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Volume 14
Issue 6
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Buildings, Volume 14, Issue 6 (June 2024) – 396 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The existing RC framed structures, built in the 1950–1970s period or earlier, possess numerous structural deficiencies; hence, their seismic response is dominated by the poor inelastic performance of the weaker structural members. Extending the service life of these structures and securing their ductile performance during future earthquakes through retrofitting processes are rather challenging aims, but they also remain a more cost-effective and environmentally beneficial solution than demolishing and rebuilding. The satisfactory design of retrofit schemes requires a good understanding of the influences of various crucial design parameters in the seismic behavior of the beam-column joints and the developing failure mechanisms. View this paper
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21 pages, 10910 KiB  
Article
Structural Stability and Mechanical Analysis of PVC Pipe Jacking under Axial Force
by Rudong Wu, Kaixin Liu, Peng Zhang, Cong Zeng, Yong Xu and Jiahao Mei
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061884 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1111
Abstract
PVC pipe jacking is prone to cause yielding or buckling under the jacking force and may lead to engineering failure. The relationship between the buckling modes, ultimate bearing capacity, different diameter–thickness ratios, and length–diameter ratios of PVC pipe jacking under different load forms [...] Read more.
PVC pipe jacking is prone to cause yielding or buckling under the jacking force and may lead to engineering failure. The relationship between the buckling modes, ultimate bearing capacity, different diameter–thickness ratios, and length–diameter ratios of PVC pipe jacking under different load forms was analyzed. The calculation methods for allowable jacking force and the single allowable jacking distance are obtained through theoretical analysis and three-dimensional finite elements. The buckling mode of the pipe under uniform load changes from symmetric buckling to asymmetric buckling and then to the overall Euler buckling form as the length–diameter ratio increases. The ultimate bearing capacity of the pipe approaches the theoretical value of yield failure when L/D ≤ 6. For L/D > 6, the pipe undergoes buckling, and the ultimate bearing capacity determined by the axial buckling value and the buckling load can be calculated according to the long pipe theory formula when L/D > 8.5. Under eccentric loads, the failure mode transitions from local failure to Euler buckling with increasing pipe length. The ultimate bearing capacity of pipe is obviously lower than that of uniform load, but as the length–diameter ratio increases, this difference decreases until it becomes consistent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Underground Space Design: Structural Stability and Mechanics Analysis)
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18 pages, 9280 KiB  
Article
Exploring Urban Heat Distribution and Thermal Comfort Exposure Using Spatiotemporal Weighted Regression (STWR)
by Ruijuan Chen, Chen Wang, Xiang Que, Felix Haifeng Liao, Xiaogang Ma, Zhe Wang, Zhizhen Li, Kangmin Wen, Yuting Lai and Xiaoying Xu
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061883 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1103
Abstract
With rapid urbanization, many cities have experienced significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC), triggered urban heat islands (UHI), and increased the health risks of citizens’ exposure to UHI. Some studies have recognized residents’ inequitable exposure to UHI intensity. However, few [...] Read more.
With rapid urbanization, many cities have experienced significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC), triggered urban heat islands (UHI), and increased the health risks of citizens’ exposure to UHI. Some studies have recognized residents’ inequitable exposure to UHI intensity. However, few have discussed the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in environmental justice and countermeasures for mitigating the inequalities. This study proposed a novel framework that integrates the population-weighted exposure model for assessing adjusted thermal comfort exposure (TCEa) and the spatiotemporal weighted regression (STWR) model for analyzing countermeasures. This framework can facilitate capturing the spatiotemporal heterogeneities in the response of TCEa to three specified land-surface and built-environment parameters (i.e., enhanced vegetation index (EVI), normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), and modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI)). Using this framework, we conducted an empirical study in the urban area of Fuzhou, China. Results showed that high TCEa was mainly concentrated in locations with dense populations and industrial regions. Although the TCEa’s responses to various land-surface and built-environment parameters differed at locations over time, the TCEa illustrated overall negative correlations with EVI and MNDWI while positive correlations with NDBI. Many exciting spatial details can be detected from the generated coefficient surfaces: (1) The influences of NDBI on TCEa may be magnified, especially in rapidly urbanizing areas. Still, they diminish to some extent, which may be related to the reduction in building construction activities caused by the COVID-19 epidemic and the gradual improvement of urbanization. (2) The influences of EVI on TCEa decline, which may be correlated with the population increase. (3) Compared with NDBI, the MNDWI had more continuous and stable significant cooling effects on TCEa. Several mitigation strategies based on the spatiotemporal heterogeneous relationships also emanated. The effectiveness of the presented framework was verified. It can help analysts effectively evaluate local thermal comfort exposure inequality and prompt timely mitigation efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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22 pages, 29459 KiB  
Article
Influence of Surface Scattering on Auditorium Acoustic Parameters
by Xiangdong Zhu, Guoqiang Xu, Jian Kang, Xiaoyan Xue and Yu Hao
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061882 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 719
Abstract
Surface scattering greatly impacts and improves the acoustic quality of an auditorium, affecting properties such as the reverberation time, early decay time, definition, and sound strength. However, this aspect has not been sufficiently investigated to date. In this study, six completed auditoriums are [...] Read more.
Surface scattering greatly impacts and improves the acoustic quality of an auditorium, affecting properties such as the reverberation time, early decay time, definition, and sound strength. However, this aspect has not been sufficiently investigated to date. In this study, six completed auditoriums are taken as research samples and computer simulations are performed to analyze the variation patterns in the acoustic-quality parameters as functions of increments in the surface scattering coefficients. The results show that the reverberation time and early decay time change marginally (<5%) when the ceiling scattering coefficient increases from 0.01 to 0.99. When the sidewall scattering coefficient increases, the reverberation time and early decay time shorten, and the variation range expands (5–16.7%). In most cases, the definition and sound strength do not significantly change (<0.05 and 1.0 dB). A balcony on the auditorium sidewall can affect the reverberation time-change curve when the sidewall scattering coefficient changes. Changes in the ceiling and sidewall scattering coefficients affect the reflected sound-energy distribution along the time axis differently. Sidewall scattering has a significantly greater impact on the impulse response than ceiling scattering. The findings of this study provide theoretical guidance for the scattering design of the surface of theater auditoriums. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acoustics and Perception in Special Shape Spaces)
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23 pages, 5201 KiB  
Article
Study on Vibration Reduction Effect of the Building Structure Equipped with Intermediate Column–Lever Viscous Damper
by Qiang Zhou, Wen Pan and Xiang Lan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061881 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 712
Abstract
Generally speaking, the traditional lever amplification damping system is installed between adjacent columns in a building, which occupies a significant amount of space in the building. In contrast to amplification devices in different forms, the damper displacement of the intermediate column damper system [...] Read more.
