Study on Early Age Concrete’s Compressive Strengths in Unmanaged Curing Condition Using IoT-Based Maturity Monitoring
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Test Program
2.1. Test Specimens
2.2. Materials
3. Test Results
3.1. Ambient Temperature and Humidity
3.2. Maturity
3.3. Compressive Strength Development
3.4. Discussion on the Relationship between Maturity and Compressive Strength
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Curing Type and Sensor | Days | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 28 | 91 | ||
Standard curing | Cylinder | 5 * samples | 5 samples | 5 samples | 5 samples | 5 samples | 5 samples |
Field curing | Cylinder | 5 samples | 5 samples | 5 samples | 5 samples | 5 samples | |
Wire sensor | 5 samples measured | ||||||
Reinforced concrete slab | Core sample | - | - | 5 samples | 5 samples | 5 samples | 5 samples |
Wire sensor | 5 points were measured | Not available | |||||
Wireless sensor | 5 points were measured | Not available |
Mix. | W/B | S/a | Binder | Water | Aggregate | Admixture | AE Agent | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Code. | (%) | (%) | (kg/m3) | (kg/m3) | Fine (kg/m3) | Coarse (kg/m3) | (kg/m3) | (kg/m3) |
25-24-150 | 46.6 | 51.7 | 335 | 119 | 881 | 831 | 29 | 2.55 (1.62%) |
Aggregate | Maximum Size (mm) | F.M | Density | Water Absorption (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Fineness Modulus) | (g/cm3) | |||
Fine | 5 | 2.85 | 2.57 | 1.2 |
Coarse | 25 | 6.85 | 2.6 | 0.4 |
Day | Hour | Maturity Index (°C·h) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wire Slab | Wireless Slab | Wire Field | Standard | ||
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | |
2 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | |
3 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | |
4 | 124 | 123 | 122 | 122 | |
5 | 155 | 154 | 153 | 153 | |
6 | 187 | 185 | 184 | 184 | |
7 | 218 | 216 | 215 | 215 | |
8 | 250 | 248 | 246 | 246 | |
9 | 281 | 278 | 277 | 277 | |
10 | 312 | 309 | 308 | 308 | |
11 | 343 | 339 | 338 | 338 | |
12 | 374 | 370 | 369 | 369 | |
13 | 405 | 400 | 399 | 399 | |
14 | 436 | 431 | 430 | 430 | |
15 | 467 | 461 | 460 | 460 | |
16 | 497 | 491 | 490 | 490 | |
17 | 527 | 520 | 519 | 519 | |
18 | 557 | 549 | 548 | 548 | |
19 | 585 | 577 | 576 | 576 | |
20 | 614 | 605 | 604 | 604 | |
21 | 641 | 632 | 631 | 631 | |
22 | 668 | 658 | 657 | 657 | |
23 | 695 | 685 | 684 | 684 | |
24 | 723 | 712 | 711 | 711 | |
2 | 30 | 900 | 886 | 886 | 891 |
36 | 1080 | 1066 | 1063 | 1071 | |
42 | 1246 | 1249 | 1226 | 1251 | |
48 | 1401 | 1431 | 1379 | 1431 | |
3 | 54 | 1573 | 1606 | 1550 | 1611 |
60 | 1751 | 1777 | 1725 | 1791 | |
66 | 1917 | 1942 | 1888 | 1971 | |
72 | 2073 | 2103 | 2041 | 2151 | |
4 | 78 | 2248 | 2259 | 2213 | 2331 |
84 | 2427 | 2411 | 2389 | 2511 | |
90 | 2594 | 2564 | 2554 | 2691 | |
96 | 2753 | 2723 | 2710 | 2871 | |
5 | 102 | 2930 | 2893 | 2884 | 3051 |
108 | 3111 | 3069 | 3063 | 3231 | |
