Buildings

47 pages, 20004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Efficiency Assessment of Existing Rural Houses in Nantong Based on Human Thermal Comfort

by Zhongcheng Duan, Haoran Li, Kuntao Hu and Chen Shi

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1974; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071974 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Current research on rural houses in China mainly focuses on improving energy efficiency, with relatively few studies addressing energy-saving measures and enhancing thermal comfort for residents. Therefore, this paper focuses on existing rural houses in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, as the research object. [...] Read more.

Current research on rural houses in China mainly focuses on improving energy efficiency, with relatively few studies addressing energy-saving measures and enhancing thermal comfort for residents. Therefore, this paper focuses on existing rural houses in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, as the research object. Through on-site measurements and questionnaire surveys, it was found that the average indoor temperature of rural houses is 28.5 °C in summer and below 10 °C in winter, failing to meet the comfort needs of the villagers. To further study human thermal comfort, a linear regression method was used to establish an indoor Mean Thermal Sensation (MTS) model for Nantong’s rural houses. The neutral temperature in summer was found to be 26.46 °C, and an adaptive thermal comfort model for rural residents in the Nantong area was established. Through single-factor simulation and orthogonal experiments, the optimal comprehensive energy-saving renovation scheme was proposed. Finally, a typical rural house in Zhangzhuang Village was used as a case for building renovation practice. After the renovation, the number of thermal comfort hours increased by 145 h per year, the thermal comfort compliance rate reached 47.07%, and the overall energy-saving rate was 57.41%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Building Energy and Environment, 2nd Volume)

20 pages, 6732 KiB

Open AccessEssay

Study on the Shear Behaviors and Capacity of Double-Sided Concrete-Encased Composite Steel Plate Shear Walls by Experiment and Finite Element Analysis

by Xintao Wang, Yi Qi, Huafei Wang and Dingxin Chen

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1972; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071972 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

Concrete-encased composite plate shear walls (C-PSW/CEs) can realize the in-plane shear yielding of infill steel plate with the buckling restrained from the concrete panel. Concrete panels also additionally resist portions of lateral loading in C-PSW/CEs, whereby the shear stiffness and strength of the [...] Read more.

Concrete-encased composite plate shear walls (C-PSW/CEs) can realize the in-plane shear yielding of infill steel plate with the buckling restrained from the concrete panel. Concrete panels also additionally resist portions of lateral loading in C-PSW/CEs, whereby the shear stiffness and strength of the C-PSW/CE are improved. However, research on the in-plane behaviors of concrete panels and the interactions between structural elements is limited. In this paper, the mechanical characteristics and the interactions and the shear resistances of C-PSW/CEs with double-sided concrete encasements were studied. First, the effects of concrete thickness on the damage process, steel plate buckling, and shear resistances of C-PSW/CEs under lateral loading were tested. Then, finite element analyses of the internal forces of the horizontal and inclined cross-sections and the shear force–drift ratio responses of C-PSW/CEs were undertaken with the extended finite element method (XFEM) to simulate the cracking behaviors of concrete panels. A shear force–drift ratio model based on mechanics was developed by considering the lateral load resistances of concrete panels and their effects on steel plates in C-PSW/CEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

28 pages, 4454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational and Experimental Substantiation of Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Structures with Composite Materials of Power Plants under Seismic Action

by Oleg Rubin, Evgeny Bellendir, Anton Antonov and Igor Baklykov

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1971; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071971 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 52

Abstract

In Russia, a significant number of power facilities built in the 1960s and 1970s are located in regions where seismic effects were revised upward. This has led to an increase in the seismicity of the sites of facilities’ locations by magnitude 1–2 (MSK-64) [...] Read more.

In Russia, a significant number of power facilities built in the 1960s and 1970s are located in regions where seismic effects were revised upward. This has led to an increase in the seismicity of the sites of facilities’ locations by magnitude 1–2 (MSK-64) in comparison with the data of design documentation. During the long-term operating period of power facilities, the load-bearing capacity of building structures, as a rule, decreases. This article presents the results of computational and experimental studies of reinforced concrete structures of thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants for seismic effects in the range of magnitude 4–10 (MSK-64). The computational studies were carried out using ANSYS 16.0 software, and experimental studies were carried out on stands modeling seismic impacts with the help of hydraulic cylinders. The results of the studies showed that cracking of reinforced concrete structures without strengthening occurs at magnitude 6.0 (MSK-64) of seismic impact, and destruction occurs at magnitude 7.5. Thus, the seismic resistance of structures without reinforcement does not meet the requirements for seismic resistance, and strengthening is required. This study considers a variant of strengthening based on external composite reinforcement with CFRP. It is shown that the strengthening of structures with composite material increases their earthquake resistance up to magnitude 9–10 (MSK-64). This article presents recommendations on the CFRP strengthening of building structures of power facilities, both after receiving damage under seismic impact and in a planned manner to increase seismic resistance. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that quantitative results of increasing the seismic resistance of structures depending on the placement and number of layers of composite material are given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

24 pages, 5102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Reliability Maps of Code-Compliant Italian Reinforced-Concrete Bare and Infilled Frame Buildings

by Gianantonio Feltrin, Lorenzo Hofer and Mariano Angelo Zanini

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1970; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071970 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 82

Abstract

The present study illustrates the main results of an extensive campaign of numerical simulations aimed at quantifying the seismic reliability of reinforced concrete (RC) bare and masonry-infilled frames compliant with the current Italian Building Code. For this purpose, a set of different residential-use [...] Read more.

The present study illustrates the main results of an extensive campaign of numerical simulations aimed at quantifying the seismic reliability of reinforced concrete (RC) bare and masonry-infilled frames compliant with the current Italian Building Code. For this purpose, a set of different residential-use archetype structures are considered, and a prototype seismic design-assessment tool is created to quantify their performance with respect to the relevant limit states, deriving fragility curves via the execution of several non-linear time-history analyses (NLTHAs). The fragilities are subsequently combined with the hazard curves derived for each of the over 8000 Italian municipalities based on the national seismic hazard model currently in force to obtain the respective seismic mean failure rates across Italy. The seismic reliability maps obtained for the investigated code-compliant designs highlight how the current Italian Building Code fails to provide uniform seismic safety across Italy, showing—on the contrary—a strong hazard-dependency. The results are finally used to calibrate regression laws able to correlate the seismic mean failure rates with an intensity measure representative of the seismic hazard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

15 pages, 2529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Thermodynamic Response of Double-Armed Thin-Walled Piers under an FRP Anti-Collision Floating Pontoon Fire

by Yan-Kun Zhang, Pei Yuan, Bo Geng, Jun-Nian Shang and Bin Long

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1969; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071969 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 64

Abstract

Abstract: As a potential fire scenario for bridge structures, the safety impact of an FRP anti-collision floating pontoon fire on bridge structures cannot be ignored. Taking the FRP anti-collision floating pontoon fire that occurred in a continuous rigid-frame bridge as the engineering background, [...] Read more.