Generally speaking, the traditional lever amplification damping system is installed between adjacent columns in a building, which occupies a significant amount of space in the building. In contrast to amplification devices in different forms, the damper displacement of the intermediate column damper system is smaller, and the vibration reduction efficiency is lower. In light of these drawbacks, this study proposes a new amplification device for energy dissipation and vibration reduction, which is based on an intermediate column–lever mechanism with a viscous damper (CLVD). Initially, a specific simplified mechanical model of CLVD is derived. Subsequently, an equivalent Kelvin mechanical model of CLVD is derived to intuitively reflect CLVD’s damping and stiffness effect. The damping ratio added by CLVDs to the structure is calculated according to that model; the additional damping ratio and additional stiffness are utilized to calculate the displacement ratio Rd and shear force ratio Rv of the structure with CLVDs to the structure without CLVDs. Rd and Rv are introduced to evaluate the vibration reduction effect of the structure with CLVDs, and the effects of various parameters (such as intermediate column position, beam’s bending line stiffness, lever amplification factor, damping coefficient, and earthquake intensity) on Rd and Rv are analyzed. The results indicate that when the ratio of the distance from the intermediate column to the edge column to the span of the beam is 0.5, CLVD owns the optimal vibration reduction effect. Increasing the beam’s bending line stiffness is beneficial for CLVD to control structural displacement and shear force; when the leverage amplification factor is too large, the CLVD provides the structure with stiffness as the main factor, followed by damping. Additionally, when the ratio of the displacement amplification factor to the geometric amplification factor satisfies fd/γ = 1/21−0.5α, the CLVD has the optimal displacement control effect on the structure. After that, measures are provided to optimize the CLVD in different situations in order to effectively control the inter-story displacement and the story shear force of the structure. Consequently, a nine-story frame is taken as an example to elaborate the application of CLVDs in the design for energy dissipation and vibration reduction. The results reveal that the CLVD scheme adopting the proposed optimization method can effectively enhance the displacement amplification ability of CLVDs, resulting in an additional damping ratio of up to 12%. At the same time, the inter-story displacement was reduced by almost 40% under fortification earthquakes. Through the research in this study, designers can obtain a new choice in structural vibration reduction design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications in Structural Vibration Control)
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19 pages, 9579 KiB  
Article
Leveraging BIM for Enhanced Camera Allocation Planning at Construction Job Sites: A Voxel-Based Site Coverage and Overlapping Analysis
by Si Van-Tien Tran, Doyeop Lee, Hai Chien Pham, Long H. Dang, Chansik Park and Ung-Kyun Lee
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061880 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 899
Abstract
In the construction industry, the imperative for visual surveillance mechanisms is underscored by the need for safety monitoring, resources, and progress tracking, especially with the adoption of vision intelligence technology. Traditional camera installation plans often move toward coverage and cost objectives without considering [...] Read more.
In the construction industry, the imperative for visual surveillance mechanisms is underscored by the need for safety monitoring, resources, and progress tracking, especially with the adoption of vision intelligence technology. Traditional camera installation plans often move toward coverage and cost objectives without considering substantial coverage overlap, inflating processing and storage requirements, and complicating subsequent analyses. To address these issues, this research proposes a voxel-based site coverage and overlapping analysis for camera allocation planning in parametric BIM environments, called the PBA approach. The first step is to collect information from the BIM model, which is the input for the parametric modeling step. After that, the PBA approach simulates the virtual devices and the construction layout by employing visual language programming and then generates a coverage area. Lastly, the performance simulation and evaluation of various placement scenarios against predefined criteria are conducted, including visual coverage and overlapping optimization for eliminating data redundancy purposes. The proposed approach is evaluated through its application to construction projects. The results from these various implementations indicate a marked decrease in data overlap and an overall enhancement in surveillance efficacy. This research contributes a novel, BIM-centric solution to visual information adoption in the construction industry, offering a scalable approach to optimize camera placement while mitigating overlapping areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue BIM Application in Construction Management)
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26 pages, 6168 KiB  
Review
Advances in Modeling Surface Chloride Concentrations in Concrete Serving in the Marine Environment: A Mini Review
by Ruiqi Zhao, Chunfeng Li and Xuemao Guan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061879 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1619
Abstract
Chloride corrosion is a key factor affecting the life of marine concrete, and surface chloride concentration is the main parameter for analyzing its durability. In this paper, we first introduce six erosion mechanism models for surface chloride ion concentration, reveal the convection effect [...] Read more.
Chloride corrosion is a key factor affecting the life of marine concrete, and surface chloride concentration is the main parameter for analyzing its durability. In this paper, we first introduce six erosion mechanism models for surface chloride ion concentration, reveal the convection effect in the diffusion behavior of chloride ions, and then introduce the corrosion mechanisms that occur in different marine exposure environments. On this basis, the analysis is carried out using empirical formulations and machine learning methods, which provides a clearer understanding of the research characteristics and differences between empirical formulas and emerging machine learning techniques. This paper summarizes the time-varying model and multifactor coupling model on the basis of empirical analysis. It is found that the exponential function and the reciprocal function are more consistent with the distribution law of chloride ion concentration, the multifactor model containing the time-varying law is the most effective, and the Chen model is the most reliable. Machine learning, as an emerging method, has been widely used in concrete durability research. It can make up for the shortcomings of the empirical formula method and solve the multifactor coupling problem of surface chloride ion concentration with strong prediction ability. In addition, the difficulty of data acquisition is also a major problem that restricts the development of machine learning and incorporating concrete maintenance conditions into machine learning is a future development direction. Through this study, researchers can systematically understand the characteristics and differences of different research methods and their respective models and choose appropriate techniques to explore the durability of concrete structures. Moreover, intelligent computing will certainly occupy an increasingly important position in marine concrete research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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29 pages, 31020 KiB  
Article
Vision-Based Construction Safety Monitoring Utilizing Temporal Analysis to Reduce False Alarms
by Syed Farhan Alam Zaidi, Jaehun Yang, Muhammad Sibtain Abbas, Rahat Hussain, Doyeop Lee and Chansik Park
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061878 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1108
Abstract
Construction safety requires real-time monitoring due to its hazardous nature. Existing vision-based monitoring systems classify each frame to identify safe or unsafe scenes, often triggering false alarms due to object misdetection or false detection, which reduces the overall monitoring system’s performance. To overcome [...] Read more.
