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Article

Adding Green to Architectures: Empirical Research Based on Indoor Vertical Greening of the Emotional Promotion on Adolescents

by
Chengcheng Wang
1,
Qizhi Hu
1,
Zijun Zhou
1,
Di Li
2,* and
Linjia Wu
3
1
Urban Construction College, Wuchang Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
2
Geophysical Exploration Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Wuhan 430100, China
3
College of Art, Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu 610100, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2024, 14(7), 2251; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072251
Submission received: 17 June 2024 / Revised: 11 July 2024 / Accepted: 16 July 2024 / Published: 22 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Environmental Quality and Human Wellbeing)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Good architectural space design can bring positive emotional stimulation and relaxation to users, but few studies have investigated the quantitative indicators in architectural space design and their impact on user emotions. This study takes the right-angle sandwich interface system in architecture as an example to guide the next vertical greening simulation experiment by comparing the spatial quantitative differences in connection value, integration degree, and population agglomeration. Eighty adolescent volunteers were recruited into a control (artificial decorative wall) and experimental (green wall) group based on wall type. We compared their physiological and psychological indicators, including blood pressure and blood oxygen, and psychological indicators, including POMS and SIAI-S scales. Then, we made predictive factor judgements on vertical green elements. The quantification of the interior space of the building showed consistency in parameter changes, with the central area being the area of connectivity, integration, and crowd aggregation values. After the experiment, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate (p = 0.00) and a significant decrease in tension, anger, fatigue, depression, and panic (p = 0.00). The quantitative relationship between vertical greening elements and emotional promotion using stepwise linear exploration shows that the “vine” element is a significant predictive factor for diastolic blood pressure, T-A emotion, and SIAI-S values. The results enrich the indoor optimization and creation expansion paths of interface systems for various spatial experiences and further provide guidance for urban indoor green construction plans and green landscape facility planning via the emotional influence of indoor vertical space greening on young people.

1. Introduction

The building interface is an important component of the architectural space, which is interdependent and coexists with the internal space of the building, which can provide and enrich the experience and interest of the internal space of the building. A large number of studies have elaborated on the research on composition, elements, massing, and function in architecture, but few studies have been quantitatively analyzed based on its internal spatial interface and applied to the design of healthy spaces from the micro level. Efficient use of space is the core topic of architectural research, and it is also the essential attribute of architecture [1]. As negative experiences such as overworking and studying are commonplace in urban life, these experiences also have the potential to further increase the risk of chronic symptoms. Natural exposures have also shown evidence of promoting human health [2], and incorporating restorative areas into the design of buildings can optimize health and improve individual and overall quality of life by integrating evidence-based design principles [3]. A large number of studies have been conducted based on the quantification of building space and the health promotion of indoor greening, but few studies have linked the two to correlate or progressively discuss the exact health benefits. Health studies of the interior spaces of buildings are important because they are closely related to our lives, and it is necessary to pay attention to the health-promoting effects of green elements in architectural spaces other than outdoor green spaces.

1.1. Quantitative Research on the Internal Space of Building Interfaces

Cities are complex systems with self-organizing characteristics, and the micro elements in urban composition have a decisive impact on city appearance [4]. The building interface is a fundamental element of architectural form [5] and can create a more systematic and distinct design for spaces and provide feedback to the external environment and city users through its self-influence ability. Many studies have investigated public spaces based on external aesthetics, materials, forms, thermal comfort [6], and components [7] of buildings. Interfaces are the intermediaries of space [8], and buildings are composed of subspaces, but few studies have quantitatively analyzed their internal spatial interfaces. Due to the physical and spatial properties of the architectural spatial interface [9], spatial properties represent the functional properties of the enclosure, and the various spatial distribution characteristics formed can directly affect the internal spatial experiences of building users [9]. Different interfaces together form an interface system, and right-angle interface systems are regular interface systems. The faces of such systems are at right angles at their intersection, and these systems are the most commonly used in architectural space design and are representative of the period of modernist architecture. By operating or fluctuating the right-angle interface in architecture without any form, a rich and interesting spatial experience can be obtained. However, there is still a lack of quantitative research and practical exploration of building spatial interfaces based on the user’s internal architectural spatial experiences. There are two states in the spatial interface of right-angle interface systems: a right-angle shell interface system and a right-angle sandwich interface system based on the presence or absence of an “inner interface” (see Figure 1). The right-angle shell interface contains only a circumferential interface, while the right-angle sandwich interface contains both circumferential and inner interfaces [9].
Many researchers have explored the properties and experiences of architectural space. In terms of quantifying and experiencing the internal space of buildings, spatial syntax theorizes the relationship between spatial patterns and human behavior. Through convex space analysis (CSA), equivalence analysis (ISA), and reasonable plane graph analysis (JPG), the relationship between architectural space and human motion perception is measured to study the relationship between the spatial organizational environment and benefits [10,11]. Due to the extremely complex spatial environment of high-rise buildings [12], certain precision data and topological relationships between spaces are needed. DepthMap is an open-source, multiple-platform, spatial structure network analysis software and is also a common topology analysis tool used to perform a series of spa syntax analyses. It can connect elements through certain relationships and analyze them to obtain meaningful variables suitable for buildings of various sizes [9]. The commonly used DepthMap software can be used to analyze spatial structural relationships [13], optimize spatial orientation, and achieve spatial integration [2]. Based on analysis indicators, spaces can be classified and functionally positioned for multiple purposes. Therefore, it is necessary to use such software to provide specified element analysis for complex environmental designs such as future architectural spaces to facilitate more accurate research on the indoor environment of buildings.