Abstract: As a potential fire scenario for bridge structures, the safety impact of an FRP anti-collision floating pontoon fire on bridge structures cannot be ignored. Taking the FRP anti-collision floating pontoon fire that occurred in a continuous rigid-frame bridge as the engineering background, the damage condition of the actual bridge fire scene was first investigated. In addition, FDS 5.3 software was used to simulate the FRP anti-collision floating pontoon fire scenario. Furthermore, the thermal–structural coupling method was used to investigate the thermodynamic response of double-armed thin-walled piers under fire. The results show that the FRP anti-collision floating pontoon fire causes localized concrete carbonization and spalling on the surface of the P2 pier, and the FRP anti-collision floating pontoons are largely destroyed. The fire has the greatest impact on the P2-1 pier, with the highest temperature of 667 °C on the windward side and the highest temperature of 326 °C on the leeward side. The temperature impact range is 6 m above the bearing platform, and the maximum damage depth of pier body concrete is 84.58 mm. The deformation and stress of the P2 pier under fire do not show significant changes and do not exceed the allowable limits for structural deformation and material stress. Therefore, the impact of this fire accident on the structural safety of the continuous rigid-frame bridge is minor. This study's results provide reliable guidance for the fire safety assessment and post-fire structural repair of the continuous rigid-frame bridge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering Disaster Prevention and Performance Improvement)

16 pages, 1232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Key Techniques for the Construction of High Asphalt Concrete Core Rockfill Dam under Unfavorable Geological Conditions

by Hao Li, Jianxin He, Shihua Zhong, Liang Liu and Wu Yang

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1968; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071968 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 78

Abstract

Asphalt concrete core dams (ACCDs) have been widely constructed in Xinjiang, yet the design of materials and structures has mainly relied on empirical knowledge without substantial theoretical grounding. In this study, we carried out a large-scale relative density test of gravel material in [...] Read more.

Asphalt concrete core dams (ACCDs) have been widely constructed in Xinjiang, yet the design of materials and structures has mainly relied on empirical knowledge without substantial theoretical grounding. In this study, we carried out a large-scale relative density test of gravel material in Bamudun dam, studied the compaction characteristics of gravel material, and determined the relative density characteristic index, in order to provide a basis for the subsequent dam material rolling test and construction quality inspection. Furthermore, in order to improve the efficiency of dam construction in narrow valleys, we optimized the connection type between asphalt concrete core wall and bedrock, and proposed a rapid construction method of paving core wall after pouring mass concrete base on bedrock. Finally, we established a three-dimensional finite element model to systematically analyze the stress and deformation patterns of the dam body, core wall, and base of the ACCD at Bamudun. The results show that the maximum compressive stress suffered by the core wall during the full storage period is 1.62 MPa, there is no tensile stress, and the risk of hydraulic splitting is small. The stress and deformation levels of each part are within the safe range. This verifies the rationality of the rapid construction method. The research findings can provide a great theoretical significance and engineering value for the safe design and construction of ACCDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Sustainability Practice of Civil and Environmental Engineering in Regions with Challenging Geological and Climatic Conditions)

17 pages, 2771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Footprints of a Conventional Norwegian Detached House Exposed to Flooding

by Line Berg Oppedal and Tore Kvande

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1967; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071967 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 82

Abstract

Rehabilitating water-damaged structures in buildings results in increased material extraction and energy use, and, consequently, a higher carbon footprint of the housing industry. Despite its prevalence, quantifying the carbon footprint caused by water damage or flooding has not gained much attention. Thus, this [...] Read more.

Rehabilitating water-damaged structures in buildings results in increased material extraction and energy use, and, consequently, a higher carbon footprint of the housing industry. Despite its prevalence, quantifying the carbon footprint caused by water damage or flooding has not gained much attention. Thus, this study investigated the quantitative carbon footprint associated with rehabilitating flooding in a detached house caused by torrential rain. Three different construction methods of the house were looked at; a timber frame construction, a masonry variant made by concrete blocks of Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA), and an alternative with exterior walls composed of concrete-moulded Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) foam boards. A life-cycle assessment according to NS 3720 was used to investigate the carbon footprint (CO_2eq.) of typical flooding in a detached building. Rehabilitating the flooding in a house with concrete-moulded boards resulted in a lower carbon footprint (2.45 × 10³ CO_2eq.) than rehabilitating the same flooding in a house with LECA masonry (7.56 × 10³ CO_2eq.) and timber frames (2.49 × 10³ CO_2eq.). However, the timber-frame house had the lowest total carbon footprint (2.95 × 10⁴ CO_2eq.) owing to their original low footprint. This study found that flooding significantly contributed to the carbon footprint of buildings and, therefore, the topic should be given attention when choosing a construction method and moisture safety strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

17 pages, 3659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotional Design and Validation Study of Human–Landscape Visual Interaction

by Hongguo Ren, Lu Cheng, Jing Zhang, Qingqin Wang and Lujia Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1966; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071966 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 90

Abstract

The formal beauty of “objects” is the main focus of modern rural landscapes, ignoring human interaction with the environment and the emotional reflection in this behavioral process. It is unable to satisfy the emotional needs of younger people who aspire to a high-quality [...] Read more.

