chinese construction contractors. The implicit attitudes of 98 construction contractor workers toward construction waste collection, sorting, [...] Read more.

This research endeavors to delve comprehensively into the ramifications of behavioral guidance policies pertaining to construction waste resource utilization (CWRU) on the behavioral awareness and attitudes of Chinese construction contractors. The implicit attitudes of 98 construction contractor workers toward construction waste collection, sorting, and reuse were quantitatively assessed by simulating different types of behavior-guided policies using the External Affective Simon Task (EAST) method with unconscious reaction time as an indicator. At the same time, the questionnaire survey was combined to collect and analyze the scores of these workers’ exogenous attitudes toward CWRU, with a view to revealing the contractors’ intrinsic behavioral awareness and exogenous attitudinal tendencies. The study reveals that economic incentive behavioral guidance policies are pivotal in fostering the collection, sorting, and reuse of construction waste. Furthermore, it novelly uncovers the distinct advantages of laws and regulations frameworks in safeguarding the fundamental aspects of construction waste collection. Notably, publicity and education behavioral policies emerge as a cornerstone in elevating the significance of construction waste collection and sorting, highlighting the cruciality of enhancing public awareness and knowledge to propel CWRU. The results of the study not only provide empirical evidence to understand the inherent attitudes of construction contractor workers toward CWRU behavior but also provide practical support for future policymakers. By advocating for economic incentives, strengthening regulations, and leading education, the multi-pronged approach promotes China’s CWRU accelerates the green transformation of the construction industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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21 pages, 6080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Fragility Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Simply Supported Girder Bridges Resting on Double-Column Piers for High Speed Railway

by Yongzheng Zhou, Ce Gao, Sibo Yang, Wei Guo and Liqiang Jiang

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3072; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103072 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the probabilistic seismic damage characteristics of a five-span RC simply supported girder bridge with double-column piers designed for a high-speed railway (HSR). The objective is to assess the bridge’s fragility by developing a refined nonlinear numerical model using the OpenSEES [...] Read more.

This study investigates the probabilistic seismic damage characteristics of a five-span RC simply supported girder bridge with double-column piers designed for a high-speed railway (HSR). The objective is to assess the bridge’s fragility by developing a refined nonlinear numerical model using the OpenSEES (Version 3.3.0) platform. Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) was conducted with peak ground accelerations (PGA) ranging from 0.05 g to 0.5 g, and fragility curves for pier columns, tie beams, and bearings were developed. Additionally, a series–parallel relationship and a hierarchically iterated pair copula model were established to evaluate system fragility. The results indicate that as PGA increases, the damage probability of all bridge components rises, with bearings being the most vulnerable, followed by pier columns, and tie beams exhibiting the least damage. The models accurately simulate the correlations between members and system fragility, offering valuable insights into the bridge’s performance under seismic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Study on Seismic Performance of Building Structures)

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35 pages, 21777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyclic Performance and Environmental Impact of Precast Demountable RCS Joints

by Wei Li, Yang Yang, Zhengyi Kong, Wei Huang, Yaping Wang and Haijing Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3071; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103071 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

To facilitate the disassembly and recycling of structural components, this study proposes a novel demountable reinforced-concrete column–steel beam (RCS) joint. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the performance of this new RCS joint using finite element software ABAQUS 2021. Simultaneously, to expand the [...] Read more.

To facilitate the disassembly and recycling of structural components, this study proposes a novel demountable reinforced-concrete column–steel beam (RCS) joint. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the performance of this new RCS joint using finite element software ABAQUS 2021. Simultaneously, to expand the parametric analysis of the finite element model, further validating aspects such as concrete strength, the flange strength of the steel beam, the strength of the gusset plates, and the longitudinal reinforcement ratio were studied. The finite element analysis results demonstrate that the proposed demountable RCS joint exhibits superior bearing capacity and ductility compared to conventional cast-in-place joints. To further investigate the seismic behavior and influencing rules of this joint, analyses were carried out focusing on aspects such as hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, ductility, energy dissipation, residual deformations, and strength degradation. The findings reveal that gusset plate strengths, steel beam strength, beam-end connecting plate strength, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and concrete strength have significant impacts on the strength and failure modes of the RCS joints. In addition, the life cycle analysis of four different material structures shows that the demountable RCS joints have the smallest carbon emission during the life cycle, which is conducive to the reuse of resources. Finally, the development of demountable RCS joints is proposed for China’s construction industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Steel Structures Building: Mechanical Properties and Behavior Analysis—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 4289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Flexural Performance of Sintered Sludge Ash-Modified Cement Paste Using Surface Cracks and Fracture Toughness

by Zhengfeng He, Zhuofan Wu, Jian Liu, Qi Wang, Liling Zhuang, Shumin Wang and Qingxin Zhao

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3070; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103070 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Sintered sludge ash (SSA) represents a promising alternative to traditional cement, offering a potential pathway for reducing carbon emissions. This study examined the flexural performance of SSA-modified cement paste (SSC paste) at varying SSA proportions (S0 (0%), S1 (5%), S2 (15%), and S3 [...] Read more.