Construction safety requires real-time monitoring due to its hazardous nature. Existing vision-based monitoring systems classify each frame to identify safe or unsafe scenes, often triggering false alarms due to object misdetection or false detection, which reduces the overall monitoring system’s performance. To overcome this problem, this research introduces a safety monitoring system that leverages a novel temporal-analysis-based algorithm to reduce false alarms. The proposed system comprises three main modules: object detection, rule compliance, and temporal analysis. The system employs a coordination correlation technique to verify personal protective equipment (PPE), even with partially visible workers, overcoming a common monitoring challenge on job sites. The temporal-analysis module is the key component that evaluates multiple frames within a time window, triggering alarms when the hazard threshold is exceeded, thus reducing false alarms. The experimental results demonstrate 95% accuracy and an F1-score in scene classification, with a notable 2.03% average decrease in false alarms during real-time monitoring across five test videos. This study advances knowledge in safety monitoring by introducing and validating a temporal-analysis-based algorithm. This approach not only improves the reliability of safety-rule-compliance checks but also addresses challenges of misdetection and false alarms, thereby enhancing safety management protocols in hazardous environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart and Proactive Construction Safety Combined with AI, IoT, and Big Data)
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14 pages, 5000 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Architecture for Future Climates: Optimizing a Library Building through Multi-Objective Design
by Yijia Miao, Zebin Chen, Yiyong Chen and Yiqi Tao
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061877 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1151
Abstract
In the context of the escalating challenge of climate change, optimizing buildings’ energy performance has become a critical research area, yet studies specifically targeting library buildings are scarce. This study addresses this gap by investigating the impact of multi-objective optimization on energy efficiency [...] Read more.
In the context of the escalating challenge of climate change, optimizing buildings’ energy performance has become a critical research area, yet studies specifically targeting library buildings are scarce. This study addresses this gap by investigating the impact of multi-objective optimization on energy efficiency and occupant comfort in educational library buildings under future climate scenarios. Utilizing the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), this research optimizes a range of building parameters, including the cooling and heating setpoints, air change rates, shading device depths, window visible transmittance, and window gas types. The optimization aims to balance energy consumption and comfort, using simulations based on future weather data for the years 2020, 2050, and 2080. The results indicate that the optimized solutions can significantly reduce the heating energy by up to 95.34% and the cooling energy by up to 63.74% compared to the baseline models, while maintaining or improving the occupant comfort levels. This study highlights the necessity for dynamic, responsive architectural designs that can adapt to changing environmental conditions, ensuring both sustainability and occupant well-being. Furthermore, integrating these building-level optimizations into a City Information Model (CIM) framework can enhance urban planning and development, contributing to more resilient and energy-efficient cities. These findings underscore the importance of sustainable design practices in the context of climate change and the critical role of advanced optimization techniques in achieving energy-efficient, comfortable educational spaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Living Environments for Mental Health)
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23 pages, 89691 KiB  
Article
Analyzing Land Shape Typologies in South Korean Apartment Complexes Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques
by Sung-Bin Yoon and Sung-Eun Hwang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061876 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 723
Abstract
In South Korea, the configuration of land parcels within apartment complexes plays a pivotal role in optimizing land use and facility placement. Given the significant impact of land shape on architectural and urban planning outcomes, its analysis is essential. However, studies on land [...] Read more.
In South Korea, the configuration of land parcels within apartment complexes plays a pivotal role in optimizing land use and facility placement. Given the significant impact of land shape on architectural and urban planning outcomes, its analysis is essential. However, studies on land shape have been limited due to the lack of definitive survey criteria. To address these challenges, this study utilized a map application programming interface (API) to gather raw data on apartment complex layouts in South Korea and processed these images using a Python-based image library. An initial analysis involved categorizing the data through K-means clustering. Each cluster’s average image was classified into four distinct groups for comparison with the existing literature. Shape indices were employed to analyze land configurations and assess consistency across classes. These classes were annotated on a parcel level using the Roboflow API, and YOLOv8s-cls was developed to classify the parcels effectively. The evaluation of this model involved calculating accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score from a confusion matrix. The results show a strong correlation between the identified and established classes, with the YOLO model achieving an accuracy of 86% and demonstrating robust prediction capabilities across classes. This confirms the effective typification of land shapes in the studied apartment complexes. This study introduces a methodology for analyzing parcel shapes through machine learning and deep learning. It asserts that this approach transcends the confines of South Korean apartment complexes, extending its applicability to architectural and urban design planning on a global scale. Analyzing land shapes earmarked for construction enables the formulation of diverse design strategies for building placement and external space arrangement. This highlights the potential for innovative design approaches in architectural and urban planning worldwide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)
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17 pages, 7427 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Analytical Study on Shear Lag Effect of T-Shaped Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
by Jianzhao Liu, Yonghui Hou, Hongyan Wang and Xiangyong Ni
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061875 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 774
Abstract
Because of the flanges on T-shaped shear walls (TSSWs), the shear force acting on such walls results in a shear lag effect, making it impossible to forecast with accuracy the normal stresses of the flanges using the Bernoulli–Euler assumption. Shear lag (SL) in [...] Read more.
Because of the flanges on T-shaped shear walls (TSSWs), the shear force acting on such walls results in a shear lag effect, making it impossible to forecast with accuracy the normal stresses of the flanges using the Bernoulli–Euler assumption. Shear lag (SL) in flanged walls has, however, received less attention from researchers, particularly in experimental studies. Understanding the SL in T-shaped reinforced concrete shear walls under shear and axial force is the main goal of this work. First, a SL model is suggested for TSSWs. In this model, the SL deflection is considered to be the generalized displacement and the SL warping deformation, and it is assumed to be a quadratic nonlinear function. Then, experimental and numerical simulation studies are, respectively, conducted to investigate SL effect of TSSWs, and also to evaluate the accuracy of the SL method. Finally, the parameter analysis is conducted to investigate the influence of axial load, shear force, and flange length on the SL effect of TSSWs. The results show that the SL of the TSSW is significant, the normal stress distribution (NSD) of the flange is uneven, and the normal stresses near the web are higher, according to the results of the analytical, simulated, and experimental results. The SL model can accurately predict the normal stresses of the flange of TSSWs, and the quadratic parabola assumption of the SL warp displacement of TSSWs is reasonable. Parameter analysis shows that axial force has little effect on the SL effect of TSSWs. The TSSWs under larger shear force have the more obvious SL effect. A more obvious SL effect occurs in the TSSWs with longer flanges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Reinforced Concrete Buildings Structural Analysis and Durability Assessment)
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24 pages, 6445 KiB  
Article
Effect of Soil–Bridge Interactions on Seismic Response of a Cross-Fault Bridge: A Shaking Table Test Study
by Kunlin Guo, Xiaojun Li, Ning Wang, Zengping Wen and Yanbin Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1874; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061874 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 856
Abstract
A shaking table test of a 1/60 scale cross-fault bridge model considering the effects of soil–bridge interactions was designed and implemented, in which the bridge model was placed in two individual soil boxes to simulate the bridge across a strike-slip fault. Three seismic [...] Read more.