114 | 3282 | 3250 | 3230 | 3411 | |
120 | 3444 | 3429 | 3389 | 3591 | |
6 | 126 | 3624 | 3603 | 3567 | 3771 |
132 | 3802 | 3773 | 3743 | 3951 | |
138 | 3970 | 3939 | 3907 | 4131 | |
144 | 4130 | 4099 | 4066 | 4311 | |
7 | 150 | 4297 | 4256 | 4231 | 4491 |
156 | 4458 | 4409 | 4388 | 4671 | |
162 | 4605 | 4562 | 4532 | 4851 | |
168 | 4741 | 4723 | 4665 | 5031 |
Days | Field-Cured Cylinders | Standard-Cured Cylinders | Core Samples | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | L (mm) | Peak Load (kN) | fc (MPa) | SD | No. | L (mm) | Peak Load (kN) | fc (MPa) | SD | No. | L (mm) | Peak Load (kN) | fc-eq (MPa) | SD | |
1 d | A1-1 | 193.5 | 5.3 | 0.7 | −0.1 | A1-1 | 193.5 | 5.3 | 0.7 | −0.1 | None | ||||
A1-2 | 192.8 | 5.6 | 0.7 | −0.1 | A1-2 | 192.8 | 5.6 | 0.7 | −0.1 | None | |||||
A1-3 | 193.2 | 6.4 | 0.8 | 0.0 | A1-3 | 193.2 | 6.4 | 0.8 | 0.0 | None | |||||
A1-4 | 193.0 | 6.8 | 0.9 | 0.1 | A1-4 | 193.0 | 6.8 | 0.9 | 0.1 | None | |||||
A1-5 | 194.0 | 6.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | A1-5 | 194.0 | 6.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | None | |||||
Avg. | 193.3 | 6.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 193.3 | 6.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | None | ||||||
3 d | A3-1 | 191.0 | 27.7 | 3.5 | 0.1 | W3-1 | 192 | 33.4 | 4.3 | −0.1 | None | ||||
A3-2 | 191.0 | 27.3 | 3.5 | 0.1 | W3-2 | 191.5 | 32.8 | 4.2 | −0.2 | None | |||||
A3-3 | 190.5 | 27.4 | 3.5 | 0.1 | W3-3 | 193 | 40.6 | 5.2 | 0.8 | None | |||||
A3-4 | 191.0 | 28.1 | 3.6 | 0.2 | W3-4 | 193 | 30.4 | 3.9 | −0.5 | None | |||||
A3-5 | 186.5 | 23.4 | 3.0 | −0.4 | W3-5 | 192.5 | 33.5 | 4.3 | −0.1 | None | |||||
Avg. | 190.0 | 26.8 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 192.4 | 34.1 | 4.3 | 0.0 | None | ||||||
7 d | A7-1 | 190.0 | 56.3 | 7.2 | −0.3 | W7-1 | 195 | 66.1 | 8.4 | −0.9 | C7-1 | 207 | 64.1 | 8.4 | 0.4 |
A7-2 | 192.0 | 60.4 | 7.7 | 0.2 | W7-2 | 193 | 75.5 | 9.6 | 0.3 | C7-2 | 204 | 64.2 | 8.4 | 0.4 | |
A7-3 | 188.0 | 59.9 | 7.6 | 0.2 | W7-3 | 191 | 68.3 | 8.7 | −0.6 | C7-3 | 206 | 58.3 | 7.6 | −0.4 | |
A7-4 | 194.0 | 60.9 | 7.8 | 0.3 | W7-4 | 192 | 71.9 | 9.2 | −0.1 | C7-4 | 206 | 59.2 | 7.8 | −0.3 | |
A7-5 | 192.0 | 55.6 | 7.1 | −0.4 | W7-5 | 193 | 82.7 | 10.5 | 1.2 | C7-5 | 207 | 59.9 | 7.8 | −0.2 | |
Avg. | 191.2 | 58.6 | 7.5 | 0.0 | 192.8 | 72.9 | 9.3 | 0.0 | 206 | 61.1 | 8.0 | 0.0 | |||
14 d | A14-1 | 193.5 | 84.1 | 10.7 | 0.3 | W14-1 | 191.5 | 92.5 | 11.8 | −1.0 | C14-1 | 212 | 86.3 | 11.3 | 0.2 |
A14-2 | 190.5 | 84.8 | 10.8 | 0.4 | W14-2 | 194 | 111.2 | 14.2 | 1.3 | C14-2 | 209.5 | 82.3 | 10.8 | −0.3 | |
A14-3 | 194.5 | 82.8 | 10.5 | 0.2 | W14-3 | 191.5 | 99.5 | 12.7 | −0.2 | C14-3 | 207.5 | 77.5 | 10.1 | −0.9 | |
A14-4 | 192.5 | 77.4 | 9.9 | −0.5 | W14-4 | 191 | 98.1 | 12.5 | −0.3 | C14-4 | 211 | 90.4 | 11.8 | 0.7 | |
A14-5 | 195.5 | 78.3 | 10.0 | −0.4 | W14-5 | 194 | 102.1 | 13.0 | 0.2 | C14-5 | 208.5 | 87.0 | 11.4 | 0.3 | |
