Case Study of Space Optimization Simulation of Existing Office Buildings Based on Thermal Buffer Effect
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Overview and Methodology
2.1. Research Framework
2.2. Research Area and Object
2.3. Measurement Method
2.4. Analogy Method
2.4.1. Boundary Condition Setting
2.4.2. Grid Division and Convergence Calculation
2.5. Data Processing and Evaluation
2.5.1. Data Processing
2.5.2. Evaluating Indicator
3. Test Results and Analysis
3.1. Test Results
3.1.1. Indoor Temperature
3.1.2. Indoor Air Speed
3.2. Analysis of the Test Results
4. Buffer Space Optimization Simulation
4.1. Indicator Selection and Variable Settings
4.2. Simulation and Analysis of the Original Model
4.3. Single-Variable Simulation Analysis
4.4. Multivariate Combined Simulation Analysis
4.4.1. Orthogonal Experimental Design
4.4.2. Significance Analysis of the Influencing Factors
- Range Analysis
- 2.
- Multivariate analysis of variance
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Envelope Construction | Thermal Transfer Coefficient K/(W/(m2·K)) | Thermal Resistance of Thermal Conductivity R/[(m2·K)/W] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Name of envelope structures | Outside the wall | 5 mm green/gray paint | 1.88 | 0.53 |
10 mm cement mortar plastering | ||||
240 mm clay brick | ||||
20 mm plaster mortar plastering | ||||
Floor | 10 mm terrazzo ceramic tile veneers | 3.57 | 0.28 | |
20 mm cement mortar plastering | ||||
120 mm concrete slab | ||||
20 mm cement mortar plastering | ||||
Doors and windows | 40 mm wooden door | 2.5 | 0.4 | |
6 mm single-layer clear glass | 5.88 | 0.17 |
Instrument Name | Measurement Parameters | Measuring Range | Accuracy | Resolution | Instrument Picture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
American Kestrel 5500 Handheld Anemometer | air velocity (m/s) | 0.3~40 m/s | ±3% | 0.1 m/s | |
Germany testo 174H humidity and temperature recorder | temperature (°C) | −20~70 °C | ±0.5 °C | 0.1 °C | |
humidity (RH) | 0~100%RH | ±3%RH | 0.1%RH |
Model Volume | Hx = 70.88 m, Hy = 23.42 m, Hz = 12.10 m |
Compute domains | Area 350 m × 120 m × 40 m |
Geographical orientation | 31°86′ N, 117°27′ E |
Background temperature | 26~29 °C |
Background humidity | 87%RH |
Background air speed | 0.5 m/s |
Reference height | 10.0 m |
Background pressure | 100,400 Pa |
Turbulence model | k-ε model standard model |
Simulation iterations | 1500 |
Target Area Mesh Size | Surrounding Area Mesh Size | Total Grid Number | Simulation Result Cloud Image | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Option 1 | 1 m × 1 m | 2 m × 2 m | About 0.45 million | |
Option 2 | 0.5 m × 0.5 m | 1 m × 1 m | About 1.7 million | |
Option 3 | 0.25 m × 0.25 m | 0.5 m × 0.5 m | About 15 million |
Maximum (°C) | Minimum (°C) | Average Value (°C) | Standard Deviation | Range | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outdoor space | Outdoor on the first floor | 29.30 | 26.90 | 28.20 | 1.69 | 2.40 |
Buffer space | Foyer | 28.81 | 26.90 | 27.90 | 1.35 | 1.91 |
Staircase | 28.53 | 26.30 | 27.79 | 1.57 | 2.23 | |
Toilet | 28.65 | 27.10 | 27.97 | 1.09 | 1.55 | |
Corridor | 28.45 | 27.30 | 28.00 | 0.81 | 1.15 | |
Indoor office space | Ground floor office | 28.40 | 26.50 | 27.57 | 1.34 | 1.90 |
Standard floor offices | 29.50 | 26.40 | 28.09 | 1.90 | 2.70 |
Maximum (m/s) | Minimum (m/s) | Average Value (m/s) | Standard Deviation | Range | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outdoor space | Outdoor on the first floor | 0.74 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.61 |
Buffer space | Foyer | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.31 |
Staircase | 0.14 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.14 | |
Toilet | 0.17 | 0 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.17 | |
Corridor | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.19 | |
Indoor office space | Ground floor office | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Standard floor offices | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Corridor Buffer Space | Courtyard Buffer Space | Foyer Buffer Space | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corridor (A) | Size (Unit: m) | Courtyard (B) | Size (Unit: m) | Foyer (C) | Size (Unit: m) |
16 × 2 × 3.3 (A1) | 16 × 8 (B1) | 7.2 × 6 × 3.3 (C1) | |||
16 × 2.5 × 3.6 (A2) | 16 × 10 (B2) | 7.2 × 8 × 3.6 (C2) | |||
16 × 3 × 3.9 (A3) | 16 × 12 (B3) | 7.2 × 10 × 3.9 (C3) | |||
Spatial diagram |
Influencing Factors | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | Test Statistic F | Significance p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corridor | 0.001 | 2 | 0.000 | 0.245 | 0.720 |
Courtyard | 0.005 | 2 | 0.002 | 2.213 | 0.171 |
Foyer | 0.003 | 2 | 0.001 | 1.118 | 0.431 |