A shaking table test of a 1/60 scale cross-fault bridge model considering the effects of soil–bridge interactions was designed and implemented, in which the bridge model was placed in two individual soil boxes to simulate the bridge across a strike-slip fault. Three seismic ground motion time-histories with permanent displacements were selected as input excitations to investigate the influence of seismic ground motions with different frequency characteristics on the seismic response of the testing soil–bridge model. The one-side input method was used to simulate the seismic response of bridges across faults. The seismic responses of the soil and bridge in terms of acceleration, strain, and displacement were analyzed. The test results show that the one-side input method can simulate the seismic response of the main girder displacements well and the displacements and strains of piers and piles of the bridge structure spanning a fault. The strain responses at near-fault pile foundations are much larger than those farther away from the fault. Compared with other bridges, the cross-fault bridge is more prone to torsional and displacement responses during earthquakes. Surface fault rupture can lead to permanent inclination of the bridge piers, which should be paid more attention to in the practical engineering design of the bridges. Soil–bridge interactions can suppress the amplification effect of soil on ground motions. The test results can provide a reference for future research and the design of cross-fault bridges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Seismic Resilience Assessment and Dynamic Response Analysis in Civil Engineering)
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12 pages, 6739 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Nanomechanical Characteristics of Hardened Cement Paste Containing High-Volume Desert Sand Powder
by Hongxin Liu, Jian Wang, Zhihui Yao, Zijun Li and Zhihai He
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061873 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 620
Abstract
Desert areas contain abundant desert sand (DS) resources, and high-volume recycling of DS resources as components of cement-based materials can achieve high-value applications. In this paper, DS was processed into desert sand powder (DSP) and replaced with cement in high volumes (20 wt.%–60 [...] Read more.
Desert areas contain abundant desert sand (DS) resources, and high-volume recycling of DS resources as components of cement-based materials can achieve high-value applications. In this paper, DS was processed into desert sand powder (DSP) and replaced with cement in high volumes (20 wt.%–60 wt.%) to produce cement pastes. The mechanical properties, heat evolution, nanomechanical characteristics, microstructure, and economic and environmental impact of cement pastes were studied. The results show that adding 20 wt.% DSP increases the compressive strength of pastes and accelerates cement hydration, compared with the control group (0 wt.% DSP). Meanwhile, incorporating an appropriate amount of DSP (20 wt.%) effectively reduces porosity, increases the proportion of harmless and less harmful pores, and reduces the proportion of more harmful pores. From the perspective of nanoscopic properties, the addition of 20 wt.% DSP increases the C-S-H volume fraction, especially enhancing the transformation of low-density C-S-H to high-density C-S-H. Notably, the sample incorporating 60 wt.% DSP exhibits the lowest values for CI coefficients (13.02 kg/MPa·m3) and Cp coefficients (2.29 USD/MPa·m3), thereby validating the application of high-volume DSP feasibility in cement-based materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Carbon Material Engineering in Construction)
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15 pages, 3081 KiB  
Article
Indoor Air Temperature Distribution and Heat Transfer Coefficient for Evaluating Cold Storage of Phase-Change Materials during Night Ventilation
by TaeCheol Lee, Rihito Sato, Takashi Asawa and Seonghwan Yoon
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061872 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1147
Abstract
This paper focuses on clarifying the heat transfer coefficient necessary for determining the indoor temperature distribution during night ventilation using floor-level windows. Measurements were used to identify the factors that influence the vertical temperature distribution within a room wherein phase-change materials (PCMs) were [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on clarifying the heat transfer coefficient necessary for determining the indoor temperature distribution during night ventilation using floor-level windows. Measurements were used to identify the factors that influence the vertical temperature distribution within a room wherein phase-change materials (PCMs) were installed at the floor level. The investigation revealed a temperature differential ranging from 1 °C to a maximum of 3 °C between the floor and the center of the room, attributable to external climatic conditions (outdoor temperature and wind speed). This variation was found to depend on the degree of mixing of indoor air currents. This deviation was critical because it significantly affected the phase-change temperature of PCMs, thereby impacting their thermal storage capabilities. Consequently, this study aimed to refine the predictive accuracy of indoor temperature distributions by proposing a modified vertical temperature distribution model that incorporated these findings. The results of this study are expected to provide better design strategies for building constructions that incorporate PCMs, and to optimize their functionality in passive cooling systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Climate and Energy Efficiency in Buildings)
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16 pages, 2170 KiB  
Article
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate Concrete
by Orkun Uysal, İlbüke Uslu, Can B. Aktaş, Byungik Chang and İsmail Özgür Yaman
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061871 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1292
Abstract
The porous nature of lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) is decisive in the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. A comprehensive experimental study consisting of 13 different mixtures and 234 specimens was carried out on density, absorption capacity, porosity, compressive strength, splitting tensile [...] Read more.
The porous nature of lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) is decisive in the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. A comprehensive experimental study consisting of 13 different mixtures and 234 specimens was carried out on density, absorption capacity, porosity, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and the effect of moisture state of LECA concrete. Dry compressive strengths of mixtures were found to be between 18–38 MPa, and 9% higher on average than moist compressive strength. Modulus of elasticity values decreased significantly when specimens were oven-dried, where the decrease was 26% on average. The study also includes an evaluation of modulus of elasticity prediction models. All prediction models consistently overestimated dry modulus of elasticity, which is problematic for structural applications of LECA concrete. A unique model for modulus of elasticity prediction was developed as part of the study and verified using independent data from literature for its accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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17 pages, 4754 KiB  
Article
Examining Solicited Projects of Public–Private Partnerships (PPP) in the Initiative of Indonesian Government
by Mustafa Nahdi, Naniek Widayati, Mochamad Agung Wibowo, Endah Murtiana Sari, Rizal Zainuddin Tamin and Antho Thohirin
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1870; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061870 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 995
Abstract
The value of construction projects in Indonesia is significantly enhanced by partnering, leading to the adoption of the model by the government. The Indonesian government, through the Ministry of Finance, is developing the partnering model based on Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) projects to further [...] Read more.