Sintered sludge ash (SSA) represents a promising alternative to traditional cement, offering a potential pathway for reducing carbon emissions. This study examined the flexural performance of SSA-modified cement paste (SSC paste) at varying SSA proportions (S0 (0%), S1 (5%), S2 (15%), and S3 (25%)) and employed innovative digital image correlation (DIC) technology to track the evolution of surface cracks during flexural strength testing. Furthermore, Griffith’s theory of fracture toughness was employed to evaluate the fracture performance of SSC paste. The observations of flexural strength at 3, 7, and 28 days indicated that the content of SSA had an adverse effect on flexural performance. Furthermore, the monitoring of cracks confirmed the practicality of DIC in evaluating flexural properties. The analysis of maximum strain and crack propagation via DIC revealed a distinct trend: the presence of 5% SSA inhibited crack propagation and enhanced flexural ductility, whereas the presence of 25% SSA produced the opposite effect. This was corroborated by fracture toughness calculations based on Griffith’s theory. It is noteworthy that 15% SSA represented a critical threshold that delineated variations in flexural strength, ductility, and fracture toughness, which may be linked to the Ca/Si and Ca/Al ratios in the composite matrix. This study demonstrates the innovative application of digital image correlation (DIC) in the monitoring of crack behavior and offers new insights into the crucial proportion of SSA that affects the mechanical properties of SSC paste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Design of Cement and Concrete Materials)

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16 pages, 3615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Impact of Deep Excavation on Retaining Structure Deformation Based on Element Tracking

by Wen Tan, Zhenyu Lei, Yanhong Wang, Jinsong Liu, Pengbang Lai, Yuan Mei, Wenzhan Liu and Dongbo Zhou

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3069; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103069 - 25 Sep 2024

Viewed by 276

Abstract

In the simulation of foundation pit excavation, the traditional element birth–death method commonly used tends to encounter issues such as uncoordinated deformation and changes in the constitutive model, affecting the accuracy of the prediction results. To address these issues, this study proposes the [...] Read more.

In the simulation of foundation pit excavation, the traditional element birth–death method commonly used tends to encounter issues such as uncoordinated deformation and changes in the constitutive model, affecting the accuracy of the prediction results. To address these issues, this study proposes the use of element tracking. By duplicating elements for temporary supports or structures requiring changes in material properties and appropriately activating or deactivating them at the right moments, the simulation of the foundation pit excavation process can be achieved more precisely. Using the construction process of the Tangxi Passenger Transport Station’s comprehensive transportation hub foundation pit as an example, this study applied the proposed simulation method and compared the results with actual measurements, demonstrating its effectiveness. This research offers a more accurate approach for simulating foundation pit excavation and provides a reference for similar numerical simulation problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Techniques in Concrete Materials and Structures: Experiments, Theories and Applications)

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23 pages, 3472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Data Analytics Methodology for Analyzing Real Estate Brokerage Markets with Case Study of Dubai

by Ahmed Saif Al Abdulsalam, Maged Mohammed Al-Baiti Al Hashemi, Mohammed Zayed Sulaiman Aleissaee, Abdelaziz Saleh Husain Almansoori, Gurdal Ertek and Thouraya Gherissi Labben

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3068; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103068 - 25 Sep 2024

Viewed by 193

Abstract

Despite the vast economic impact of real estate markets worldwide, research on real estate brokerage markets remains limited. Specifically, there are few studies that provide a systematic, integrated, and replicable analytical methodology to analyze and benchmark a given real estate brokerage market. To [...] Read more.