Avg. | 193.3 | 81.5 | 10.4 | 0.0 | 192.4 | 100.7 | 12.8 | 0.0 | 209.7 | 84.7 | 11.1 | 0.0 | |||
28 d | A28-1 | 187.0 | 82.7 | 10.5 | −1.0 | W28-1 | 186 | 144.7 | 18.4 | −0.7 | C28-1 | 204.5 | 102.5 | 13.4 | −1.7 |
A28-2 | 184.0 | 104.5 | 13.3 | 1.8 | W28-2 | 188.5 | 159.3 | 20.3 | 1.2 | C28-2 | 204.5 | 121.1 | 15.9 | 0.7 | |
A28-3 | 188.5 | 89.6 | 11.4 | −0.1 | W28-3 | 192 | 143.9 | 18.3 | −0.8 | C28-3 | 204 | 116.1 | 15.2 | 0.1 | |
A28-4 | 187.0 | 81.2 | 10.3 | −1.2 | W28-4 | 188 | 139.6 | 17.8 | −1.3 | C28-4 | 206.5 | 119.8 | 15.7 | 0.6 | |
A28-5 | 188.0 | 93.9 | 12.0 | 0.4 | W28-5 | 190.5 | 162.0 | 20.6 | 1.5 | C28-5 | 208.5 | 117.8 | 15.4 | 0.3 | |
Avg. | 186.9 | 90.4 | 11.5 | 0.0 | 189 | 149.9 | 19.1 | 0.0 | 205.6 | 115.5 | 15.1 | 0.0 | |||
91 d | A91-1 | 188.5 | 86.0 | 11.0 | −0.4 | W91-1 | 191.5 | 233.8 | 29.8 | 2.4 | C91-1 | 204.0 | 150.6 | 19.7 | 0.6 |
A91-2 | 189.5 | 97.0 | 12.4 | 1.0 | W91-2 | 192.5 | 202.7 | 25.8 | −1.6 | C91-2 | 206.5 | 154.0 | 20.2 | 1.0 | |
A91-3 | 190.5 | 70.0 | 8.9 | −2.4 | W91-3 | 186 | 184.1 | 23.5 | −4.0 | C91-3 | 205.0 | 146.0 | 19.1 | 0.0 | |
A91-4 | 190.0 | 95.5 | 12.2 | 0.9 | W91-4 | 189.5 | 215.6 | 27.5 | 0.1 | C91-4 | 212.0 | 146.6 | 19.2 | 0.1 | |
A91-5 | 183.0 | 95.4 | 12.2 | 0.8 | W91-5 | 190 | 239.4 | 30.5 | 3.1 | C91-5 | 209.5 | 133.1 | 17.4 | −1.7 | |
Avg. | 188.3 | 88.8 | 11.3 | 0.0 | 189.9 | 215.1 | 27.4 | 0.0 | 207.4 | 146.1 | 19.1 | 0.0 |
Days | Index | Standard Curing | Field Curing | RC Slab | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wire | Wire | Wireless | |||
1 (24 h) | Maturity (°C·h) [Ratio] | 711 | 711 | 723 | 711 |
[1.00] | [1.00] | [1.02] | [1.00] | ||
fc (MPa) [Ratio] | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | |
[1.00] | [1.00] | ||||
3 (72 h) | Maturity (°C·h) [Ratio] | 2151 | 2041 | 2073 | 2103 |
[1.00] | [0.95] | [0.96] | [0.98] | ||
fc (MPa) [Ratio] | 4.3 | 3.4 | |||
[1.00] | [0.79] | ||||
7 (168 h) | Maturity (°C·h) [Ratio] | 5031 | 4665 | 4741 | 4723 |
[1.00] | [0.93] | [0.94] | [0.94] | ||
fc or fc-eq (MPa) [Ratio] | 9.3 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 8.0 | |
[1.00] | [0.81] | [0.86] | [0.86] |
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Kim, S.; Jung, D.; Kim, J.-Y.; Mun, J.-H. Study on Early Age Concrete’s Compressive Strengths in Unmanaged Curing Condition Using IoT-Based Maturity Monitoring. Buildings 2024, 14, 798. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030798
Kim S, Jung D, Kim J-Y, Mun J-H. Study on Early Age Concrete’s Compressive Strengths in Unmanaged Curing Condition Using IoT-Based Maturity Monitoring. Buildings. 2024; 14(3):798. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030798
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Sanghee, Donghyuk Jung, Ju-Yong Kim, and Ju-Hyun Mun. 2024. "Study on Early Age Concrete’s Compressive Strengths in Unmanaged Curing Condition Using IoT-Based Maturity Monitoring" Buildings 14, no. 3: 798. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030798