The value of construction projects in Indonesia is significantly enhanced by partnering, leading to the adoption of the model by the government. The Indonesian government, through the Ministry of Finance, is developing the partnering model based on Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) projects to further accelerate extensive infrastructure development. By leveraging PPPs, these projects intend to bridge the funding gap experienced by the government to facilitate swift infrastructure development and enhance the value of construction projects even further. Therefore, this study aimed to examine PPPs, such as the solicited projects occurring in Indonesia. Solicited projects were government-initiated PPPs based on long-term development plans. A qualitative method was adopted, conducting in-depth analyses at three locations with solicited PPP projects. Using Soft System Methodology (SSM) and expert Focus Group Discussion (FGD) through the Delphi method, this study investigated the interactions and depth of partnering in PPP projects. The obtained results emphasized the positive impact of solicited projects on Indonesian infrastructure development, addressing the funding gap experienced by the government. This study further contributed new insights for stakeholders and academics in the development of the projects in Indonesia, emphasizing the necessity of extensive development to support the implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Life Cycle Management of Civil Engineering)
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23 pages, 5915 KiB  
Article
Performance of RC Beams under Shear Loads Strengthened with Metallic and Non-Metallic Fibers
by Mona K. N. Ghali, Taha A. El-Sayed, Ahmed Salah and Nora Khater
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061869 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 639
Abstract
In our investigation, we subjected eleven reinforced concrete beams to a four-point bending system to explore the impact of varying fibre and ferrocement contents on their structural behaviour. These beams, measuring 1.7 m in length, featured a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of 150 [...] Read more.
In our investigation, we subjected eleven reinforced concrete beams to a four-point bending system to explore the impact of varying fibre and ferrocement contents on their structural behaviour. These beams, measuring 1.7 m in length, featured a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of 150 mm by 300 mm. Our study focused on three key variables: steel fibre content (at levels of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%), glass fibre content (also at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%), and ferrocement content (evaluated with one or two layers of welded or expanded wire mesh). Our findings revealed that incorporating fibres with minimal shear reinforcement significantly enhanced the beams’ performance. Specifically: The specimen reinforced with 1.5% steel fibres exhibited the highest ultimate failure load, surpassing the control beam by an impressive 41.87%. The 0.5% glass fibre specimen experienced the least deflection at the ultimate load compared to the control beam. The 1.5% glass fibre specimen demonstrated superior energy absorption compared to the control specimen. Notably, using two layers of welded wire mesh proved most effective in enhancing the ultimate failure load when compared to both the control specimen and other ferrocement-strengthened beams. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Cementitious Materials for Resilient and Sustainable Buildings and Infrastructure)
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14 pages, 4053 KiB  
Article
Interface Interaction of Waste Rubber–Asphalt System
by Jinfei Su, Peilong Li, Guangxin Zhu, Xiaoxu Wang and Shihao Dong
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1868; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061868 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 692
Abstract
Asphalt pavement construction is a large-volume project, with the ability to recycle the industrial waste and reduce carbon emissions. Rubber-modified asphalt is a carbon-neutralized asphalt-based material, facilitating the recycling of waste rubber materials and improving the road performance of the asphalt mixture. To [...] Read more.
Asphalt pavement construction is a large-volume project, with the ability to recycle the industrial waste and reduce carbon emissions. Rubber-modified asphalt is a carbon-neutralized asphalt-based material, facilitating the recycling of waste rubber materials and improving the road performance of the asphalt mixture. To evaluate the interface interaction of the rubber–asphalt system and its effect on the viscosity characteristics of rubber-modified asphalt, the contact properties of rubber particles in asphalt were analyzed on a microscopic level. Rubber swelling tests and solvent elution tests were conducted on the rubber–asphalt system under different preparation conditions. The swelling ratio, degradation ratio, and swelling–degradation ratio were proposed to evaluate the interface interaction. The results show that the interface interaction of the rubber–asphalt system can be divided into the following three stages: swelling, effective degradation, and over-degradation. The degree of swelling is mainly affected by the content and size of the rubber particles and it is physically condensed, while the degradation is mainly affected by the preparation temperature and preparation time. The effective interface interaction greatly affects the viscosity with the building of the stable three-dimensional network structure. The stronger the interface interaction, the greater the viscosity of the rubber-modified asphalt, except for the 25% content of rubber particles. The gel film will be generated on the surface of the rubber particles throughout the swelling and effective degradation, increasing the viscosity of the rubber-modified asphalt. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Neutral Infrastructure)
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17 pages, 3856 KiB  
Article
Impact of the Climate Background of Students on Thermal Perception: Implications for Comfort and Energy Use in University Lecture Theatres
by Zehra Nur Disci, Ranald Lawrence and Steve Sharples
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061867 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1212
Abstract
The thermal conditions in lecture theatres directly affect the well-being and overall learning experience of the users but also offer a testbed for understanding the degree to which people’s thermal perceptions are affected by their climate background. This study included surveys completed online [...] Read more.
The thermal conditions in lecture theatres directly affect the well-being and overall learning experience of the users but also offer a testbed for understanding the degree to which people’s thermal perceptions are affected by their climate background. This study included surveys completed online by users in situ and environmental measurements conducted on four different days in three different lecture theatres at the University of Liverpool. The 340 participants who took part in the study were divided into three groups—from climates warmer or cooler than that of the UK and similar to that of the UK. Based on statistical analysis, it was observed that the climatic backgrounds affected participants’ thermal sensations and preferences. The results showed that the thermal sensation and preferences of people from warmer backgrounds and similar backgrounds were different and statistically significant. Most users from a warmer background preferred the environment to be warmer while most users with a similar background preferred it to be cooler. These findings have energy and comfort implications for how heating and cooling set-point temperatures in lecture theatres should be determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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21 pages, 5124 KiB  
Article
Quantifying the Enhanced Performance of Multifamily Residential Passive House over Conventional Buildings in Terms of Energy Use
by Homeira Mirhosseini, Jie Li, Lisa D. Iulo and James D. Freihaut
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061866 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 993
Abstract
In response to escalating energy demands and global warming concerns, the Passive House Standard has emerged as a solution in residential construction, aiming to drastically reduce energy consumption and operational costs primarily through high-performance building envelopes. While a considerable volume of the literature [...] Read more.