The formal beauty of “objects” is the main focus of modern rural landscapes, ignoring human interaction with the environment and the emotional reflection in this behavioral process. It is unable to satisfy the emotional needs of younger people who aspire to a high-quality life in the rural environment. The research idea of this paper is ‘first assessment—then design—then validation’. First, A 5-point Likert scale was used to investigate differences in contemporary young people’s emotional perceptions of the four rural natural landscapes in terms of instinct, behavior, and reflection. Then, using architectural design methods, a visual attraction element (viewing platform) was added by selecting samples that varied in all three dimensions (visual richness, behavioral attraction, and depth of thought). After that, a desktop eye tracker was used to record the eyeball characteristics of participants viewing the current images of natural landscapes and images of modified natural landscapes (pupil diameter, fixation duration, gaze point, etc.), and these data were combined with the subjective psychological perception scale score to determine whether or not the subjects’ positive emotions are evoked by the modified natural environment. The findings indicate that placing visually attractive elements between people and the natural world can cause subjects to feel good, think deeply, and feel more a part of the surroundings. Furthermore, we confirmed that subjects’ emotions can be evoked by 2D natural environment pictures and that the length of time subjects gaze at a picture is unaffected by the size of any individual element. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

21 pages, 15042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties and Mesoscopic Numerical Simulation of Local Weakening in High-Performance Concrete after 10 Years of Alkali Solution Immersion

by Juan Guo, Jianbo Guo, Hongfa Yu, Haiyan Ma, Jinhua Zhang, Jun Yan, Fang Wang and Lifang Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1965; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071965 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 99

Abstract

The natural environment in the high-altitude regions of Northwest China is extremely harsh, characterized by numerous salt lakes. The high concentrations of chloride salts, sulfates, and alkali metal ions in these areas can induce alkali–silica reactions (ASRs) in concrete. These reactions generate harmful [...] Read more.

The natural environment in the high-altitude regions of Northwest China is extremely harsh, characterized by numerous salt lakes. The high concentrations of chloride salts, sulfates, and alkali metal ions in these areas can induce alkali–silica reactions (ASRs) in concrete. These reactions generate harmful gel within the concrete, causing expansion and cracking, which significantly impacts the durability of concrete structures. This study investigates the evolution of the mechanical properties in high-performance concrete (HPC) under long-term ASR by incorporating different admixtures and varying the equivalent alkali content. A three-dimensional random aggregate mesoscopic model was used to simulate static compression tests under various operational conditions. Non-destructive testing methods were utilized to determine the expansion rate, internal, and surface damage variables of the concrete. The experimental results indicate that the 10-year expansion rate differs from the 1-year rate by approximately 1%, and under long-term ASR mitigation measures, the internal damage in the HPC is minimal, though the surface damage is more severe. As the equivalent alkali content increases, the compressive strength of the concrete cubes decreases, initially rising before falling by 5–15% over time. The HPC with only air-entraining agent added exhibited better mechanical performance than the HPC with both air-entraining and corrosion inhibitors added, with the poorest performance observed in the HPC with only a corrosion inhibitor. A relationship was established between the surface and internal damage variables, with the surface damage initially increasing rapidly before stabilizing as the internal damage rose. Numerical simulations effectively describe the damage behavior of HPC under static uniaxial compression. Comparisons with actual failure morphologies revealed that, in the cube compression tests, crack propagation directly penetrated both coarse and fine aggregates rather than circumventing them. The simulations closely matched the experimental outcomes, demonstrating their accuracy in modeling experiments. This study discusses the compressive mechanical properties of concrete under prolonged ASR through a combination of experimental and simulation approaches. It also delves into the impact of surface damage on the overall mechanical performance and failure modes of concrete. The findings provide experimental and simulation support for the concrete structures in regions with high alkali contents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Technology and Properties of Composite Materials)

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17 pages, 11955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Essential Load-Bearing Characteristics of Steel–Concrete Composite Floor System in Fire Revealed by Structural Stressing State Theory

by Dashan Zhang, Jianquan Qi, Huiqing Wang, Kang Wang, Yuli Dong and Guangchun Zhou

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071964 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 113

Abstract

This study reveals the essential load-bearing characteristics of the steel–concrete composite floor system under fire conditions applying the structural stressing state theory. Firstly, the strain data in the entire process of the fire test are modeled as state variables which can present the [...] Read more.

This study reveals the essential load-bearing characteristics of the steel–concrete composite floor system under fire conditions applying the structural stressing state theory. Firstly, the strain data in the entire process of the fire test are modeled as state variables which can present the slab’s stressing state evolution characteristics. Then, the state variables are used to build the stressing state mode and the parameter characterizing the mode. Further, the Mann–Kendall criterion is adopted to detect the leap points in the evolution curves of the characteristic parameters during the entire fire exposure process. Also, the evolution curves of the stressing state modes are investigated to verify the leap profiles around the leap/characteristic points. Finally, the detected leap points are defined as the failure starting points and elastoplastic branching points, which is unseen in past research focusing on the failure endpoint defined at the ultimate load-bearing state of the composite floor system. The failure starting point and the elastoplastic branching point are the embodiment of natural law from quantitative change to quality change in a system rather than an empirical and statistical judgment. Hence, both characteristic points avoidably exist in the strain data of the composite floor system undergoing the fire process, which can be revealed through the proper modeling methods and update the existing theories and methods on structural analysis and design in fire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Science and Safety of Bridge Structure)

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17 pages, 9238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Slope on Smoke Characteristics of Natural Ventilation Tunnel with Shafts

by Chenchen Liang, Zhongyuan Yuan, Haoyu Qu and Nanyang Yu

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1963; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071963 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 121

Abstract

Tunnels with natural ventilation and extraction have become the focus of ventilation research in recent years. It is significant to study the characteristics of smoke in tunnel fires to ensure the safety of people and the tunnel structure. Previous research has mainly focused [...] Read more.

Tunnels with natural ventilation and extraction have become the focus of ventilation research in recent years. It is significant to study the characteristics of smoke in tunnel fires to ensure the safety of people and the tunnel structure. Previous research has mainly focused on natural ventilation in horizontal tunnels, and there are few studies on sloped tunnels. In this paper, we studied the smoke characteristics of natural ventilation extraction in slope tunnel fires both experimentally and theoretically. The small-scale experimental results showed that the position of the fire source, heat release rate (HRR), and the size of the shaft had little effect on the deflection angle of the fire plume. The deflection angle of fire plume was only related to the tunnel slope and increased with the tunnel slope. The slope had no effect on the smoke temperature distribution on the downside of the tunnel, while the smoke temperature on the upside decreased with the increase in the slope. The calculation models of the maximum smoke temperature rise and the smoke temperature distribution were obtained based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis. Compared with the experimental data, the developed semi-empirical models could provide a reliable prediction of smoke temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Buildings)

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31 pages, 2721 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress and Trends in Urban Residential Segregation

by Xiaoli Yue, Yang Wang, Wenlu Li, Yingmei Wu, Yufei Wang, Hong’ou Zhang and Ziqi Ma

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1962; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071962 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 131

Abstract

With the acceleration of urbanization and profound socioeconomic changes, the influx of people from various social strata into cities has led to the phenomenon of residential segregation. Currently, the international community has accumulated profound theoretical foundations and rich practical experiences in the study [...] Read more.