Despite the vast economic impact of real estate markets worldwide, research on real estate brokerage markets remains limited. Specifically, there are few studies that provide a systematic, integrated, and replicable analytical methodology to analyze and benchmark a given real estate brokerage market. To this end, this paper introduces a data analytics methodology for analyzing real estate brokerage markets, integrating various statistical and analytical methods to extract insights from market data, supporting real estate investment decisions. The applicability of the methodology is demonstrated with a case study analyzing data from the top 50 real estate brokerage firms in Dubai, UAE. As shown in the case study, applying this methodology to brokerage market data enables the visual benchmarking of firms, identification of similarities between them, profiling and comparison of clusters of firms, and exploration of the impacts of various categorical and numerical attributes on performance. A notable finding for the Dubai real estate brokerage market is that it takes a minimum of 700 days for a brokerage firm to mature and advance to the next level of business success. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on the Real Estate Market and Property Management in the Post-pandemic Era)

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25 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Projection Pursuit Model to Evaluate the Maturity of Healthy Building Technology in China

by Peng Zhou, Chenyang Peng, Bin Gan, Zhou Wang and Xueren Liu

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3067; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103067 - 25 Sep 2024

Viewed by 200

Abstract

The development of healthy building technology has become a major trend in the global construction industry, especially in China, owing to accelerating urbanization and increasing health awareness among residents. However, an effective evaluation framework to quantify and evaluate the maturity of healthy building [...] Read more.

The development of healthy building technology has become a major trend in the global construction industry, especially in China, owing to accelerating urbanization and increasing health awareness among residents. However, an effective evaluation framework to quantify and evaluate the maturity of healthy building technology is lacking. This paper proposes a novel maturity evaluation model for healthy building technology. After analyzing the Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework for asserting the maturity of healthy building in China, it constructs an evaluation indicator system, comprising five and twenty-seven first- and second-class indicators, respectively. Subsequently, this paper constructs an improved projection pursuit model based on border collie optimization. The model obtains evaluation results by mining evaluation data, thus overcoming the limitations of traditional evaluation models in dealing with complex data. The empirical research results demonstrate that China is in the optimization stage in terms of the level of maturity of healthy building technology. The weight of impact is as high as 0.2743, which is the most important first-level indicator. Strict green energy utilization policy requirements are the most important secondary indicator, with a weight of 0.0513. Notably, the model is more advanced than other algorithms. In addition, this paper offers some countermeasures and suggestions to promote healthy building in China. Developing and applying this model can promote and popularize healthy building technology in China and even the globe and contribute to a healthier and more sustainable living environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low-Carbon Design, Construction and Operation in Civil Engineering)

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25 pages, 1699 KiB

Open AccessReview

Association between the Indoor Visual Environment and Cognition in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

by Kaizhou Luo, Dake Wei, Bingjie He and Ye Fei

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3066; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103066 - 25 Sep 2024

Viewed by 213

Abstract

The visual environment plays a crucial role in how individuals perceive and interact with their surroundings, particularly for older adults, who spend most of their time indoors. Cognitive decline and daily cognitive performance in older adults are significantly influenced by the characteristics of [...] Read more.

The visual environment plays a crucial role in how individuals perceive and interact with their surroundings, particularly for older adults, who spend most of their time indoors. Cognitive decline and daily cognitive performance in older adults are significantly influenced by the characteristics of indoor visual environment (IVE). However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the effects and associations of IVE characteristics on cognitive performance in older adults. Systematic review is a comprehensive, transparent, and structured approach that employs a predefined, rigorous methodology to identify, select, and critically assess all relevant studies, minimizing bias and providing a reliable summary of the evidence. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to comprehensively synthesize the evidence on the association between IVE characteristics and cognition in older adults through a systematic review. A systematic search was conducted using three databases, i.e., Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCO, along with forward and backward citation tracking, covering studies published from database inception to April 2024. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed quantitative or mixed-method studies targeting older adults, with IVE characteristics as the intervention and cognitive function or related assessments as outcome. Only studies published in English were included. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (Version 2018). A total of 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results show that the methodological quality of most studies was high, and IVE characteristics have dual effects on cognitive performance in older adults, with different IVE characteristics affecting various aspects of cognitive function. Importantly, older adults with cognitive impairments maintain normal levels of color perception, color or numbers as environmental cues have temporal relevance, and differences in texture direction or range may lead to visual illusions, negatively affecting their cognitive performance. Furthermore, three higher-order dimensions were constructed to explain the mapping associations between them. The cognitive needs of older adults for the IVE were further inferred based on their cognitive performance. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the association between IVE characteristics and cognitive performance of older adults, and provides a strong basis and reference for the construction of supportive cognitive compensation environments for aging services and architects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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