1.2. The Health Promotion Effect of Vertical Greening in the Building Interior

As one of the countries with the largest urbanization scale in the world, negative experiences such as excessive work and learning in China may increase the risk of chronic symptoms, and even worse, harmful environmental factors in cities may also have additional negative impacts on the public [14]. A large amount of research on urban green space and public health has demonstrated the importance of green space in health and well-being [15]. The health benefits generated by green space include stress relief, accelerated recovery, stimulating physical activity, and promoting social engagement [16]. Government strategies based on nature and green space have also been proven to play an important role in residents’ sense of security and crime [17]. Due to the limited green space in cities, expanding green infrastructure through vertical forms of green plants is an innovative way to address the challenges of urban sustainability [18]. Stressed office workers and students may lack time to visit large green spaces, and sick building syndrome can lead to a decrease in productivity. Inadequate indoor air quality in buildings can also lead to a 10–15% decrease in productivity [19]. Research has shown that indoor plants can have a positive impact on participants’ physiology, psychology, and cognition, including blood pressure [20], skin electrical activity [21], heart rate [22], respiratory rate, and decreased body temperature [20]. Therefore, the indoor environment and indoor plants may be important components of a healthy city [23]. Cities require not only green space but also plants to maintain human health and well-being [23]. Research based on indoor health promotion has provided an optimization planning basis and reference for indoor greening as a potential public health resource.
Vertical greening, also known as green walls, involves using plants in limited ground spaces and growing them vertically on the ground [24]. Green walls composed of different plant species do not need to occupy existing land space but only require buildings or structures to support the structure to cover the facade. Vertical greening technology is increasingly used in green city practice and planning, and green wall systems are also divided into two categories: green facades and movable wall systems. Green facades are the most traditional and can be divided into direct and indirect designs based on vegetation location [25]. The vertical greening application space has also shifted from the outdoor facade to the indoor walls, playing an ecological role in beautifying the walls and purifying indoor air. At present, most research on promoting health through vertical greening mainly focuses on decreasing indoor air pollutants [26], optimizing air quality [27], reducing noise [28], and other aspects of indoor environment. There is little research on the health promotion effect of users, and only some studies have shown the beneficial effect of a single green element. According to the classification of natural features in landscape features, including trees, shrubs, flowers, and grass, the combination and arrangement of elements can produce different three-dimensional landscapes, and the compositions of these naturally changing elements differ, resulting in different health benefits [29]. Which kind of natural elements have more of an emotional promotion effect in building indoor greening should be investigated. It is necessary for spatial designers to pay attention to the coordination of various elements to maximize the beautification effect and other benefits.

1.3. Quantification of Architectural Space and Health Promotion

The trend of focusing on human health, wellness, and personal quality of life is important in the field of architecture and interior design [30], and comfortable indoor environments have been shown to have benefits such as enhancing occupants’ health, sleep patterns, and cognitive function, as well as significantly improving their productivity [31]. These studies focus on the relationship between the quantification of environmental factors and health indicators in the architectural space, such as the quantitative measurement of the physical effects of light environment and the concentration of office people [30]. Subjects perceived a lower intensity in the cold light of the building room compared to warm light [32]. As the significant health benefits of green elements continue to be demonstrated, it is more cost-effective to invest in building designs that take into account physical and mental health metrics and parameters than to retroactively address the harm caused by their absence [33]. In the exploration of green elements in architectural space, many researchers have carried out limited discussions on the health promotion effect of users, and the existing literature only shows the beneficial effect of a single green element and a broad comparison of the health benefits with and without greening. For example, Yeom et al. [34] found that installing a small indoor green wall may have a more relaxing effect than a large green wall, and a study conducted by Elsadek et al. [22] analyzed the relaxation effect of visualizing two urban environments (building walls and green facades). In terms of physiological indicators, there were significant differences and changes in DBP values, EEG α, and EEG β in subjects exposed to indoor plants in experiments with or without green plants [35], and there are few more detailed quantitative design indicators in buildings, which is the focus of this study.
Based on the above factors, this study aims to explore the emotional impact of different vertical greening landscape elements on a youth population in architecture based on internal space quantification. A youth population is chosen as the research group due to the significant emotional impacts of hormonal changes during adolescence, which will help our experimental research. In addition, the emotional experiences triggered by various changes in the transition period of adolescence make them more prone to emotional problems characterized by emotional disorders, including physical and mental changes caused by the increase in multiple sources of stress [36]. Studying emotional impact and regulation is of great significance for this group. Therefore, we formulated the following research questions and ideas (Figure 2):
  • By quantifying the internal space of the building, we explore whether there are differences in spatial perception experiences across spatial forms.
  • Based on the above, the space with the highest connection value, integration degree, and pedestrian flow was selected to explore the emotional impact of vertical greening inside the building on teenagers.
  • What are the significant predictive factors for indoor vertical greening in buildings that affect adolescent emotions under different combinations of factors? Based on this, indoor greening guidance strategies are proposed.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Quantitative Research on the Experience of Interior Space in Buildings