With the acceleration of urbanization and profound socioeconomic changes, the influx of people from various social strata into cities has led to the phenomenon of residential segregation. Currently, the international community has accumulated profound theoretical foundations and rich practical experiences in the study of residential segregation. This research, primarily based on the WOS literature database, sorts and summarizes relevant studies on residential segregation in recent years (focusing on publications from 2020 to 2024), emphasizing the following four key aspects: (1) tracing the evolution of the theory of residential segregation and analytical methods; (2) analyzing the main characteristics of urban residential segregation; (3) exploring the driving mechanisms and effects of urban residential segregation; and (4) summarizing research trends and providing future perspectives. This study aids urban planners in more accurately identifying areas and characteristics of residential segregation, optimizing urban layouts, and providing richer and more in-depth theoretical support and practical guidance for the field of urban planning science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Real Estate Economics and Livability)

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30 pages, 35030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data Management Framework for Highways: An Unreal Engine-Based Digital Sandbox Platform

by Huabing Lv, Guoqiang Wu, Jianping Song, Chunhua Mo, Guowen Yao and Xuanbo He

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1961; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071961 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 175

Abstract

The problems of information isolation, inefficiency, and paper-based data archiving in traditional highway survey and design methods are investigated in this paper. A novel digital sandbox platform framework was developed to promote the efficiency of route design, model data integration, and information sharing. [...] Read more.

The problems of information isolation, inefficiency, and paper-based data archiving in traditional highway survey and design methods are investigated in this paper. A novel digital sandbox platform framework was developed to promote the efficiency of route design, model data integration, and information sharing. Under the presented framework, an integrated application method for both the Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies was designed by using Unreal Engine technology. Firstly, a digital base model was established by integrating multi-disciplinary BIM model data and GIS three-dimensional (3D) multi-scale scene model data. On this basis, using Unreal Engine technology for visualization development, a digital sandbox platform with the data visualization, traffic organization simulation analysis, 3D spatial analysis, component information query, and scene switching functions was developed, which satisfies the 3D visualization and digitalization needs in the current highway planning and design. Additionally, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to analyze the impact of digital base model on the development and application of platform modules, including five crucial factors: data accuracy, data representation, multi-source data fusion, data management capability, and scene semantic representation. Finally, the research results indicate that the proposed digital sandbox platform framework provides users with a platform for integrated data management, information sharing, and 3D data visualization, while reducing design time by 30%, total design cost by 12%, and land occupancy rate by 10%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards More Practical BIM/GIS Integration)

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26 pages, 70114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Parametric HBIM Approach for Preservation of Bai Ethnic Traditional Timber Dwellings in Yunnan, China

by Yalong Mao, Huifang Lu, Yingying Xiao, Zhe Lai and Lukui Huang

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1960; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071960 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 186

Abstract

This paper proposes a meta-model-based parametric Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) approach to preserving and renewing traditional timber dwellings, specifically focusing on traditional Bai ethnic residential architecture. The study integrates traditional architectural principles with contemporary digital construction techniques. Traditional Bai dwellings have complex [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a meta-model-based parametric Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) approach to preserving and renewing traditional timber dwellings, specifically focusing on traditional Bai ethnic residential architecture. The study integrates traditional architectural principles with contemporary digital construction techniques. Traditional Bai dwellings have complex timber structural and spatial characteristics with various components. Results from the application of HBIM demonstrate improved efficiency in documenting and managing structural information, facilitating the maintenance and preservation of heritage buildings. The study concludes that HBIM, supported by parametric and generative design approaches, offers significant advantages in the digital preservation of architectural heritage. This approach not only ensures the structural integrity and historical accuracy of the models but also provides a scalable solution for managing and preserving traditional dwellings in the face of modernization pressures. This research broadens the scope of parametric design within digital construction theory, particularly concerning ancient timber structures. It offers a crucial framework that can inform both future studies and practical efforts in the preservation of heritage buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Performance Simulation and Building Energy Consumption Analysis)

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20 pages, 943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Study of Interactive Local Buckling for Aluminium Z-Section

by Vincenzo Piluso and Alessandro Pisapia

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1959; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071959 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 133

Abstract

In this study, a theoretical investigation is conducted on the local buckling resistance of aluminium Z-sections subjected to uniform compression. A method is developed based on the J₂ deformation theory of plasticity (DTP) to calculate the critical buckling load within the elastic–plastic [...] Read more.

In this study, a theoretical investigation is conducted on the local buckling resistance of aluminium Z-sections subjected to uniform compression. A method is developed based on the J₂ deformation theory of plasticity (DTP) to calculate the critical buckling load within the elastic–plastic range. The deformation theory of plasticity relies on the assumption that the strain state is uniquely defined by the stress state. Consequently, it serves as a specific path-independent non-linear constitutive model. The study commences with the elastoplastic differential equation for a single compressed plate. By incorporating the boundary conditions and the interaction between plate elements, the interactive buckling load is determined. An example is provided to illustrate the incremental nature of the numerical procedure. Additionally, numerical analyses are performed to examine the impact of the strain-hardening properties of aluminium alloys on local buckling resistance. In the final stage, the theoretical results are compared with those found in existing scientific literature. This comparison serves to evaluate the accuracy of the DTP procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Metal Materials and Their Applications in Building Structures)

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17 pages, 5976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Printable Concrete by an Ultra-Thin Nozzle and Fully Sealed Extrusion

by Jing Shen, Yujia Li, Xiaoman Zhang, Yangbo Li, Chaohui Huang and Wei Luo

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1958; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071958 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 136

Abstract

Due to the molding-free property and dry shrinkage of extrusion-based three-dimensional printable concrete (3DPC), the precision issues of 3DPC have not been solved effectively. One of the viable solutions for 3DPC precision improvement is to print using ultra-thin filaments. The challenges of ultra-thin-filament [...] Read more.