Influencing Factors | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | Test Statistic F | Significance p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corridor | 0.169 | 2 | 0.084 | 0.203 | 0.822 |
Courtyard | 1.849 | 2 | 0.924 | 6.820 | 0.029 |
Foyer | 0.629 | 2 | 0.314 | 0.928 | 0.447 |
Number | How the Buffer Space Is Combined | Average Indoor Air Speed (m/s) | Average Indoor Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | A3B3C1 | 0.05 | 28.5 |
2 | A1B2C3 | 0.1 | 27.6 |
3 | A3B1C3 | 0.01 | 27.1 |
4 | A1B3C2 | 0.02 | 28.3 |
5 | A2B3C3 | 0.01 | 28.3 |
6 | A3B2C2 | 0.12 | 27.1 |
7 | A2B2C1 | 0.02 | 28.0 |
8 | A2B1C1 | 0.01 | 27.0 |
9 | A1B1C1 | 0.02 | 27.8 |
Item | Level | Corridor (A) | Courtyard (B) | Foyer (C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
K avg | 1 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
2 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.07 | |
3 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
Optimal level | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
Range | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | |
Sort of factors | B > A > C |
Item | Level | Corridor (A) | Courtyard (B) | Foyer (C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
K avg | 1 | 27.9 | 27.3 | 27.82 |
2 | 27.77 | 27.57 | 27.7 | |
3 | 27.57 | 28.37 | 27.67 | |
Optimal level | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
Range | 0.33 | 1.07 | 0.16 | |
Sort of factors | B > A > C |
Influencing Factors | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | Test Statistic F | Significance p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corridor | 0.003 | 2 | 0.002 | 1.405 | 0.416 |
Courtyard | 0.007 | 2 | 0.004 | 3.027 | 0.248 |
Foyer | 0.001 | 2 | 0.002 | 0.243 | 0.804 |
Influencing Factors | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | Test Statistic F | Significance p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corridor | 0.169 | 2 | 0.084 | 10.857 | 0.084 |
Courtyard | 1.849 | 2 | 0.924 | 118.857 | 0.008 |
Foyer | 0.629 | 2 | 0.314 | 40.429 | 0.024 |
Dependent Variable: Room Temperature LSD | Mean Difference (I − J) | 95% Confidence Interval | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(I) Corridor | (J) Corridor | Standard Error | Significance | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |
16 × 2 × 3.3 | 16 × 2.5 × 3.6 | 0.133 | 0.0720 | 0.205 | −0.176 | 0.443 |
16 × 3 × 3.9 | 0.333 * | 0.0720 | 0.044 | 0.024 | 0.643 | |
16 × 2.5 × 3.6 | 16 × 2 × 3.3 | −0.133 | 0.0720 | 0.205 | −0.443 | 0.176 |
16 × 3 × 3.9 | 0.200 | 0.0720 | 0.109 | −0.110 | 0.510 | |
16 × 3 × 3.9 | 16 × 2 × 3.3 | −0.333 * | 0.0720 | 0.044 | −0.643 | −0.024 |
16 × 2.5 × 3.6 | −0.200 | 0.0720 | 0.109 | −0.510 | 0.110 |
Dependent Variable: Room Temperature LSD | Mean Difference (I − J) | 95% Confidence Interval | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(I) Courtyard | (J) Courtyard | Standard Error | Significance | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |
16 × 8 | 16 × 10 | −0.267 | 0.0720 | 0.066 | −0.576 | 0.043 |
16 × 12 | −1.067 * | 0.0720 | 0.005 | −1.376 | −0.757 | |
16 × 10 | 16 × 8 | 0.267 | 0.0720 | 0.066 | −0.043 | 0.576 |
16 × 12 | −0.800 * | 0.0720 | 0.008 | −1.110 | −0.490 | |
16 × 12 | 16 × 8 | 1.067 * | 0.0720 | 0.005 | 0.757 | 1.376 |
16 × 10 | 0.800 * | 0.0720 | 0.490 | 0.490 | 1.110 |
Dependent Variable: Room Temperature LSD | Mean Difference (I − J) | 95% Confidence Interval | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(I) Foyer | (J) Foyer | Standard Error | Significance | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |
7.2 × 6 × 3.3 | 7.2 × 8 × 3.6 | 0.633 * | 0.0720 | 0.013 | 0.324 | 0.943 |
7.2 × 10 × 3.9 | 0.433 * | 0.0720 | 0.027 | 0.124 | 0.743 | |
7.2 × 8 × 3.6 | 7.2 × 6 × 3.3 | −0.633 * | 0.0720 | 0.013 | −0.943 | −0.324 |
7.2 × 10 × 3.9 | −0.200 | 0.0720 | 0.109 | −1.510 | 0.110 | |
7.2 × 10 × 3.9 | 7.2 × 6 × 3.3 | −0.433 * | 0.0720 | 0.027 | −0.743 | −0.124 |
7.2 × 8 × 3.6 | 0.200 | 0.0720 | 0.109 | −0.110 | 0.510 |
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Gan, S.; Chen, W.; Feng, J. Case Study of Space Optimization Simulation of Existing Office Buildings Based on Thermal Buffer Effect. Buildings 2024, 14, 1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061611
Gan S, Chen W, Feng J. Case Study of Space Optimization Simulation of Existing Office Buildings Based on Thermal Buffer Effect. Buildings. 2024; 14(6):1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061611
Chicago/Turabian StyleGan, Shenqi, Wenxiang Chen, and Jiawang Feng. 2024. "Case Study of Space Optimization Simulation of Existing Office Buildings Based on Thermal Buffer Effect" Buildings 14, no. 6: 1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061611