The architectural direction is mainly vertical and horizontal. This study selected the two basic directions of the right-angle shell interface as the research basis and selected two typical buildings that are easy to analyze as the objects. The space of the right-angle shell interface is relatively pure, and the spatial sequence is relatively singular. Taking the Fallingwater villa as an example, there are three options for selecting it as the research object. First, the villa is a relatively complete right-angle shell interface system, with relatively pure internal space and no obvious beams or columns. Second, the building interface is connected at right angles, with clear characteristics of the right-angle interface. Third, the spatial sequence is relatively short and typical. The Fallingwater villa is a world-renowned building located in Pennsylvania, USA. The project covers an area of 380 square meters and is divided into three floors. This study selected its first core space as the research area based on the characteristics of the right-angle interface. The right-angle sandwich interface was taken as an example in the Farnsworth residence, which uses columns, main beams, and side beams to divide the indoor space into three spatial entities. The characteristics of the right-angle sandwich interface are relatively clear.
We used AutoCAD 2012 and SketchUp 2018 software to create a 3D architectural space model. To make the research more in line with the real experience of the space, we adjusted the visual height to the height of the human eye and simulated the subspace interface. After the interface drawing was completed, this study selected three values that could be calculated by DepthMapX software, namely, the connection value, integration degree, and population agglomeration. The hierarchical relationship of space was analyzed from two levels using color layering and gradient analysis: feasible and visible [2]. The connection value represents the value of the spatial intersection in the system, that is, the element is connected to several elements, and the larger the value, the stronger the accessibility. The degree of integration is the degree of agglomeration and dispersion of a certain space and other spaces, and is inversely proportional to the topological depth [6]. The crowd represents the degree of aggregation and dispersion of people walking in a continuous space The integration calculation formula is:
In = ∑sd = 1d × Nds − 1 − s + 1 sl1slog2s3 − 1 + 1
where s represents the number of spatial units participating in the calculation, and d represents the shortest topological number between any two spatial units.
According to the topology map drawn by DepthMap, each subsystem is connected as a space. The connection value is the highest in the middle area of Hall 3 located in the Fallingwater villa, and the accessibility of pedestrian flow is strong. The corresponding integration degree and crowd aggregation analysis are also the highest. The integration comparison values in the Fallingwater villa range from 1.00 to 3.00, and the crowd aggregation comparison values range from 1.00 to 483.00. Hall 3, as the main body of the first floor of the Fallingwater villa, has the closest connection and strong openness due to its function. The areas with the second highest connectivity and integration are Hall 1 and Hall 2, where the crowd concentration gradually decreases from the middle to the surrounding areas, showing a centripetal trend (Figure 3).
For the Farnsworth residence, the entrance of the building is taken as the starting point of the spatial sequence, and the bedroom is selected as the ending position. All spatial sequences within the segment are extracted, and the spatial area is divided into three groups: A, B, and C. Each group corresponds to two branches, three branches, and three branch routes. Figure 4 shows that there are 8 spatial sequences in this spatial area, with one right-angle sandwich, forming 8 sets of wave changes with the peripheral interface. We chose any spatial sequence for analysis and the h sequence for spatial experience analysis. First, after entering the building, there is the living room space, which is in an open and bright state. Moving forward, we enter the second space, where we can perceive the first internal element, the independent wall space, followed by the end of the sequence and the end of the wall. The entire space is in an open–closed–open state (Figure 4).

2.2. Experimental Study of the Impact of Vertical Greening on Adolescent Emotions Based on Quantifying the Internal Space of Buildings

2.2.1. Participants and Procedures

Through campus poster posting and online promotion, 80 volunteers (40 males and 40 females) with different majors (average age: 19.21 ± 1.22 years old) were recruited at Sichuan Tourism University. All volunteers were aged 18–25, were healthy, had no history of physiological or mental illness, had normal visual and auditory acuity, and had no color blindness. Participants were informed of the detailed experimental process before the start of the experiment and requested that they not smoke, drink alcohol, or engage in vigorous exercise the day before the experiment. The experimental program of this study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the National Research Council and the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the local ethics committee of the School of Art at Sichuan Tourism University.
The study was conducted in the multimedia room of Sichuan Tourism University from 16 September to 17 September 2022. To eliminate interference from indoor environmental factors, the temperature and humidity in the classroom were maintained at 19–26 °C and 20–30%, respectively, during the study period. The experiment was divided into two days, with artificial curtain walls and green curtain walls in the indoor environment as control variables. Each volunteer participated in two experiments, with artificial curtain walls as the control group and green curtain walls as the experimental group. On the first day, volunteers took a 5 min break after entering the classroom to eliminate external influences. At this time, the experimenters explained the experimental procedure, and the participants filled out an informed consent form, completed the POMS and SIAI-S scales, and had their blood pressure and oxygen measured. The second stage was the stress induction stage. The volunteers were asked to perform five minutes of mental arithmetic and English word memorization, with English word difficulty levels from CET6 and TOEFL. After completion, we repeated the measurement and questionnaire from the previous section. After completion, the volunteers were taken to the multimedia classroom next door. Based on the spatial simulation of the two basic directions of the right-angle shell interface, the connection value, integration degree, and crowd aggregation value in the right-angle shell (Fallingwater villa) and right-angle sandwich interface (Farnsworth residence) systems showed a decreasing trend from the center to the surrounding areas. The volunteers sat in the center of the classroom and observed the artificial wall image in a sitting posture. Due to the psychological effects of vision occurring after 5 s [28], each image had a screening time of 20 s. During the image screening process, participants were not allowed to speak, use electronic devices, etc. After all images were screened, the POMS and SIAI-S scales and the physiological indicators were completed again. A 5 min rest was provided to eliminate the impact of the experiment. The entire experiment was 10 min, and the first day of the experiment ended. The starting time of the second day was the same as that of the first day, and the measurement was repeated according to the procedure of the first day. The viewing image was changed to a vertical green curtain wall. The experimenters conducted the experiment in an orderly manner from 8:00 to 12:00 and from 14:00 to 18:00, in accordance with the registration order, until the end of the experiment (Figure 5).