Due to the molding-free property and dry shrinkage of extrusion-based three-dimensional printable concrete (3DPC), the precision issues of 3DPC have not been solved effectively. One of the viable solutions for 3DPC precision improvement is to print using ultra-thin filaments. The challenges of ultra-thin-filament printing are extrudability, flowability, and fast solidification. To overcome these challenges and enhance precision, a customized 3D concrete printer with an ultra-thin diameter nozzle (6 mm) and fully sealed extrusion system was developed, and the mix design of ultra-thin-filament 3DPC (UTF-3DPC) was studied, including ingredients such as fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ordinary Portland cement (OPC), sodium dodecyl sulfate and cellulose (SDSC), water reducer, water, and sand. The function of UTF-3DPCs flowability and fast solidification with the proportion of water and SDSC was explored to obtain the optimal mix design. The standard compressive and flexural strengths of UTF-3DPC specimens were compared with the mold-cast vibrated and the mold-cast non-vibrated concrete. Their meso-scale and micro-scale structures were analyzed to expose the strength mechanism, according to the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. A suitable mix design of UTF-3DPC was obtained and UTF-3DPC strength reached 80% of standard mold-cast concrete. The findings reported here provide a pathway to improve the precision of 3DPC and extend the application of 3D printing technology in engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Novel Cementitious Materials)

22 pages, 47765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pix2Pix-Assisted Beijing Hutong Renovation Optimization Method: An Application to the UTCI and Thermal and Ventilation Performance

by Rui Wu, Ming Huang, Zhenqing Yang, Lili Zhang, Lei Wang, Wei Huang and Yongqiang Zhu

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1957; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071957 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 144

Abstract

In response to the issues of low outdoor thermal comfort and poor ventilation environment in Beijing Hutong, this paper proposes a rapid intelligent optimization method combining Pix2Pix (Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks) with a genetic algorithm. Firstly, the architectural types of the [...] Read more.

In response to the issues of low outdoor thermal comfort and poor ventilation environment in Beijing Hutong, this paper proposes a rapid intelligent optimization method combining Pix2Pix (Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks) with a genetic algorithm. Firstly, the architectural types of the research objects are highly refined and summarized into four traditional building types. Then, they are placed in the site with open spaces in a certain proportion, and a multi-objective optimization model for the UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) and building area is constructed using a genetic algorithm, generating and iteratively optimizing the spatial layout of the building population. Finally, Pix2Pix is used to learn and train a large number of Hutong combination samples, rapidly generating the UTCI and ventilation results, which serve as the optimization objectives to obtain the optimal solution set for Hutong spatial forms. Compared with traditional empirical design methods, this method allows for a rapid and efficient traversal of vast solution spaces, intelligently generating Hutong renovation schemes that balance cultural heritage and healthy comfort. The research results demonstrate that this method can quickly find (26.4 times faster than traditional performance simulation methods) that the reasonable proportions of Siheyuan, Sanheyuan, Erheyuan, new buildings, and empty spaces in the Da Yuan Hutong in Beijing should be controlled at 11.8%, 16.9%, 23.8%, 33.8%, and 13.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, the building density should be maintained between 0.5 and 0.58, and the floor area ratio should be kept between 0.96 and 1.14. This significantly improves outdoor comfort, enhances the living environment of the Hutong, and promotes sustainable urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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17 pages, 4857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Void Detection Beneath Concrete Pavement Panels through Numerical Simulation

by Jie Yuan, Huacheng Jiao, Biao Wu, Fei Liu, Wenhao Li, Hao Du and Jie Li

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1956; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071956 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 177

Abstract

In the structure of composite pavement, the formation of voids beneath concrete panels poses significant risks to structural integrity and operational safety. Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) detection serves as an effective method for identifying voids beneath concrete pavement panels. This paper focuses on analyzing [...] Read more.

In the structure of composite pavement, the formation of voids beneath concrete panels poses significant risks to structural integrity and operational safety. Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) detection serves as an effective method for identifying voids beneath concrete pavement panels. This paper focuses on analyzing the morphological features of GPR echo signals. Leveraging the GprMax numerical simulation software, a numerical simulation model for void conditions in concrete pavement is established by setting reasonable pavement structure parameters, signal parameters, and model space parameters. The reliability of the numerical simulation model is validated based on field data from full-scale test sites with pre-fabricated voids. Various void conditions, including different void thicknesses, sizes, shapes, and filling mediums, are analyzed. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: the correlation coefficient between measured and simulated signals is above 0.8; a noticeable distinction exists between echo signals from intact and voided structures; signals exhibit similar phase and time delays for different void thicknesses and sizes but significant differences are observed in the A-scan signal intensity, the signal intensity, and the width of the B-scan signal; the impact of void shape on GPR echo signals mainly manifests in the variation of void thickness at different measurement points; and the relationship between the dielectric properties of the void-filling medium and the surrounding environment dictates the phase and time delay characteristics of the echo signal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Composite Construction in Civil Engineering)

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22 pages, 7863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Public Aesthetic and Recreational Preferences for Historical Irrigation Canals in Rural Areas: A Case Study in Li Canal-Gaoyou Irrigation District

by Yujia Zhong, Menghan Zhang, Yiwen Xia, Rong Hao and Li Tan

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1955; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071955 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 125

Abstract

As an integral part of rural built heritage, the aesthetic and recreational values of Historical Irrigation Canals (HICs) have increasingly garnered attention in recent years, providing new perspectives for heritage conservation and sustainable rural development. However, there is a scarcity of research conducted [...] Read more.

As an integral part of rural built heritage, the aesthetic and recreational values of Historical Irrigation Canals (HICs) have increasingly garnered attention in recent years, providing new perspectives for heritage conservation and sustainable rural development. However, there is a scarcity of research conducted from the micro-perspective of public preferences for HICs in rural areas. The existing literature primarily focuses on how the landscape characteristics of natural and urban rivers affect public preferences, with a lack of attention to built heritage characteristics and rural settings, which are uniquely inherent to HICs in rural areas. This study aims to explore public preferences for HICs in rural areas from the perspectives of landscape characteristics and social backgrounds. The Li Canal-Gaoyou Irrigation District, one of the World Heritage Irrigation Structures, was selected as the case study. Selected HIC photos were utilized for measuring landscape characteristics and conducting survey questionnaires. Relationships among HIC landscape characteristics, social backgrounds, and aesthetic and recreational preferences were revealed through one-way ANOVA, Spearman’s correlation, and stepwise regression analyses. Key findings include the following: (1) the public can derive aesthetic and recreational value from HICs; (2) canals with large water bodies, artificial banks, and artificial vegetation are considered more aesthetically pleasing; (3) larger canals, extensive water bodies, and artificial banks are deemed more suitable for recreation; (4) factors such as age, education level, income, rural living experience and knowledge of HICs influence public preferences; (5) costs influence public aesthetic and recreational preferences, with people more willing to pay for roads and hardened banks. Finally, several recommendations for the protection and management of HICs have been summarized, offering guidance for rural managers and planners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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24 pages, 3777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Settlement Calculation of Semi-Rigid Pile Composite Foundation on Ultra-Soft Soil under Embankment Load

by Fengxu Cao, Chaoliang Ye, Zhenxu Wu, Zitong Zhao and Hao Sun

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1954; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071954 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 128

Abstract

Ultra-soft soil is distributed in coastal areas around the world and has poor engineering properties. There is a significant difference in settlement between semi-rigid pile and surrounding soil under embankment load. Based on existing research results, the settlement calculation formula of ultra-soft soil [...] Read more.

