Climate Adaptability Research of Vernacular Dwellings in Jiangxi Based on Numerical Simulation—An Example from Nanfeng County
Abstract
:1. Introductory
1.1. Relevant Research on Climate Adaptation
1.2. Overview of Vernacular Dwellings in Jiangxi
1.3. Present Situation of Research on Vernacular Dwellings in Jiangxi Province
1.4. Research Review
2. Overview of The Study Population
2.1. Geography and Climate Conditions of Nanfeng County
2.2. Vernacular Dwellings Layout of Nanfeng County
2.2.1. Plan Form
2.2.2. Structures
2.2.3. Materials
2.3. Low Technology
3. Methods
3.1. Theoretical Basis
3.2. Physical Modeling
3.2.1. Light Environment Modeling
3.2.2. Wind Environment Modeling
3.2.3. Energy Consumption Modeling
3.3. Model Setup and Parameters
3.3.1. Light Environment Parameters and Mathematical Modeling
3.3.2. Wind Environment Parameters and Mathematical Modeling
3.3.3. Energy Consumption Parameters and Mathematical Modeling
4. Results
4.1. Light Environment Simulation
4.2. Wind Environment Simulation
4.3. Energy Consumption Simulation
5. Discussion
- (1)
- In comparison to modern residential buildings, vernacular dwellings exhibit a superior lighting effect in the living hall area, although the natural lighting effect in the bedroom area is suboptimal.
- (2)
- In contrast to modern residential buildings, vernacular dwellings have limited natural ventilation in bedrooms. However, the main activity areas can regulate indoor wind conditions through natural ventilation in summer, adapting to climate change in hot and cold regions. This maintains indoor comfort.
- (3)
- Vernacular dwellings are more energy-efficient than modern residential buildings.
5.1. Analyzed Aspects
5.1.1. Light Environment
5.1.2. Wind Environment
5.1.3. Energy Consumption
5.2. Comparison Experiment
5.3. Innovation
5.4. Recommendations
- (1)
- In terms of optimizing the light environment, vernacular dwellings can take measures to improve indoor light conditions by increasing the brightness of roof tiles, adjusting the size of windows and patios, and enhancing the reflectivity of interior finish materials. Moderately lowering the elevation of windowsills can strengthen the effectiveness of natural lighting in the area adjacent to the windows. The enlargement of windows and patios not only increases the total amount of light in the room but also ensures an even distribution of light. The application of highly reflective materials to the interior walls serves to enhance the lighting effect within the interior space. When implementing these improvements, care needs to be taken to maintain a reasonable window-to-ground area ratio and to ensure consistency between window design and decorative style, maintaining the windy condition of the original facade.
- (2)
- In terms of wind environment improvement, vernacular dwellings make skillful use of patio design to promote heat and pressure-induced natural ventilation, ensuring a stable airflow environment in the main living space. Modern residential buildings can learn from this experience by adding ventilated roofs or skylights in order to enhance the effect of non-powered ventilation. In addition, for poorly ventilated spaces in vernacular dwellings, the performance of natural ventilation can be enhanced by combining it with light optimization, such as increasing the number of windows and opening skylights on the roof to expand the ventilation area and optimize airflow channels.
- (3)
- In terms of energy consumption control, vernacular dwellings are characterized by their thick peripheral walls, small and few windows, and lower energy consumption brought about by the structure of the cavity bucket wall, with the latter’s internal air layer acting as a certain degree of thermal insulation. Nevertheless, there is still a considerable gap between the thermal conductivity of the cavity bucket wall and the current standard (thermal conductivity < 1.0 W/(m2K)). In order to enhance the thermal insulation performance of external walls, several strategies may be employed. These include the incorporation of an additional thermal insulation layer within both the internal and external walls, or the filling of the interior of the cavity bucket wall with high-efficiency thermal insulation materials. The general lack of airtightness observed in vernacular dwellings, particularly in the gaps between windows and doors and in structural joints, can be effectively addressed through the adoption of sealing materials. Such methods have the potential to prevent the infiltration of cold air and reduce the dissipation of energy through air exchanges, thus contributing to the goal of energy saving and emission reduction.
6. Conclusions
- The simulation results demonstrate that the vernacular dwellings in Jiangxi have a better climate adaptation capability. The vernacular dwellings represented by the guard camp dwellings in Kandu Village exhibit an average natural lighting illuminance in the hall area that is 21% higher than that in the living hall area of modern residential buildings in terms of the light environment. In terms of wind environment, the main activity area can adjust the indoor wind environment through natural ventilation in summer, thus adapting to climate change toward hot summer and cold winter areas. In terms of energy consumption, the vernacular dwellings consume 32% less energy than modern residential buildings.