2.2.2. Virtual Image Production

Image research is considered to be an economical and convenient research tool that does not differ significantly from natural stimuli. The image method has been widely used by previous researchers, and its reliability has been generally accepted [37]. The virtual image production was divided into two comparative groups. One group viewed the commonly used artificial decorative wall surface indoors, and the other group viewed the green wall surface. For the former, we selected four types of commonly used decorative indoor materials: wall paint, wooden decorative board, stone decorative board (natural granite decorative board, artificial marble decorative board), and wall tiles. For each type, four images were selected, totaling 16 (Figure 6). The vertical greening was artificial, with some large plants that were not suitable for indoor growth excluded and shade plants and plant elements commonly used in vertical greening selected, with vines, herbs, and shrubs included. Due to the potential impact of plant colors, structures, coverage rates [38], and artificial structures [39] on emotions, vegetation with a flower coverage rate of 27% or more is more attractive than vegetation with lower flower coverage rates [40]. The experiment identified vines as the flower coverage element, with coverage rates controlled at 30% to 50%, and both herbs and shrubs were identified as evergreen coverage elements. Plant species that the volunteers were familiar with were chosen. The vines included roses, the herbs included henna and kidney ferns, the shrubs included duck foot wood, and mahogonia tenfold was included. There was a total of 5 types of plants. By gradually overlaying the elements, a total of 19 images were obtained (Figure 7).

2.3. Measurement

2.3.1. Physiological Measurements

Physiological measurements are based on objective responses to stimuli [41] and usually include brain, autonomic nervous system, and endocrine system activity. In this study, an arm-type sphygmomanometer (Omron, HEM-6322T, Omron, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure systolic blood pressure (mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), and pulse. It was used to objectively reflect the activities of the human sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), as well as changes in cardiovascular activity caused by emotional changes [42]. When a person is tense, systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase, but when they are relaxed, they decrease. When the body is in motion or emotionally excited, the pulse rate increases.

2.3.2. Psychological Measurement

Two psychological questionnaires were used to measure the emotional recovery of participants due to the vertical greening landscape elements inside the building. The State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a self-reported tool used to measure current anxiety symptoms and levels [43] and includes state anxiety and trait anxiety [44]. This study aims to test the anxiety levels of volunteers after viewing artificial decorative and green walls. Therefore, the STAI State Anxiety Inventory (SIAI-S) was used; it includes six items: “I feel calm,” “I am nervous,” “I feel depressed,” “I am very relaxed,” “I am satisfied,” and “I am worried.” Each project was evaluated on a four-point scale, with 1 representing nothing and 4 representing very much. Among them, “I am very nervous,” “I feel frustrated,” and “I am very worried” were reverse scored. The abbreviated Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire is another reliable and valid instrument for measuring mentality and includes 40 adjectives rated on a 0–4 scale (0 = not at all; 4 = extremely); these adjectives can be consolidated into seven affective dimensions: tension–anxiety (T-A), depression (D), anger–hostility (A-H), vigor (V), fatigue (F), confusion (C), and self-esteem (S). Three psychological indicators can also be obtained: positive, negative, and total mood [45].

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Data statistics and analysis were conducted using Excel 2016 and SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics and chi square tests were used to examine the differences in sociodemographic characteristics of the study samples. Paired t tests were used to compare the average physiological parameter changes in indoor artificial and green curtain walls in the two types of buildings, and their significance levels were explored. The Wilcoxon signed rank sum test was used to analyze the differences in psychological indicators between the two types of building curtain walls after viewing, and LSD and S-N-K were used as post hoc tests. Using stepwise multiple linear regression to analyze the quantitative relationship between three spatial elements and physiological and psychological indicators under the premise of satisfying the normal distribution of multicollinearity, analysis of variance, and normality of residuals using virtual codes of different compositions as independent variables and physiological and psychological index values as dependent variables, this study explores the significant prediction of stimuli from different constituent elements.

3. Results

3.1. Physiological Results

Figure 8 shows the statistically significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of young people after pressure testing and observing indoor artificial curtain walls and green curtain walls (p < 0.05 *, p < 0.01 **, p < 0.001 ***). The control group showed a significant decrease in overall systolic blood pressure (before viewing = 118.36 ± 14.33, after viewing = 113.81 ± 13.76, p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure (before viewing = 75.18 ± 8.35, after viewing = 73.92 ± 9.00, p = 0.14). The experimental group showed a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with systolic blood pressure being 114.86 ± 14.28 mmHg before viewing and 106.00 ± 11.61 mmHg after viewing, p = 0.00, and diastolic blood pressure being 72.59 ± 4.35 mmHg before viewing and 68.31 ± 8.77 mmHg after viewing, p = 0.00.
Figure 9 shows the heart rate changes after the participants viewed the artificial and green curtain walls inside the building. The results show that there was no significant change in the control group’s heart rate, with an average heart rate increase of 2.13 bpm (before viewing = 79.18 ± 7.75, after viewing = 81.31 ± 15.84, p = 0.44), while the experimental group’s heart rate decreased significantly (before viewing = 79.68 ± 6.44, after viewing = 74.21 ± 8.87, p = 0.00), with an average heart rate decrease of 5.47 bpm.
The changes in blood oxygen values before and after viewing between the control group and the experimental group are shown in Figure 10. The results show that the blood oxygen values of both groups decreased before and after viewing, but there was no significant change or statistically significant difference. The previewing blood oxygen value of the control group was 98.02 ± 1.74%, and the post-viewing blood oxygen value was 97.71 ± 1.41%, p = 0.36. The blood oxygen values before and after viewing in the experimental group were 98.04 ± 2.32% and 97.94 ± 0.98%, respectively, p = 0.76.