In response to escalating energy demands and global warming concerns, the Passive House Standard has emerged as a solution in residential construction, aiming to drastically reduce energy consumption and operational costs primarily through high-performance building envelopes. While a considerable volume of the literature has focused on the Passivhaus Institute (PHI) standards, predominantly in European contexts, there is a gap in research on the Passive House Institute US (Phius) standards, particularly in North American climates. This study conducts a quantitative comparative analysis of two adjacent multifamily residential buildings in Central Pennsylvania, Climate Zone 5A—one built using conventional construction methods and the other following Passive House (PHIUS+ 2015) certification standards—to validate the energy efficiency improvements attributed to Passive House designs. A comparative analysis of the whole building energy use over two years reveals that the Passive House building consumes approximately 50% less energy than its conventional counterpart in terms of whole building energy use and the national median recommended benchmark metric defined by the Energy Star Portfolio Manager. These findings emphasize the potential for significant energy savings and greenhouse gas reductions in residential buildings, highlighting the necessity for policymakers and governments to incentivize the adoption of Passive House standards to achieve environmental sustainability and reduce energy costs for society. Full article
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24 pages, 14577 KiB  
Article
Integrating Extended Reality in Architectural Design Studio Teaching and Reviews: Implementing a Participatory Action Research Framework
by Kristof Crolla, Jingwen Song, Andreea Bunica and Abdullah Tahir Sheikh
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1865; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061865 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1810
Abstract
In architectural education, the integration of Extended Reality (XR) technologies—including Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR)—promises to revolutionise design studio teaching by offering immersive and interactive learning experiences. However, the broad adoption of XR in architectural education faces significant [...] Read more.
In architectural education, the integration of Extended Reality (XR) technologies—including Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR)—promises to revolutionise design studio teaching by offering immersive and interactive learning experiences. However, the broad adoption of XR in architectural education faces significant obstacles. These problems include a skills gap between students and educators, the challenge of establishing suitable simulation and experimental environments for specific educational needs, and the complexities of integrating these technologies into traditional curricula. This research aims to advance the pedagogical understanding of the value XR tools and techniques offer within an architectural design education context that engages students, teachers, and faculty members in a collective exploration of XR technologies. The study specifically focuses on integrating XR into the design studio’s final review stage to enhance reviewer engagement and ensuing student learning outcomes, thereby transforming architectural design studio education. Utilising a Participatory Action Research (PAR) methodology, the study established an XR learning environment and created a collaborative review framework within a Master of Architecture programme. A mixed-methods strategy was employed for data collection to assess the impact of XR applications on design processes, review experiences, and learning outcomes. This strategy included creating digital prototypes of XR applications, followed by user testing to gather both qualitative feedback and quantitative performance data. In the practical implementation section, this article provides information on the applications that were developed for specific educational needs to create simulated and experimental environments. The focus is not only on the design of these applications but also on their ability to allow students to communicate with reviewers and audiences about their design projects. The findings indicate that XR technologies have the potential to enhance students’ engagement by improving visualisation capabilities and bridging the gap between theoretical and practical aspects of architectural design. This study underscores the potential of XR technologies to transform architectural education, suggesting a framework for their integration into design studios. It contributes to the pedagogical discourse by providing insights into effective XR-based teaching methodologies and setting a foundation for future innovations and technology integration into architectural learning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality in Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operation and Maintenance (AECOM) Building Sector)
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26 pages, 5061 KiB  
Article
Systematic Mapping of Global Research on Disaster Damage Estimation for Buildings: A Machine Learning-Aided Study
by Dilum Rajapaksha, Chandana Siriwardana, Rajeev Ruparathna, Tariq Maqsood, Sujeeva Setunge, Lalith Rajapakse and Saman De Silva
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1864; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061864 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1119
Abstract
Research on disaster damage estimation for buildings has gained extensive attention due to the increased number of disastrous events, facilitating risk assessment, the effective integration of disaster resilience measures, and policy development. A systematic mapping study has been conducted, focusing on disaster damage [...] Read more.
Research on disaster damage estimation for buildings has gained extensive attention due to the increased number of disastrous events, facilitating risk assessment, the effective integration of disaster resilience measures, and policy development. A systematic mapping study has been conducted, focusing on disaster damage estimation studies to identify trends, relationships, and gaps in this large and exponentially growing subject area. A novel approach using machine learning algorithms to screen, categorise, and map the articles was adopted to mitigate the constraints of manual handling. Out of 8608 articles from major scientific databases, the most relevant 2186 were used in the analysis. These articles were classified based on the hazard, geographical location, damage function properties, and building properties. Key observations reveal an emerging trend in publications, with most studies concentrated in developed and severely disaster-affected countries in America, Europe, and Asia. A significant portion (68%) of the relevant articles focus on earthquakes. However, as the key research opportunities, a notable research gap exists in studies focusing on the African and South American continents despite the significant damage caused by disasters there. Additionally, studies on floods, hurricanes, and tsunamis are minimal compared to those on earthquakes. Further trends and relationships in current studies were analysed to convey insights from the literature, identifying research gaps in terms of hazards, geographical locations, and other relevant parameters. These insights aim to effectively guide future research in disaster damage estimation for buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction Management, Disaster Risk Management and Reconstruction for Resilient and Sustainable Cities)
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16 pages, 14175 KiB  
Article
A Comprehensive Comparison of Photogrammetric and RTK-GPS Methods for General Order Land Surveying
by Blake Furby and Reza Akhavian
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1863; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061863 - 19 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1489
Abstract
One of the main objectives of modern-day surveying is to maximize the efficiency and accuracy of mapping a landscape for natural features and elevations prior to the start of a construction project. This paper focuses on a comparison between terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry [...] Read more.