Ultra-soft soil is distributed in coastal areas around the world and has poor engineering properties. There is a significant difference in settlement between semi-rigid pile and surrounding soil under embankment load. Based on existing research results, the settlement calculation formula of ultra-soft soil composite foundation reinforced by semi-rigid pile is derived in this paper. Based on the Alamgir displacement model, assuming a three-zone model of pile skin friction with a negative skin friction plastic zone in the upper part of the pile, an elastic zone in the middle part of the pile, and a skin friction-bearing plastic zone in the lower part of the pile, the upward and downward penetrations of pile, and pile–soil slip deformation characteristics are considered. Analytical expressions for settlement calculations of semi-rigid pile composite foundations under embankments were derived based on differential equations for pile–soil load transfer in the unit cell. The influences of pile diameter and the compression modulus of the underlying layer at the pile end on the settlement characteristics of the semi-rigid pile composite foundation are discussed. The results show that the derived theoretical calculation method is in good agreement with the field measurement and laboratory model test results. Ultra-soft soil composite foundations have long settlement stabilization times and large settlement deformations. Penetration deformation occurs at the semi-rigid pile end. The relationship between pile end resistance and pile end piercing deformation is hyperbolic. The compression modulus of the underlying layer has a great influence on pile end penetration. The lower the compression modulus of the underlying layer, the larger the penetration deformation of pile end. The larger the pile diameter is, the smaller the penetration deformation is. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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17 pages, 3934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Coupling Analysis of Metro Deep Foundation Pit Construction Based on Complex Networks

by Jinyan Huang, Jun Fang and Jingchang Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1953; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071953 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 153

Abstract

The exacerbation of safety risk levels in metro deep foundation pit construction is attributed to the interactive coupling of numerous risk factors. To comprehensively explore the underlying mechanisms of safety incidents, complex network theory is applied to analyze interactions among risk factors systemically. [...] Read more.

The exacerbation of safety risk levels in metro deep foundation pit construction is attributed to the interactive coupling of numerous risk factors. To comprehensively explore the underlying mechanisms of safety incidents, complex network theory is applied to analyze interactions among risk factors systemically. Initially, through the identification of safety risk factors, a risk factor system comprising six primary risk factors and 35 secondary risk factors is established. Subsequently, by utilizing coupling mechanism analysis and complex network theory, a coupling network model of safety risks in metro deep foundation pit construction with 42 nodes and 184 directed edges is constructed, with network topology indicators analysis revealing the evolutionary law of risk coupling. Finally, Python software is employed to simulate the network with single-node, random, and targeted immunization. Key risk factor nodes are identified using network efficiency measurement methods. The results indicate that all risk factors positively influence the connectivity of the coupling network, and the risk-coupling network presents small-world and scale-free characteristics. In comparison with different immunization strategies, targeted immunization is found to be more effective than random immunization, and prioritizing the control of risk factors with a high degree of centrality, such as “violation of operating regulations” and “inadequate safety supervision and hidden danger inspection”, proves more effective in alleviating risk coupling, underscoring the importance of prioritizing control of key risk nodes in the network. These findings provide a scientific basis for risk management and optimization in metro deep foundation pit construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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15 pages, 4132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Influence of Oil Shale Ash and Basalt Composite Fibres on the Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete

by Iveta Nováková, Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial, Sofija Kekez, Eirik Gjerløw, Volodymyr Gulik, Karunamoorthy Rengasamy Kannathasan, Mindaugas Vaišnoras and Andrejs Krasnikovs

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071952 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 200

Abstract

The interfacial transition zone (ITZ) is the weakest phase in concrete, characterised by higher porosity and being prone to microcrack formation. Additionally, the ITZ is created when dispersed fibre reinforcement is present. Although fibres improve flexural strength, they can negatively impact other properties. [...] Read more.

The interfacial transition zone (ITZ) is the weakest phase in concrete, characterised by higher porosity and being prone to microcrack formation. Additionally, the ITZ is created when dispersed fibre reinforcement is present. Although fibres improve flexural strength, they can negatively impact other properties. This research investigates the ITZ of fibre-reinforced concrete where macro-basalt fibres (BFs) and oil shale ash (OSA), as an SCM, were used with the aim of modifying the properties of concrete, enhancing the ITZ, and reducing its carbon footprint. Six different concrete mixes with OSA doses between 10% and 30% and a constant BF dose of 8.0 kg per 1 m³ of concrete were prepared and tested. The ITZ was analysed with SEM images and verified through its mechanical properties. The results showed that the presence of OSA improved bonding and densified the microstructure of the paste, especially in the ITZ, resulting in a nearly constant flexural strength at up to a 20% replacement and only a 6.7% decrease in compressive strength while reducing the global warming potential by 19.24 kg CO₂ equivalent in the mix with 10% OSA replacement. Higher replacement ratios had a negative impact on the mechanical properties, as the OSA had not reacted entirely and served partly as an inert filler. Full article

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21 pages, 16868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Rise Timber Offices: Main Architectural and Structural Design Parameters

by Hüseyin Emre Ilgın and Özlem Nur Aslantamer

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071951 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 166

Abstract

High-rise office structures constructed using timber material (with a minimum of eight stories) signify a burgeoning and favorable sector, mainly owing to their ability to offer substantial environmental and economic advantages across their lifespan. However, it is crucial to recognize that the current [...] Read more.