3.2. Psychological Results

Figure 11 shows the emotional differences of seven emotions according to the POMS Mood State Scale before and after viewing artificial and green curtain walls. The control group showed a significant increase in tension anxiety before and after viewing (before viewing = 2.18 ± 0.91, after viewing = 2.26 ± 0.68, p = 0.00). There was no significant change in anger (before viewing = 2.21 ± 1.21, after viewing = 2.18 ± 1.19, p = 0.85), fatigue (before viewing = 2.39 ± 1.11, after viewing = 2.33 ± 1.13, p = 0.66), depression (before viewing = 2.21 ± 0.09, after viewing = 2.16 ± 1.10, p = 0.71), vigor (before viewing = 1.75 ± 0.48, after viewing = 1.87 ± 0.50, p = 0.20), confusion (before viewing = 2.08 ± 0.74, after viewing = 2.07 ± 0.82, p = 0.93), or self-esteem (before viewing = 1.77 ± 0.61, after viewing = 1.73 ± 0.68, p = 1.00). The experimental group exhibited tension anxiety (before viewing = 2.20 ± 0.45, after viewing = 0.33 ± 0.48), anger (before viewing = 2.13 ± 0.64, after viewing = 0.11 ± 0.36), fatigue (before viewing = 2.36 ± 1.31, after viewing = 0.22 ± 0.47), depression (before viewing = 2.14 ± 1.09, after viewing = 0.25 ± 0.66), and confusion (before viewing = 2.09 ± 0.52, after viewing = 0.64 ± 0.51), showing a significant decrease (p = 0.00). There was no significant change in vigor (p = 0.98), but there was a significant decrease in self-esteem (before viewing = 1.77 ± 0.53, after viewing = 1.23 ± 0.58, p = 0.00).
Table 1 shows the paired sample t-test results of the psychological differences between the control group and the experimental group before and after the test. The results show a decrease in SIAI-S scores before and after viewing, with a decrease in anxiety of 0.15 in the control group and 0.39 in the experimental group. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the decrease.

3.3. Predictive Factors of Different Spatial Elements in Emotional Promotion

Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the quantitative relationship between spatial elements and emotions. Using virtual coding based on a previous study [31], a combination of herbs = 1, no herbs = 0, shrubs = 1, no shrubs = 0, vines = 1, and no vines = 0 was used for quantification. Both physiological and psychological indicators were taken as their average values. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to test the multilinearity, analysis of variance, and multicollinearity of residuals. According to the results, the diastolic blood pressure (Z = 0.134, p = 0.200), T-A emotions (Z = 0.256, p = 0.200), and SIAI-S values (Z = 0.322, p = 0.200) followed a normal distribution. After removing the factors from the model to avoid the multicollinearity problem, the significant factors shown in Table 2 were obtained. Table 2 shows that “vine” was a significant predictive factor for vertical greening of the interior space of the building, with extremely significant effects on diastolic blood pressure and SIAI-S, significant effects on T-A emotions, and no significant effects on other elements.

4. Discussion

4.1. Quantification of Internal Space at Building Interfaces

The basic feature of a right-angle interface system is that the internal interfaces are connected at right angles, making it a special interface system [6]. In the two case buildings of this study, the spatial areas with larger connection values were in the middle of the buildings. The connection topology diagram shows the intersection values of their subspaces, with larger values indicating stronger accessibility and permeability. This is similar to previous findings [46]. Figure 4 shows that the numerical ranges of the integration degree and crowd aggregation comparison values of the Fallingwater villa were 1.00~3.00 and 1.00~483.00, respectively. The numerical ranges of the integration degree and crowd aggregation comparison values of the Farnsworth residence were 0.00~0.086 and 3.00~543.00, respectively. Partition walls are one of the most critical elements in the internal space of a building [47]. The bedrooms of Farnsworth’s residential buildings are separated by simple partition walls, which allows for more diverse architectural forms, such as changes in the front, back, and connecting lines caused by interface fluctuations [6]. This can explain the differences in quantitative indicators such as integration and crowd aggregation. A higher degree of integration reflects greater convenience of the space [48]. That is, the more convenient the space is, the higher the degree of accessibility aggregation. The organic organization of the spatial environment helps improve the accessibility of public spaces [49]. Architectural spaces have spiritual attributes other than material attributes, and spatial experience, as a spiritual attribute, is widely practiced by professional architects [6]. Graphical quantification methods are conducive to providing guidance for spatial reconstruction and innovative design [50].
There are two main sets of influencing factors for user experience in building environments: first, ergonomics, including spatial cognition, physical compatibility, and environmental compatibility, and second, emotions, including emotional reactions, spatial appreciation, and synonyms [51]. Our study aims to preliminarily quantify the interior of the building interface to guide subsequent emotional impact experiments. Due to the three components of emotional experience, subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral or expressive response [52], which are the comprehensive results of complex time and environment, further empirical research is needed to study the spatial specificity of emotional feedback at spatial interfaces [53]. Further empirical research and research on different spatial interface indicators is needed. The planar modeling of the two studied right-angle interfaces and the application of convex spaces to partition their internal layout characteristics showed the advantages and agglomeration effect of the middle area in both architectural cases, which was lacking in previous research on the relationship between indoor space or green space and human well-being. In addition, the material composition of buildings is not limited to enclosed interface elements, landscape elements, internal structures, or other aspects; only three indicators were selected in this study; and the quantitative system needs to be improved in the future, such as spatial topology construction, spatial constraint definition, and spatial efficiency calculation and optimization [54].The buildings we live in use diverse interface transitions, spatial elements, and interface fluctuations to achieve rich spatial effects [6]. However, most health promotion studies overlook the emotional reactions that these interfaces may generate. This study selects two types of right-angle interface systems for internal spatial quantitative analysis, as they reflect the consistency of internal parameter changes. This will guide the subsequent indoor development of buildings with more scientific rigor.