One of the main objectives of modern-day surveying is to maximize the efficiency and accuracy of mapping a landscape for natural features and elevations prior to the start of a construction project. This paper focuses on a comparison between terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry and real-time kinematic global positioning systems (RTK-GPSs) in terms of elevation accuracy, data expenditure, and time for each survey to be completed. Two sites in San Diego County were chosen to be studied with a combined area of about 1.14 acres, and a total station system was used to establish 572 control points between both areas. Two of the three methods investigated produced similar results in elevation and were well within the established standard, as the terrestrial photogrammetry averaged 0.0583 feet of error, the aerial photogrammetry averaged 0.345 feet of error, and the RTK-GPS averaged 0.0432 feet of error when compared to the total station ground truth. If data consumption is not a concern, the terrestrial photogrammetric method should be preferred to the aerial photogrammetric and RTK-GPS methods in topographic mapping and land monitoring due to the increase in time efficiency and in surface model detail while keeping within the Caltrans specified tolerance of error of 0.2 feet. For general order land surveys, the photogrammetric approach utilized with a Looq scanner would provide the most efficient and cost-effective survey while staying within the 0.2 foot tolerance of error. This method also allows for the utmost clarity of the resulting point cloud when analyzing terrain, break lines, or other features in the survey area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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19 pages, 3686 KiB  
Article
Energy Self-Sufficiency of Smaller Rural Centers: Experimental Approaches
by Elvira Nicolini
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1862; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061862 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 601
Abstract
Inland areas have been affected by demographic and economic decline over the past decades. New economic models, which are more focused on a humane quality of life, encourage a revival of these territories as newer, healthier places for living. This paper focuses on [...] Read more.
Inland areas have been affected by demographic and economic decline over the past decades. New economic models, which are more focused on a humane quality of life, encourage a revival of these territories as newer, healthier places for living. This paper focuses on minor centers, rethought as energy communities and how these can sustain themselves and become new places of living. The first part of the research critically analyzes current strategies of SECAPs (Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans) in smaller historic urban centers. The second part of the paper starts with the typological, morphological, and technological interscalar analysis of two case studies, testing a repeatable expeditious knowledge collection and an intervention method on them. For urban environments, the hypothesized interventions include the management of energy production from renewable sources that are compatible with the presence and value of urban and built heritage; concerning rural territories, an agro-energy park is proposed. The document aims to provide a repeatable method for planning strategic actions within SECAPs in smaller urban centers with a high historical connotation. The case studies show that energy self-sufficiency can be an opportunity to valorize the urban center while favoring environmental sustainability and local development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Smart Cities: Infrastructure, Innovation, Technology, Governance and Citizenship)
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24 pages, 4319 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Contractor Selection through Fuzzy TOPSIS and Fuzzy SAW Techniques
by Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli, Ayoub Hazrati, Kishor Shrestha and Krishna Kisi
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061861 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 664
Abstract
Contractors play an integral role in construction projects, and their qualifications directly impact various aspects of a project’s success. The unbiased selection of contractors is a challenge in the construction industry worldwide, particularly in public projects where impartiality in the final selection is [...] Read more.
Contractors play an integral role in construction projects, and their qualifications directly impact various aspects of a project’s success. The unbiased selection of contractors is a challenge in the construction industry worldwide, particularly in public projects where impartiality in the final selection is essential. Numerous factors must be considered when evaluating contractors, making the selection process challenging for the human brain. This paper introduces and compares two methods for assessing contractor prequalification by applying the fuzzy theory. The idea is to facilitate using human judgments in a mathematical system for decision-making with regard to selecting contractors. The method is based on identifying a fuzzy weight for the selection criteria using the Buckley method. Fuzzy TOPSIS and Fuzzy SAW methods are then used for the qualification ranking of the contractors. The proposed models are assessed using a case study. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to compare the two models. The introduced method is expected to improve the quality of the qualification-based selection of contractors and prevent possible losses from hiring unsuitable contractors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Management of Building and Infrastructure Projects)
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12 pages, 2136 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Heating Time on Vacuum Preloading Treatment
by Chaozhou Zhang, Qionghui Lou, Xiaoliang Wang, Yuanjie Gong, Xiaobing Li and Hongtao Fu
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1860; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061860 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 507
Abstract
A comparative study of the effect of a vacuum preloading combined intermittent heating method and conventional vacuum preloading treatment was designed and carried out through indoor model tests to investigate the optimal intermittent heating time. It is concluded that the mechanism of vacuum [...] Read more.
A comparative study of the effect of a vacuum preloading combined intermittent heating method and conventional vacuum preloading treatment was designed and carried out through indoor model tests to investigate the optimal intermittent heating time. It is concluded that the mechanism of vacuum preloading combined with the intermittent heating method is to improve the permeability of soil to alleviate the clogging effect, and therefore has a treatment effect far beyond the conventional vacuum preloading method. The results also show that setting a heating time of 120 min and a stopping time of 60 min can obtain the best consolidation effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Reinforcement Technologies Applied in Slope and Foundation)
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17 pages, 3591 KiB  
Article
Building Materials Classification Model Based on Text Data Enhancement and Semantic Feature Extraction
by Qiao Yan, Fei Jiao and Wei Peng
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1859; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061859 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 679
Abstract
In order to accurately extract and match carbon emission factors from the Chinese textual building materials list and construct a precise carbon emission factor database, it is crucial to accurately classify the textual building materials. In this study, a novel classification model based [...] Read more.
In order to accurately extract and match carbon emission factors from the Chinese textual building materials list and construct a precise carbon emission factor database, it is crucial to accurately classify the textual building materials. In this study, a novel classification model based on text data enhancement and semantic feature extraction is proposed and applied for building materials classification. Firstly, the explanatory information on the building materials is collected and normalized to construct the original dataset. Then, the Latent Dirichlet Allocation and statistical-language-model-based hybrid ensemble data enhancement methods are explained in detail, and the semantic features closely related to the carbon emission factor are extracted by constructed composite convolutional networks and the transformed word vectors. Finally, the ensemble classification model is designed, constructed, and applied to match the carbon emission factor from the textual building materials. The experimental results show that the proposed model improves the F1Macro score by 4–12% compared to traditional machine learning and deep learning models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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16 pages, 5483 KiB  
Article
A Linear Optimization for Slope Leveling of Ground-Mounted Centralized Photovoltaic Sites
by Yanli Tao, Nan Zheng, Yuanzhe Cheng, Jianfeng Zhu, Weibin Zhong, Yasong Sun, Jianyong Zhao, Baoshun Dong, Yongming Wang and Jinming Ren
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1858; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061858 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 701
Abstract
Slope leveling is essential for the successful implementation of ground-mounted centralized photovoltaic (PV) plants, but currently, there is a lack of optimization methods available. To address this issue, a linear programming approach has been proposed to optimize PV slope leveling. This method involves [...] Read more.