High-rise office structures constructed using timber material (with a minimum of eight stories) signify a burgeoning and favorable sector, mainly owing to their ability to offer substantial environmental and economic advantages across their lifespan. However, it is crucial to recognize that the current corpus of scholarly literature lacks a thorough investigation into vital aspects concerning the architectural and structural planning of these sustainable structures. In an effort to fill this gap and augment the understanding of advancing international tendencies, this paper delved into data originating from 27 high-rise offices on a worldwide scale. The primary findings were: (i) Central core arrangements were the most popular, accounting for 67%, followed by peripheral types at 22%. (ii) Prismatic designs were the most frequently used at 85%, with free forms making up 11%. (iii) Material combinations involving timber and concrete were widely prevalent, making up 70% of composite constructions, which were 74% of the sample group, with pure timber constructions at 26%. (iv) Structural systems predominantly utilized shear walled frame systems, comprising 85% of the total. This article serves as a valuable resource for architectural designers, offering guidance on planning and executing future sustainable developments in the domain of high-rise timber office. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Applications of Wood in Architecture and Construction)

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13 pages, 2140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of CO₂ Curing on the Properties of Coal Gangue Non-Fired Blocks

by Bing Sun and Hui Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1950; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071950 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 138

Abstract

Coal gangue is a solid waste, which can cause serious pollution of the atmosphere and water sources due to its long-term accumulation. In this article, the influence of CO₂-cured coal gangue on the slump flow, the mechanical strengths, the thermal conductivity [...] Read more.

Coal gangue is a solid waste, which can cause serious pollution of the atmosphere and water sources due to its long-term accumulation. In this article, the influence of CO₂-cured coal gangue on the slump flow, the mechanical strengths, the thermal conductivity coefficient, the chloride ion permeability, the water resistance coefficient and the leached Pb of the coal-gangue-block masonry are determined. Moreover, the temperature distributions at different measuring points of a coal-gangue-block cabin model are obtained. The results exhibit that CO₂-cured gangue demonstrates positive effects on the slump flow, the mechanical strengths and the thermal conductivity coefficient, with the slump flow rates increasing by 0%~23.6%, the mechanical strength rates increasing by 0%~222.7% and the thermal conductivity coefficient rates increasing by 0%~73.2%. Straw fibers increase mechanical strengths and decrease thermal conductivity at rates of 0%~222.7% and 0%~32.6%. Foam decreases the mechanical strengths and the thermal conductivity coefficient by 0%~71.2% and 0%~87.1%. The chloride ion migration coefficients are decreased by 0%~42.1% and 0%~43.7% with the added CO₂-cured coal gangue and the straw fibers. The added foam leads to an increase in the chloride ion migration coefficient of 0%~73.2%. The foam and the straw fibers show delaying temperature changes in a coal-gangue-block cabin model, while when CO₂-cured coal gangue is added, the effect is the opposite. The CO₂-cured coal gangue and the straw fibers lead to decreases in the leached Pb and Zn, while when the foam’s mass ratio increases, the result is the contrary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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21 pages, 6435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study and Analysis of the Effects of Mud on the Compressive Strength of Unburned Brick Using Engineering Residue Soil

by Xingzhong Nong, Linren Zhou, Yuehua Liang and Taojun Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1949; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071949 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 140

Abstract

Engineering residue soil, a prominent type of construction solid waste, can offer considerable environmental and socioeconomic benefits if efficiently utilized. Unburned brick represents an environmentally friendly and high-value approach to reusing this residue soil. Mud, a primary constituent of residue soil, typically hinders [...] Read more.

Engineering residue soil, a prominent type of construction solid waste, can offer considerable environmental and socioeconomic benefits if efficiently utilized. Unburned brick represents an environmentally friendly and high-value approach to reusing this residue soil. Mud, a primary constituent of residue soil, typically hinders the performance of unburned brick using cement-based materials. This study investigates the effects of mud on the performance of unburned brick made from engineering residue soil based on experimental tests and mechanism analysis. The residue soil is silty clay sourced from the alluvial soil layer in South China. A comprehensive analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the residue soil and mud is conducted to assess the feasibility of using them in unburned brick production. Using ordinary Portland cement as the cementitious material, the unburned residue soil bricks are produced via semi-dry static-press forming and natural curing. The influence of mud type and content on the compressive strength of the unburned brick made with engineering residue soil is investigated and discussed. This experimental study reveals that the influence of mud on unburned brick’s compressive strength is negligible. However, excessively low mud content reduces brick compactness, impairs brick formation, and leads to lower compressive strength. Within the range of solidification, unburned brick’s compressive strength initially increases and then decreases with increasing mud content, with an optimal mud content of approximately 25%. As engineering residue soil often contains a high mud content, reducing it effectively enhances the compressive strength of unburned bricks. Through experiments and mechanism analysis, this research clarifies the impact of mud on the strength and performance of unburned residue soil bricks, providing important theoretical insights and practical guidance for the production of unburned products and promoting the efficient and environmentally friendly resource utilization of engineering residue soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Carbon and Green Materials in Construction—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 5509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scenarios of Progressive Pancake/Bending Collapse Considering Elastic/Plastic Reinforced Concrete Buildings

by Enrico Zacchei and Caio Gorla Nogueira

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1948; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071948 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 139

Abstract

Quantitative analyses of structural resistance are useful during the design process to prevent the occurrence of progressive collapse. Buildings subjected to continuous instances of expected/non-expected loadings due to extreme events (e.g., earthquakes, explosions, floods, hurricanes) can collapse. A lack of specific knowledge from [...] Read more.

Quantitative analyses of structural resistance are useful during the design process to prevent the occurrence of progressive collapse. Buildings subjected to continuous instances of expected/non-expected loadings due to extreme events (e.g., earthquakes, explosions, floods, hurricanes) can collapse. A lack of specific knowledge from the designer and poor maintenance can affect collapse analyses. In this paper, the probability of failure for pancake collapse with respect to bending collapse for reinforced concrete (RC) multi-storey buildings is estimated. New combinations regarding the elastic/plastic behaviour of the material under distributed loadings on beams are proposed. Numerical 2D finite element method (FEM) analyses are carried out to model these buildings. Also, simplified dynamic analyses are carried out. The outputs are plotted in terms of the probability of failure for pancake collapse as a function of column compressive strength and the number of removed columns. The results show that the presence of elastic beams can influence the pancake collapse of columns, and, for buildings composed of several elements, the elimination of few elements has little impact on their stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Structural Design: Blast Analysis and Progressive Collapse Control)

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20 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessReview

Building Urban Community Resilience against Hazards through Public-Private Partnerships: A Review of Critical Resilience Strategies

by Robert Osei-Kyei, Godslove Ampratwum, Vivian W. Y. Tam, Ursa Komac and Timur Narbaev

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1947; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071947 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 165

Abstract

The need for governments and stakeholders to find urgent solutions to address the destructive effects of disasters in urban areas has led to the call for cross-sector collaborations such as public-private partnerships to assist with the development of urban community resilience in this [...] Read more.