4.2. The Physiological Effects of Vertical Greening Elements in Buildings on Adolescents

Reasonably utilizing the space in buildings to improve user emotional stress is a flexible method to address various health challenges during rapid urbanization. Given that the physiological impact of architectural space on humans is measurable, it is possible to obtain scientific evidence based on physiological measurement results to establish spatial elements and transformations that have a positive impact on humans. Previous studies have shown that unconscious physiological responses can be triggered after exposure to the natural environment. Virtual environments can stimulate sensory impressions [55], and physiological responses are also a component of emotional experiences [52]. This study further refined the experimental simulation of indoor green environment pressure reduction through the quantification of indoor space in buildings. The results show that teenagers experienced a significant decrease in their diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate after viewing green walls (p = 0.00). The diastolic blood pressure decreased by an average of 4.28 mmHg, systolic blood pressure decreased by 8.86 mmHg, and the average heart rate decreased by 5.47 bmp, which is consistent with previous research results. Stress can be defined as a threatened homeostasis state caused by physiological or psychological variables. The autonomic nervous system is considered one of the main neural pathways activated by stress [56]. The stress induction used in this study triggered anxiety-driven defense responses, and the results show that the experimental group experienced a significant decompression effect from the greening wall under pressure. The stimulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in the experimental group was more pronounced, which in turn affected the emotions of the participants.
Indoor elements can be selected or modified as supportive physical elements to improve health and well-being. Fujimoto is a significant predictor of systolic blood pressure and the only vertical greening element that satisfied a normal distribution in this experiment. A flower coverage rate of over 27% can enhance aesthetic preferences and psychological recovery [40], and flowers are also a predictive factor for visual stimuli in positive evaluations. This indicates that the vine element can be explored as a valuable factor in evaluating emotional promotion, and flowering vines should be used more frequently in vertical landscape elements. We noticed that compared to the control group, viewing the artificial curtain wall of the building also showed a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure or heart rate. This may be related to the artificial curtain wall selected in this study. Fewer cognitive processing resources make processing smoother, and smooth processing is related to positive emotions [57]. The artificial curtain wall of the control group did not have complex scenes, which may have resulted in a brief relaxation of the volunteers after the stress-driven defense response, which explains why the diastolic blood pressure in the control group also showed a decrease, but there was no significant downwards trend. But this study can only illustrate relatively short-term continuous green impacts and does not allow us to draw conclusions about the effects of long-term exposure to continuous green stressors and restoring the environment. The blood oxygen index showed no significant changes in either the control group or the experimental group. Blood oxygen is an important parameter of respiratory and circulatory function, but the experimental environment did not involve changes in the respiratory environment, so there were no significant changes.

4.3. The Psychological Impact of Vertical Greening Elements in Buildings on Teenagers

This study quantified the psychological improvement level of artificial curtain walls and green walls inside buildings using two psychological health questionnaires, POMS and SIAI-S. Physiological or psychological resilience is primarily based on the existence of adversity and positive coping adaptation [58]. In this study, the English test in the pretest triggered defense responses, and according to the seven emotions that can be calculated using the POMS scale, the control group showed no significant changes in other emotions except for a significant increase in tension (before viewing = 2.18 ± 0.91, after viewing = 2.26 ± 0.68, p = 0.00) in the pretest and post-test results. Emotion is a complex reaction mode that involves experience, behavior, and physiological factors [52]. The artificial curtain walls selected in the study are all wall materials that can be contacted in daily life. A familiar sense of indoor space is a key concept in understanding the humanistic dimension of landscape changes. People have adapted to the interface form of high-density building spaces over a long period of development, which may explain the observation that after the pretest, there was a minimal decrease in self-emotional values such as anger, fatigue, depression, and panic, with no significant change. Previous studies have extensively explored different green elements as positive mental health resources, such as flowers, shrubs, and trees, which can increase positive emotions [22,43,58]. Common types of greening were used in the study, but intra-group differences due to differences in regional, cultural, and social backgrounds were not excluded. The results show that the experimental group showed a significant decrease in negative emotions such as tension, anger, fatigue, depression, and panic (p = 0.00) after viewing the green wall. This indicates that three-dimensional greening had a positive impact on health, and the vine element significantly reduced tension anxiety emotions. This indicates that as a positive element, it can decrease negative emotions. According to the SIAI-S values before and after viewing, there was a decrease in anxiety but not a significant trend. Among the significant predictive factors, the Fujimoto element can significantly reduce the SIAI-S value. After excluding the difference in experience caused by the fluctuation of the architectural spatial interface, we believe that one result is due to the limitations of experimental conditions. Compared to on-site experiments in other specific types of natural environments, simulation experiments in the architectural environment showed significant improvement in emotional state but not significant decreases in anxiety. Second, the green walls used in this experiment included only rattan elements in nine images. Although a single rattan showed a significant correlation with SIAI-S values, it was not enough to cause significant improvement in the experimental group throughout the experiment. In addition, we noticed that there was no significant change in energy or emotions, indicating that most teenagers did not consider themselves energetic after viewing the natural green wall. Exposure to a preference can cause a change in emotional state, and some positive connections have been identified among familiar landscapes, preferences, and recovery potential [59]. The natural elements we used are only a single combination, and the types, combinations, proportions, and densities of these natural elements have been shown to be quantitatively linked to health. These unforeseen factors may have limited the anxiety state emotions in this study. No positive reactions occurred after exposure to stimuli.

