Investigating the Influence of Oil Shale Ash and Basalt Composite Fibres on the Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Basalt Fibres
1.2. Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) of Concrete
1.3. Fibre–Paste Interfacial Transition Zone
1.4. Oil Shale Ash (OSA)
2. Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of Fibre–Paste ITZ
3.2. Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mixtures
3.3. Environmental Benefits of Using OSA
4. Conclusions
- Considering the influence of OSA replacement:
- The presence of OSA reduces the EPD/carbon footprint of concrete composites.
- OSA replacement increases the presence of ettringite in fibre ITZs.
- Further testing of strength at higher ages, such as 56 and 90 days, is essential to establish the influence of OSA on concrete’s microstructure.
- Paste ITZs seem adequate for concrete with OSA at a dose of up to 10%. Higher percentages of replacement reduce the compressive strength and provide poor ITZs, with no expectation of additional delayed reactions between hydration products and the OSA.
- 2.
- Considering the presence of BFs in the mix:
- It has been observed that the coating of BFs becomes damaged during the mixing process, and individual basalt microfibres are directly in contact with the concrete matrix.
- The presence of a thin layer of CSH on the surface of BFs is a result of the alkaline exposure of BFs.
- Flexural strengths are relatively constant for mixes with up to 20% OSA replacement in the concrete mix.
- If the compressive strength is the decisive factor for concrete application, 10% OSA replacement in the mix is assessed as sufficient for the utilisation of BFs.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxides | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | TiO2 | CaO | MgO | Na2O | K2O | MnO | SO3 | P2O5 | LOI * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OSA | 33.20 | 8.09 | 4.44 | 0.53 | 37.06 | 3.07 | 0.26 | 3.84 | 0.05 | 5.45 | 0.16 | 3.85 |
PLC | 19.11 | 4.79 | 2.85 | 0.33 | 61.69 | 3.17 | 0.08 | 1.99 | 0.12 | 2.02 | 0.51 | 2.61 |
Mix | PLC (kg) | OSA (kg) | DP (kg) | MS (kg) | Aggregates (kg) | Water (kg) | SP (kg) | Fibre (kg) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–1.0 mm | 0.3–2.5 mm | 4–8 mm | ||||||||
C | 250.0 | 0.0 | 218.2 | 13.6 | 572.7 | 954.6 | 54.6 | 227.3 | 6.36 | 8.0 |
OSA10 | 225.0 | 25.0 | 218.2 | 13.6 | 572.7 | 954.6 | 54.6 | 227.3 | 6.36 | 8.0 |
OSA15 | 212.5 | 37.5 | 218.2 | 13.6 | 572.7 | 954.6 | 54.6 | 227.3 | 6.36 | 8.0 |
OSA20 | 200.0 | 50.0 | 218.2 | 13.6 | 572.7 | 954.6 | 54.6 | 227.3 | 6.36 | 8.0 |
OSA25 | 187.5 | 62.5 | 218.2 | 13.6 | 572.7 | 954.6 | 54.6 | 227.3 | 6.36 | 8.0 |
OSA30 | 175.0 | 75.0 | 218.2 | 13.6 | 572.7 | 954.6 | 54.6 | 227.3 | 6.36 | 8.0 |
Mix | Slump (mm) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
C | 225 | 13.4 | 3.7 |
OSA10 | 230 | 12.5 | 3.8 |
OSA15 | 220 | 11.9 | 3.6 |
OSA20 | 180 | 10.8 | 3.7 |
OSA25 | 220 | 10.7 | 3.3 |
OSA30 | 230 | 9.1 | 2.9 |
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Nováková, I.; Jhatial, A.A.; Kekez, S.; Gjerløw, E.; Gulik, V.; Kannathasan, K.R.; Vaišnoras, M.; Krasnikovs, A. Investigating the Influence of Oil Shale Ash and Basalt Composite Fibres on the Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete. Buildings 2024, 14, 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071952
Nováková I, Jhatial AA, Kekez S, Gjerløw E, Gulik V, Kannathasan KR, Vaišnoras M, Krasnikovs A. Investigating the Influence of Oil Shale Ash and Basalt Composite Fibres on the Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete. Buildings. 2024; 14(7):1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071952
Chicago/Turabian StyleNováková, Iveta, Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial, Sofija Kekez, Eirik Gjerløw, Volodymyr Gulik, Karunamoorthy Rengasamy Kannathasan, Mindaugas Vaišnoras, and Andrejs Krasnikovs. 2024. "Investigating the Influence of Oil Shale Ash and Basalt Composite Fibres on the Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete" Buildings 14, no. 7: 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071952