The need for governments and stakeholders to find urgent solutions to address the destructive effects of disasters in urban areas has led to the call for cross-sector collaborations such as public-private partnerships to assist with the development of urban community resilience in this modern era. This paper comprehensively reviews studies on the critical strategies in using public-private partnerships as a collaboration mechanism in building urban community resilience. Through a two-stage systematic literature review process, 83 publications related to PPPs and urban community resilience were retrieved for thorough content analysis. Based on an analysis of the literature, 35 critical resilience strategies for using PPPs in building urban community resilience were derived. These strategies were further categorized into nine major groupings. These groups include vulnerability and risks assessment, information gathering, database, legal, monitoring and evaluation, resilience capacity, communication and coordination, financial incentives, and business continuity. Furthermore, a theoretical framework was developed. These resilience strategies can be adopted by states and communities that intend to use the PPP concept to build the resilience of their urban communities. It also opens the international debate on the suitability of the PPP model for community resilience building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)

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19 pages, 1334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing for a Circular Economy in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Industry: Insights from Italy

by Mahmoud Alhawamdeh, Angela Lee and Ali Saad

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1946; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071946 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 220

Abstract

Resource consumption in the construction industry is expected to increase globally in the coming years. Additionally, construction and demolition waste (CDW) remains a significant priority within numerous global policies due to its vast volume and the inefficiencies in its management. This situation results [...] Read more.

Resource consumption in the construction industry is expected to increase globally in the coming years. Additionally, construction and demolition waste (CDW) remains a significant priority within numerous global policies due to its vast volume and the inefficiencies in its management. This situation results in substantial environmental repercussions, primarily due to the low rates of material recovery in the manufacturing processes for new building materials. In response, the concept of the circular economy (CE) emerges as a promising solution across various sectors. CE promotes more resource- and energy-efficient practices, reducing waste generation and mitigating the environmental impacts associated with product life cycles while also unlocking potential economic opportunities. The primary aim of this study is to identify and assess the design practices influencing the adoption of CE principles within the Italian architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector. The study’s main contribution lies in a survey of 77 Italian designers to explore the core strategies driving the development of comprehensive circular approaches. This investigation seeks to understand the constraints and opportunities for CE implementation. The findings will assist in decision-making, inform policy, promote literacy around the CE topic, enable new quality standards, and serve as a baseline reference for businesses regarding sustainability investment indexes and markets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Waste Management in the Construction Sector)

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30 pages, 2835 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Evaluating the Efficacy of Agent-Based Modeling in Analyzing Pedestrian Dynamics within the Built Environment: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review

by Rubasin Gamage Niluka Lakmali, Paolo Vincenzo Genovese and Abewardhana Arachchi Bandula Dimuthu Priyadarshana Abewardhana

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1945; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071945 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 401

Abstract

The dynamics of pedestrian behavior within the built environment represent a multifaceted and evolving field of study, profoundly influenced by shifts in industrial and commercial paradigms. This systematic literature review (SLR) is motivated by the imperative to comprehensively investigate and assess the built [...] Read more.

The dynamics of pedestrian behavior within the built environment represent a multifaceted and evolving field of study, profoundly influenced by shifts in industrial and commercial paradigms. This systematic literature review (SLR) is motivated by the imperative to comprehensively investigate and assess the built environment through the lens of pedestrian modeling, employing advanced modeling tools. While previous scholarship has explored the interplay between the built environment and pedestrian dynamics (PD), there remains a conspicuous gap in research addressing the utilization of agent-based modeling (ABM) tools for a nuanced evaluation of PD within these contexts. The SLR highlights the essential and practical benefits of using ABM to study PD in built environments and combine related theories and practical projects. Beyond theoretical discussions, it emphasizes the real-world contributions of ABM in understanding and visualizing how people behave in urban spaces. It aims to provide deep insights for both researchers and urban planners. By thoroughly examining recent research, it not only explores the practical uses of ABM but also reveals its broad implications for various aspects of pedestrian behavior in built environments. As a result, this SLR becomes a key resource for understanding the crucial role of ABM in studying the complexities of our surroundings. The findings and discussion here highlight ABM’s vital role in bridging the gap between theory and practice, improving our understanding of pedestrian behavior in urban settings. Furthermore, this study outlines promising avenues for future research, thereby fostering continued exploration and innovation in the dynamic realm of pedestrian behavior within built environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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35 pages, 2599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Assessment of an Office Building in Finland Using a Custom Assessment Tool

by Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, Arttu Saviharju, Markku Karjalainen and Teemu Hirvilammi

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1944; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071944 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 146

Abstract

Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a crucial instrument in the construction industry, offering a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental impacts at every stage of a building’s lifecycle. Recently introduced into Finnish construction legislation, this approach has not yet been thoroughly researched in relation [...] Read more.

Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a crucial instrument in the construction industry, offering a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental impacts at every stage of a building’s lifecycle. Recently introduced into Finnish construction legislation, this approach has not yet been thoroughly researched in relation to the Finnish Ministry of the Environment (FMoE) assessment method, nor have new calculation techniques been proposed to address its shortcomings. Furthermore, Finnish research on environmental impact assessment has predominantly focused on residential buildings, leaving a scarcity of studies on office buildings. This paper aims to fill these gaps in the literature, considering LCA, carbon footprint, and carbon handprint assessment tools of concrete-, timber-, and steel-framed cases. Our results are as follows: (1) the majority of the carbon footprint of a concrete-framed case originated from emissions associated with energy use and second largest share of total emissions occurred during the product phase of the building and within this phase, the building services contribute the most to product-related emissions; (2) a significant portion of these emissions came from facades and floor structures; (3) the carbon footprint of the timber-framed option was significantly lower than that of its concrete- and steel-framed counterparts; (4) steel-framed option’s carbon footprint was nearly equivalent to that of the concrete-framed option; (5) estimated carbon handprint of the timber-framed option was considerably higher than that of the concrete- and steel-framed options, primarily due to the carbon storage capacity of the timber components; (6) steel-framed option’s carbon handprint surpassed that of the concrete-framed option because of the high recycling and reuse potential of steel components; (7) the LCA method used by FMoE has some unclear areas. These ambiguities include how to assess the impacts of carbonation in cement-based products and the replacement of building components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Applications of Wood in Architecture and Construction)

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Buildings, Volume 14, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 89 articles

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