- The utilization of patio spaces, the application of wall masonry techniques, and the incorporation of local materials permit vernacular dwellings to be modified to accommodate local climatic conditions. Such low-tech methods of vernacular dwellings enable them to operate with low energy consumption while maintaining a satisfactory physical environment indoors.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Noun | Representation |
T | the temperature |
ΓT,eff | the effective diffusion coefficient |
ST | the heat generation term |
ρ | the fluid density |
uj | the velocity vector |
xi | the coordinate position |
Uz | the wind speed in the horizontal direction at height Z |
Uo | the wind speed at Zo of the reference height |
α | a power index determined by the roughness of the terrain |
qi,c | the convective heat transfer through the i surface |
N | the number of surfaces of the enclosure |
Ai | is the actual heat transfer area of the i surface of the enclosure |
Qother | the latent heat caused by the convective part and moisture evaporation of sunlight, equipment, lights, and occupants’ heat gain in the heat balance equation of the surface |
Ga | the sum of the air volume of fresh air and infiltration air |
Cp | the specific heat capacity of the air at constant pressure |
Ta-out | the temperature of outdoor air |
the heat gain of the ith surface at moment t | |
the heat transfer coefficient of the ith surface | |
the calculated indoor temperature | |
the temperature of the ith internal surface | |
the radiant absorption of the ith surface | |
the cooling load at moment t | |
the area of the ith surface | |
m(t) | the fresh air volume at time t |
the constant-pressure specific heat capacity | |
the calculated temperature of the outdoor air | |
the heat generation from the indoor heat source at time t | |
the convective heat transfer through the ith surface | |
the number of surfaces of the envelope | |
the actual heat transfer area of the ith surface of the envelope | |
the latent heat caused by the convective part and evaporation of water in the heat balance equation of the surface, sunlight, equipment, lighting and heat gain of the personnel | |
the sum of air volume of the fresh air and infiltration air | |
the constant-pressure specific heat capacity of the air | |
the temperature of the zone | |
the amount of heat lost from the inside air to the outside | |
Cp | the constant-pressure specific heat capacity of air |
the heat capacity of the room air | |
Ta.out | the outdoor air temperature |
the heat transfer from the wall to the wall i | |
the radiant heat from the internal heat source and the sun | |
the HVAC turn-on time | |
the rated cooling factor of the building’s HVAC system | |
the indoor lighting runtime | |
the average power of a device in operation | |
e | the total number of device types |
n | the quantity of a particular type of equipment |
the equipment runtime |
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Typology | Plan Map Prototype | Typical Instance | |
---|---|---|---|
Three-room, single-entry, single-patio type | |||
Kangdu Village Guard Camp Dwelling | Lumin No. 130 in Shanggan Dwelling | ||
Three-room, single-entry plus half-well type | |||
Meikengs’ Dwelling | Shiyou villagers’ Dwelling | ||
Three-room, multi-entry type | |||
Former site of the Red Army in KangDu | Yaopu Village Zengjia Dwelling | ||
Modern residential building type |
Serial Number | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Typical instance | Kangdu village guard camp residence | Lumin No. 130 in Shanggan village | Meikengs’ villagers | Shiyou villagers’ residence |