4.4. Guiding Strategies for Building Wall Greening Based on Research Results

Expanding green infrastructure through vertical forms of green plants is an innovative way to address urban sustainability challenges [18], and green spaces have been shown to have a stronger impact on urban areas [60]. Research has shown that even green spaces visible through windows can affect job satisfaction and productivity [61]. The quantitative analysis of internal space shows consistency in parameter changes. The central area serves as the area of connectivity, integration, and crowd concentration values. In similar spatial locations within the building, we hope to provide users with high-quality environmental support, such as green interior walls or green window views, plants, etc. The diachronic tests used in the study showed that the experimental group after short-term stimulation showed positive effects in terms of blood pressure reduction, heart rate reduction, and emotional state recovery, while the control group did not show extremely significant or significant increases in systolic blood pressure or other indicators. This indicates that the interior walls of buildings that teenagers are exposed to on a daily basis may not cause a significant increase in negative emotions due to social factors such as locality, familiarity, and experience. However, the interior walls of buildings with natural elements can result in higher emotional value, which may be influenced by various factors, such as aesthetic appreciation, health, and well-being. The effect of green space on health is usually achieved through three pathways: reducing harm, restoring capacity, and building capacity. For certain pathways [60], when increasing green coverage, space designers should pay attention to the coordination of various landscape elements [62]. The research results further indicate that flowering vines have a significant positive predictive effect on the influence of urban building walls, and we suggest improving indoor green elements, especially the significant vine plant elements in this result. In urban development, the green construction of urban interior walls can decrease the phenomenon of people not actively using green space and increase the frequency of exposure to green space through usage channels, thereby benefiting health. A certain flower coverage rate in green space elements is more attractive and better promotes recovery potential. In this study, the coverage rate of vine flowers was controlled at 30% to 50% and significantly improved emotions and stress. This can inform the layout of future green walls. According to existing research on green variables, color, height, coverage, and quantity can affect recovery potential, and an animal-inclusive landscape design can also significantly improve psychological recovery [62].

5. Conclusions

In previous discussions of green space and health in cities, researchers often focused on specific groups and types of green space, ignoring the differences in benefits brought by spatial experiences in different spatial interfaces, especially in complex buildings. This study is based on the quantification of building interfaces (connection value, integration degree, and crowd aggregation) to conduct further research on the impact of indoor greening on adolescent emotions. It is a preliminary exploration based on the quantification of existing building space and health indicators. Combined with the three hypotheses proposed in this study and the preliminary discussion of experiments, it is concluded that the two spatial forms in the right-angled shell interface showed a decreasing trend from the center to the periphery in terms of connection value, integration degree, and crowd aggregation value. The discussion on the emotional impact of the central part of the building interface shows that green walls can achieve better physical and mental improvement effects than artificial walls, including a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. The average diastolic blood pressure decreased by 4.28 mmHg, systolic blood pressure decreased by 8.86 mmHg, and the average heart rate decreased by 5.47 bmp. There was a reduction in nervousness, anger, fatigue, depression, and panic (p = 0.00). The “vine” element was a highly significant, significant, and highly significant predictive factor for diastolic blood pressure, T-A emotions, and SIAI-S, respectively. We recommend that in cities, especially in areas with less greenery, more significant natural elements should be affected to achieve more obvious health effects so as to make full use of these building interior spaces, such as the greater use of colored lianas and the addition of vertical green walls in the building interior. If the ease of psychological relaxation or other health promotion can be achieved through the green walls of the building, such interventions can be carried out on a larger scale, taking into account the completeness of the engineering design, in order to facilitate the accumulation of public health and co-well-being in a cost-effective way to reduce stress, which is important for most cities in the process of globalization.

6. Limitations

This study conducted a comparative study of two types of walls based on the quantification of building interface space, exploring their physiological and psychological performance and possible cognitive effects and exploring the significance of their constituent elements, but there were limitations. First, the simulation was conducted based on two types of right-angle interface systems. Although previous indoor studies drew on the selection of spaces with consistent connectivity values, integration, and crowd aggregation values, they overlooked the potential emotional effects of interface morphological features generated by different interface additions, changes, and movements. In the future, more indoor parameters need to be investigated separately to deeply understand the complex time and comprehensive environmental results in terms of emotional responses. Furthermore, this study used brief explanations with alternative properties, but virtual simulation is clearly lacking in multidimensional sensory stimuli. Its feedback should include not only comprehensive perception but also outdoor fresh air and greeting effects [63]. The specific adolescent population also limited the sample size of this study, and the impact of color sensitivity [64] on age groups may be an important factor that needs further refinement and exploration in the future. In this study, only the right-angled shell interface was selected in the building interface system, and the three values taken in the building quantification had consistent results, so the correlation of the results of emotional feedback was limited. More detailed correlation research on the quantitative changes in buildings and health index feedback should be carried out in the future.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.W. and D.L.; methodology, C.W.; software, Q.H.; validation, C.W., Q.H. and Z.Z.; formal analysis, Z.Z.; investigation, Z.Z.; resources, Z.Z. and D.L.; data curation, Q.H.; writing—original draft preparation, C.W. and D.L.; writing—review and editing, D.L. and L.W.; visualization, Q.H. and L.W.; supervision, C.W.; project administration, Q.H.; funding acquisition, C.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The APC was funded by the Guiding Project of the Scientific Research Program of the Hubei Provincial Department of Education (Project No. B2022369) and the General Fund Project of Hubei Province under a grant (project No. 2022CFB334). Project of Big Data Management and Digital Commerce Discipline Group at Wuchang University of Technology: school level, Project name «Research on prefabricated building construction safety management based on big data» (Project No. 2022JGXK08). Scientific research project of Wuchang Institute of Technology: school level, Project name «Development of a “one-stop” smart education management platform for student communities based on BIM technology» (Project No. 2023KY13).