Slope leveling is essential for the successful implementation of ground-mounted centralized photovoltaic (PV) plants, but currently, there is a lack of optimization methods available. To address this issue, a linear programming approach has been proposed to optimize PV slope leveling. This method involves dividing the field into blocks and grids and using hyperbolic paraboloids to simulate the design surface. By programming in MATLAB, the globally optimal solution for PV slope leveling can be calculated. Engineering case studies have demonstrated that this optimization method can achieve significant cut-and-fill volume savings ranging from 58% to 78%, when compared to the traditional segmented plane method. Additionally, the effectiveness of the optimization method improves with larger site areas and more complex terrains. A parameter analysis considering slope ratio, grid size, and block size reveals that grid size has a minimal impact on cut-and-fill volume, while slope ratio and block size have a significant influence. For typical PV projects, the recommended ranges of slope ratio, grid size, and block size are 3–7%, 5–20 m, and 30–50 m, respectively, for slope leveling design. In summary, the proposed linear optimization method provides an optimal slope leveling scheme for ground-mounted centralized PV plants, with convenient operation and fast computation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Reinforcement Technologies Applied in Slope and Foundation)
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16 pages, 2255 KiB  
Article
Research on Quantification of Structural Natural Frequency Uncertainty and Finite Element Model Updating Based on Gaussian Processes
by Qin Tian, Kai Yao and Shixin Cao
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1857; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061857 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 648
Abstract
During bridge service, material degradation and aging occur, affecting bridge functionality. Bridge health monitoring, crucial for detecting structural damage, includes finite element model modification as a key aspect. Current finite element-based model updating techniques are computationally intensive and lack practicality. Additionally, changes in [...] Read more.
During bridge service, material degradation and aging occur, affecting bridge functionality. Bridge health monitoring, crucial for detecting structural damage, includes finite element model modification as a key aspect. Current finite element-based model updating techniques are computationally intensive and lack practicality. Additionally, changes in loading and material property deterioration lead to parameter uncertainty in engineering structures. To enhance computational efficiency and accommodate parameter uncertainty, this study proposes a Gaussian process model-based approach for predicting structural natural frequencies and correcting finite element models. Taking a simply supported beam structure as an example, the elastic modulus and mass density of the structure are sampled by the Sobol sequence. Then, we map the collected samples to the corresponding physical space, substitute them into the finite element model, and calculate the first three natural frequencies of the model. A Gaussian surrogate model was established for the natural frequency of the structure. By analyzing the first three natural frequencies of the simply supported beam, the elastic modulus and mass density of the structure are corrected. The error between the corrected values of elastic modulus and mass density and the calculated values of the finite element model is very small. This study demonstrates that Gaussian process models can improve calculation efficiency, fulfilling the dual objectives of predicting structural natural frequencies and adjusting model parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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17 pages, 12872 KiB  
Article
Characterizing Splitting Failure of Concrete Influenced by Material Heterogeneity Based on Digital Image Processing Techniques
by Houquan Lin, Dong Li, Zheng Hu, Xiang Li, Zhaoxi Yan, Hui Li and Jiankun Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1856; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061856 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 656
Abstract
Concrete, as a composite material, is subject to heterogeneity in its mechanical properties and damage characteristics responding to load. In this paper, a numerical approach for analyzing the heterogeneous characteristics and the mechanical behavior of concrete specimens in tensile splitting tests using DIP [...] Read more.
Concrete, as a composite material, is subject to heterogeneity in its mechanical properties and damage characteristics responding to load. In this paper, a numerical approach for analyzing the heterogeneous characteristics and the mechanical behavior of concrete specimens in tensile splitting tests using DIP techniques is introduced. The experiment involves the preparation of three types of concrete specimens with different strengths and performances of the tensile splitting test. The contour and position information of the different components in the split surface of a concrete specimen are reflected in the numerical model using the DIP techniques and the fracture of the split surface is realized by three types of cohesive elements in the finite element software ABAQUS. The results of the proposed numerical model are highly consistent with the experimental results with a maximum error of 4.77%, whereby the evolution of the splitting process is discussed. The simulation shows that the concrete fracture develops from the periphery towards the center of the concrete and the ITZ region splits first at similar strain levels, followed by the mortar region and finally the aggregate region. In addition, a simplified modeling scheme with faster computational efficiency and higher accuracy is proposed, which indicates that the shape of the heterogeneous components in concrete has a low effect on mechanical strength. The proposed model can accurately reflect the splitting fracture process of concrete which is instantaneous in the actual process, contributing to the understanding of the mechanism of the splitting fracture process and proposing a new methodology for simulating the fracture process of heterogeneous materials (e.g., concrete, rock). This work contributes to the understanding of the effect of material heterogeneity on concrete’s mechanical behavior and fracturing process and provides valuable hints for the research on the non-destructive prediction of concrete strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Damage and Fracture Analysis in Rocks and Concretes)
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27 pages, 10187 KiB  
Article
Accelerated Bridge Construction Case: A Novel Low-Carbon and Assembled Composite Bridge Scheme
by Ling Kang, Jinhua Xu, Tingmin Mu, Huan Wang and Ping Zhao
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061855 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1446
Abstract
Modern bridge construction towards a higher degree of low carbonization and assembly has been the general trend, while developing and broadening the low-carbon and assembled-oriented Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) technology can better realize the trade-offs between construction quality, efficiency, cost and sustainability. In [...] Read more.
Modern bridge construction towards a higher degree of low carbonization and assembly has been the general trend, while developing and broadening the low-carbon and assembled-oriented Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) technology can better realize the trade-offs between construction quality, efficiency, cost and sustainability. In the current mainstream ABC technologies such as precast-assembled concrete bridge and assembled steel bridge schemes, it is difficult to achieve an excellent balance between the above multicriterion trade-offs. To this end, this paper proposes a novel low-carbon and assembled composite bridge scheme as an innovative case of ABC technology based on a 26.7 km-length urban viaduct project in China with urgent environmental protection and assembly demands. Construction sustainability, the comprehensive economy and low-carbon performance are well balanced by the collaborative application of new steel–concrete composite structures, the rapid assembly interface design and low-carbon material technologies. The proposed scheme has been applied to a completed real-scale bridge, and the whole construction process only experienced 105 days of effective time, accompanied with slight environmental interference and construction noise and a small amount of labor and equipment input. In addition, the safety of the bridge, the rationality of the design concept and the calculation method have been verified by the static and dynamic loading tests of the real-scale bridge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)
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