Average building height (m) | 4.5 | 5.57 | 5.54 | 5.49 |
width (m) × depth (m) | 7.5 × 10.2 | 10.5 × 15 | 9.8 × 15.5 | 14.2 × 15 |
Patio1 Length-width ratio | 2.2:1 | 3.2:1 | 3.2:1 | 3.3:1 |
Patio1 Width–height ratio | 1:3 | 1:2.9 | 1:3.3 | 1:3.2 |
Hall Width (m) × depth (m) | 2.8 × 4.5 | 4.3 × 6.3 | 3.9 × 5.2 | 4.4 × 5.5 |
Bedroom Width (m) × depth (m) | 2.1 × 3.8 | 3.0 × 6.3 | 2.9 × 7.9 | 4.4 × 5.1 |
Serial Number | M5 | M6 | M7 | |
Typical instance | The old site of the Red Army of Kangdu Village | Yaopu Village Zengjia grand house | Modern residential buildings in rural areas | |
Average building height (m) | 5.73 | 5.82 | 6.3 | |
Width (m) × depth (m) | 14.5 × 19.8 | 15.7 × 19.2 | 8.2 × 12.2 | |
Patio1 Length–width ratio | 3.4:1 | 3.1:1 | — | |
Patio1 Width–height ratio | 1:3.1 | 1:3.5 | — | |
Hall Width (m) × depth (m) | 4.6 × 5.5 | 4.1 × 5.7 | 8 × 4.5 | |
Bedroom Width (m) × depth (m) | 5.2 × 5.4 | 5.2 × 5.7 | 4 × 3.3 |
Grid Cell Specifications | Daylight Factor Value (%) | Time (s) |
---|---|---|
1.20 m × 1.20 m | 0.92 | 141 |
0.10 m × 0.10 m | 0.92 | 206 |
0.08 m × 0.08 m | 0.92 | 435 |
0.06 m × 0.06 m | 0.94 | 920 |
0.04 m × 0.04 m | 0.94 | 1929 |
Energyplus Model | |||
---|---|---|---|
M7 | |||
M1 | M3 | M5 | |
M2 | M4 | M6 |
Building Envelope | Construction Method | Material Thermal Index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thickness (mm) | Density (kg/m3) | Specific Heat kJ/(kg·K) | Heat Conductivity W/(m·K) | ||
cavity wall | Atmosphere | 1.3 | 1005 | 0.0023 | |
Blue brick | 240 | 1900 | 1050 | 0.265 | |
Brick wall | 1. Lime cement | 15 | 1800 | 1050 | 0.93 |
2. Clay brick | 240 | 1800 | 1050 | 0.81 | |
3. Lime cement coating | 15 | 1800 | 1050 | 0.93 | |
Wooden Wall | Wooden board | 30 | 500 | 2510 | 0.17 |
Door | Wooden door | 40 | 550 | 2301 | 0.343 |
Floor | 1. C20 fine aggregate concrete | 60 | 2300 | 920 | 1.51 |
2. Soil pile | 150 | 1600 | 1010 | 0.81 | |
3. 3:7 Lime soil | 300 | 1795.6 | 884 | 0.72 | |
Window | Single-glass wooden board K = 4.7 (W/m2 K) | 6 | 2500 | ||
Roof | 1. 15 mm gray tile roof | 15 | 2044 | 1050 | 0.96 |
2. Rafters | 80 | 2300 | 656.9 | 0.753 | |
3. Purlin | 100 | 2300 | 656.9 | 0.753 |
Typology | Three-Room, Single-Entry, Single-Patio Type | Three-Room, Single-Entry Plus Half-Well Type | Three-Room, Multi-Entry Type | Modern Residential Building Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Light environment simulation diagram. | M7 | |||
M1 | M3 | M5 | ||
M2 | M4 | M6 |
Area | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | M7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hall area | Average light factor (%) | 5.45 | 4.7 | 6.48 | 5.45 | 5.77 | 7.51 | 4.38 |
Bedroom area | Average light factor (%) | 0.83 | 0.75 | 1.21 | 1.06 | 1.02 | 0.87 | 5.12 |
Serial Number | Point A (m/s) | Point B (m/s) | Point C (m/s) | Point D (m/s) | Point E (m/s) | Point F (m/s) | Point G (m/s) | Point H (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | 1.2–1.4 | 0.6–0.8 | 0.6–0.8 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.4–0.6 | 0–0.2 | / | / |
M2 | 1.4–1.6 | 0.6–0.8 | 0.6–0.8 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.4–0.6 | 0–0.2 | / | / |
M3 | 1.4–1.6 | 0.8–1.0 | 0.8–1.0 | 0.6–0.8 | 0.2–0.4 | 0–0.2 | 0.4–0.6 | / |
M4 | 0.2–0.4 | 0.6–0.8 | 0.2–0.4 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.2–0.4 | 0–0.2 | 0.4–0.6 | / |
M5 | 1.4–1.6 | 0.6–0.8 | 1.2–1.4 | 0.2–0.4 | 0.2–0.4 | 0–0.2 | 0.2–0.4 | 0.8–1.0 |
M6 | 1.4–1.6 | 0.8–1.0 | 1.2–1.4 | 0.2–0.4 | 0.4–0.6 | 0–0.2 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.8–1.0 |
M7 | 1.4–1.6 | 0.2–0.4 | / | / | 0.6–0.8 | 0.2–0.4 | / | / |