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Right-angle shell interface system and right-angle sandwich interface system under the right-angle interface system.
Figure 1. Right-angle shell interface system and right-angle sandwich interface system under the right-angle interface system.
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Figure 2. Research roadmap.
Figure 2. Research roadmap.
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Figure 3. Connection value, integration degree, and population clustering analysis of the first floor of the Fallingwater villa. (“①” means “Hall 1”, “②” means “Hall 2”, “③” means “Hall 3”, “④” means “ Hall 4”).
Figure 3. Connection value, integration degree, and population clustering analysis of the first floor of the Fallingwater villa. (“①” means “Hall 1”, “②” means “Hall 2”, “③” means “Hall 3”, “④” means “ Hall 4”).
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Figure 4. Connection value, integration degree, and population cluster analysis of the Farnsworth residential buildings. (“①” means “Hall 1”, “②” means “Hall 2”, “③” means “Hall 3”, “④” means “Hall 4”, “⑤” means “ Hall 5”, “⑥” means “Hall 6”).
Figure 4. Connection value, integration degree, and population cluster analysis of the Farnsworth residential buildings. (“①” means “Hall 1”, “②” means “Hall 2”, “③” means “Hall 3”, “④” means “Hall 4”, “⑤” means “ Hall 5”, “⑥” means “Hall 6”).
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Figure 5. Experimental step diagram.
Figure 5. Experimental step diagram.
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Figure 6. Experimental images of artificial decorative walls.
Figure 6. Experimental images of artificial decorative walls.
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Figure 7. Experimental image of greening wall.
Figure 7. Experimental image of greening wall.
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Figure 8. Changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after viewing in the control and experimental groups. (* p < 0.05; *** p = 0.00).
Figure 8. Changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after viewing in the control and experimental groups. (* p < 0.05; *** p = 0.00).
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Figure 9. Heart rate changes before and after viewing in the control and experimental groups. (*** p = 0.00).
Figure 9. Heart rate changes before and after viewing in the control and experimental groups. (*** p = 0.00).
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Figure 10. Changes in blood oxygen levels before and after viewing in the control and experimental groups.
Figure 10. Changes in blood oxygen levels before and after viewing in the control and experimental groups.
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Figure 11. Changes in POMS emotions before and after viewing in the control and experimental groups. (*** p = 0.00. Verified by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. T-A, tension and anxiety; D, depression and dejection; A-H, anger and hostility; V, vigor; F, fatigue; C, confusion; S, self-esteem).
Figure 11. Changes in POMS emotions before and after viewing in the control and experimental groups. (*** p = 0.00. Verified by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. T-A, tension and anxiety; D, depression and dejection; A-H, anger and hostility; V, vigor; F, fatigue; C, confusion; S, self-esteem).
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Table 1. Emotional changes in SIAI-S before and after viewing in the control and experimental groups.
Table 1. Emotional changes in SIAI-S before and after viewing in the control and experimental groups.
The SIAI-S Changes in the Control Groups
SIAI-SPretestPost-TestpRate of Change
MeanS.D.MeanS.D.
SIAI-S scores1.540.851.391.30.650.15
The SIAI-S Changes in the Experimental Groups
SIAI-SPretestPost-TestpRate of Change
MeanS.D.MeanS.D.
SIAI-S scores1.530.851.141.280.720.39
Table 2. Predictive vertical greening element factors in emotional promotion.
Table 2. Predictive vertical greening element factors in emotional promotion.
DependentIndependentUnstandardized BetaStandardized BetatSigCollinearity Statistics
Tolera-NCEVIF
DBP (R2 = 0.319; adjusted R2 = 0.273)(Constant)2.05 11.340.00
Vine0.590.252.460.00 **1.001.00
T-A score (R2 = 0.319; adjusted R2 = 0.273)(Constant)2.51 33.260.00
Vine0.460.352.000.02 *1.001.00
SIAI-S score (R2 = 0.319; adjusted R2 = 0.273)(Constant)3.14 21.330.00
Vine0.350.482.140.00 **1.001.00
(* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).
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Wang, C.; Hu, Q.; Zhou, Z.; Li, D.; Wu, L. Adding Green to Architectures: Empirical Research Based on Indoor Vertical Greening of the Emotional Promotion on Adolescents. Buildings 2024, 14, 2251. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072251

AMA Style

Wang C, Hu Q, Zhou Z, Li D, Wu L. Adding Green to Architectures: Empirical Research Based on Indoor Vertical Greening of the Emotional Promotion on Adolescents. Buildings. 2024; 14(7):2251. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072251

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Chengcheng, Qizhi Hu, Zijun Zhou, Di Li, and Linjia Wu. 2024. "Adding Green to Architectures: Empirical Research Based on Indoor Vertical Greening of the Emotional Promotion on Adolescents" Buildings 14, no. 7: 2251. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072251

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