Typology | Summer | |
---|---|---|
Three rooms with one entrance and one patio | ||
M1 | M2 | |
Three-room, single-entry plus half-well type | ||
M3 | M4 | |
Three-room multi-entry type | ||
M5 | M6 | |
Modern residential buildings type | ||
M7 |
Serial Number | Point A (m/s) | Point B (m/s) | Point C (m/s) | Point D (m/s) | Point E (m/s) | Point F (m/s) | Point G (m/s) | Point H (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | 0.55–0.69 | 0.28–0.41 | 0.28–0.41 | 0.14–0.28 | 0.14–0.28 | 0–0.14 | / | / |
M2 | 0.55–0.69 | 0.28–0.41 | 0.28–0.41 | 0.14–0.28 | 0–0.14 | 0–0.14 | / | / |
M3 | 0.55–0.69 | 0.28–0.41 | 0.14–0.28 | 0.14–0.28 | 0.14–0.28 | 0–0.14 | 0.14–0.28 | / |
M4 | 0.14–0.28 | 0.41–0.55 | 0.55–0.69 | 0–0.14 | 0–0.14 | 0–0.14 | 0.14–0.28 | / |
M5 | 0.55–0.69 | 0.41–0.55 | 0.55–0.69 | 0–0.14 | 0.14–0.28 | 0–0.14 | 0.41–0.55 | 0.41–0.55 |
M6 | 0.55–0.69 | 0.55–0.69 | 0.55–0.69 | 0.14–0.28 | 0–0.14 | 0–0.14 | 0.14–0.28 | 0.41–0.55 |
M7 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.41–0.55 | / | / | 0.83–0.96 | 0.2–0.4 | / | / |
Typology | Winter | |
---|---|---|
Three rooms with one entrance and one patio | ||
M1 | M2 | |
Three-room, single-entry plus half-well type | ||
M3 | M4 | |
Three-room multi-entry type | ||
M5 | M6 | |
Modern residential buildings type | ||
M7 |
Serial Number | Unit Area Energy Consumption Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) | Lighting System Unit Area Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) | Energy Consumption of Equipment System Unit (kWh/m2) | HVAC Unit Area Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | 23.73 | 3.66 | 5.88 | 14.20 |
M2 | 25.89 | 4.11 | 6.37 | 15.41 |
M3 | 24.82 | 3.84 | 6.29 | 14.69 |
M4 | 23.94 | 3.61 | 5.77 | 14.56 |
M5 | 25.76 | 4.13 | 6.07 | 15.56 |
M6 | 25.47 | 4.31 | 6.74 | 14.42 |
M7 | 32.83 | 5.13 | 7.80 | 19.9 |
Light Environment Simulation | Pre-Laboratory | Post-Experimental | |
---|---|---|---|
Diagram | |||
Hall area | Average light factor | 5.45 | 4.54 |
Bedroom area | Average light factor | 0.83 | 0.83 |
Wind Environment Simulation | Pre-Laboratory | Post-Experimental |
---|---|---|
Wind environment in summer | ||
Wind Environment Simulation | Pre-Laboratory | Post-Experimental |
Wind environment in winter |
Energy Consumption Simulation | Pre-Laboratory | Post-Experimental |
---|---|---|
Diagram | ||
Unit area energy consumption annual energy consumption (kWh/m2) | 23.73 | 24.47 |
Lighting system unit area energy consumption (kWh/m2) | 3.66 | 3.54 |
Energy consumption of equipment system unit (kWh/m2) | 5.88 | 5.92 |
HVAC unit area energy consumption (kWh/m2) | 14.20 | 15.01 |
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Zhou, Z.; Xu, Y.; Ouyang, C.; Gui, M.; Jiang, W.; Zhou, C.; Ma, K.; Zhang, J.; Huang, J. Climate Adaptability Research of Vernacular Dwellings in Jiangxi Based on Numerical Simulation—An Example from Nanfeng County. Buildings 2024, 14, 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072211
Zhou Z, Xu Y, Ouyang C, Gui M, Jiang W, Zhou C, Ma K, Zhang J, Huang J. Climate Adaptability Research of Vernacular Dwellings in Jiangxi Based on Numerical Simulation—An Example from Nanfeng County. Buildings. 2024; 14(7):2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072211
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Zhiyi, Yuxuan Xu, Cheng Ouyang, Mengyao Gui, Wanping Jiang, Chunlei Zhou, Kai Ma, Jiaxin Zhang, and Jingyong Huang. 2024. "Climate Adaptability Research of Vernacular Dwellings in Jiangxi Based on Numerical Simulation—An Example from Nanfeng County" Buildings 14, no. 7: 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072211