State-of-the-Art Review: Effects of Using Cool Building Cladding Materials on Roofs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Peer-reviewed publications from 1997 to 2023;
- Focus on cool roof technologies, performance, or implementation;
- Quantitative data on energy savings, thermal performance, or environmental impact;
- Studies conducted in various climate zones to ensure global applicability.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Provisions in Current Codes and Standards
2.1.1. International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
2.1.2. ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings)
2.1.3. ASHRAE Standard 90.2 (Energy Standard for Low-Rise Residential Buildings)
2.1.4. California Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standards
2.1.5. International Green Construction Code (IgCC)
2.2. ASTM Standards for Solar Reflectance
2.3. Different Cool Roof Materials
2.4. Energy Performance of Cool-Roof Buildings
2.5. Hygrothermal Performance of Cool-Roof Buildings
3. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code/Standard | Cool Roof Requirements |
---|---|
IECC (International Energy Conservation Code) [3] | Commercial: Minimum 3-year aged solar reflectance: 0.55; thermal emittance: 0.75 (C402.3). |
Residential: Minimum aged solar reflectance: 0.55 (0.63 in Climate Zone 1); thermal emittance: 0.75. | |
ASHRAE 90.1 [4] | Commercial: Minimum aged SRI: 64 (2010) or 82 (2013+), or minimum aged solar reflectance: 0.55–0.70; thermal emittance: 0.75. Exceptions for certain roof types. |
ASHRAE 90.2 [5] | Residential: Minimum solar reflectance: 0.65; thermal emittance: 0.75; or minimum SRI: 75. |
California Title 24 [6] | Low-slope roofs: Minimum aged solar reflectance: 0.63. Steep roofs: Minimum aged SRI: 16–26 based on climate zone. |
IgCC (International Green Construction Code) [7] | Minimum aged solar reflectance: 0.55; thermal emittance; 0.75; or minimum aged SRI: 64. |
Year | Location | Focus | Key Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | USA | Cool materials for urban heat island mitigation | Increased albedo from cool materials leads to significant benefits: USD 15M in annual energy savings, USD 76M in annual reduced smog expenses, and potential global CO2 emission reductions equivalent to USD 500B. | [1] |
2005 | USA | Effects of soiling on solar reflectance of roofing | Soiling reduces solar reflectance and increases heat gain of roofing membranes. Cleaning methods vary in effectiveness. | [2] |
1998 | Sacramento, California | Practical issues of using solar-reflective materials | Solar-reflective surfaces can reduce cooling energy use and improve urban air quality at almost no cost. Increased albedo could potentially save energy and improve comfort. | [12] |
2015 | São Carlos, Brazil | Impact of natural weathering on cool coatings | Weathering reduces the solar reflectance of coatings, especially for light colors due to soiling. UV radiation degradation was more significant for dark colors. Development of durable cool coatings recommended for maximizing cool roof benefits. | [13] |
2007 | USA (California) | Advances in cool roof research | Cool tile roofs provide significant thermal improvements, leading to energy and cost savings. Statewide benefits in California are estimated at reduced peak power and energy savings worth millions annually. | [14] |
2023 | Kolkata | Advancements in super-cool roofs | Super-cool roofs achieve substantial surface temperature reductions compared to common roofs, resulting in net radiative cooling power and reduced urban heat island intensity. Large-scale implementation has significant benefits in urban cooling. | [15] |
2015 | Guangzhou, China | Effects of cool roofs on urban temperatures | Cool roofs reduce urban heat island intensity during heat waves and typical summer conditions. Greater reductions were observed during heat waves with higher temperatures and lower ventilation. | [16] |
2023 | Amroha, India | Combined cool roof and solar PV system | Cool roof technologies combined with rooftop solar PV significantly reduce roof surface and indoor ambient temperatures, providing energy savings and thermal comfort benefits in tropical climates. | [17] |
2015 | Townsville, Australia | Cool roof coatings for peak demand reduction | Cool roof coatings consistently reduce residential cooling loads and peak demand. Field experiments confirm reduced roof cavity temperatures and energy savings. | [18] |
2013 | London, UK | Impact of cool roof coating in temperate climates | Cool roof coatings reduce internal air temperatures in buildings during periods of high solar radiation. Simulations show reductions in maximum and average air temperatures, with slight decreases in overall annual energy demand. | [19] |
2014 | Oss, Netherlands | The cooling potential of cool coatings in a temperate climate | Cool roof coatings significantly reduce roof surface temperatures and cooling loads in industrial buildings, with minor increases in heating needs. | [20] |
2017 | Italy | Role of roof reflectivity in mitigating UHI effect | Cool roof materials mitigate outdoor air temperatures, reducing the urban heat island effect. The combination of low roof reflectivity and highly insulated envelopes exacerbates the UHI effect. | [21] |
2016 | - | Innovative cool roofing membrane with PCMs | Cool roofing membrane with integrated PCMs combines the benefits of cool roofs and latent heat storage for improved building energy efficiency and indoor thermal comfort. | [22] |
1997 | - | Solar reflectance survey of cool roofing materials | Various roofing materials exhibit different solar reflectance properties. Aluminum coatings show a trade-off between reflectance and infrared emittance. The importance of quantifying reflectance and convection coefficients is highlighted. | [23] |
Year | Location | Focus | Key Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | China | Near-infrared reflective cool tile roofs | Cool tile coatings reduce roof surface temperature, attic air temperature, and ceiling heat flux, providing significant whole-house cooling power and energy savings. Suggested increased use of cool roofs in hot summer climates in China. | [24] |
2007 | Various | Impact of cool roof coatings on building energy | Cool roof coatings reduce cooling loads and peak demand, improve thermal comfort, and contribute to energy efficiency, especially in hot climates. | [25] |
2011 | Poitiers, France | Thermal performance of cool coatings in residential buildings | Cool roof coatings significantly reduce external roof surface temperatures and indoor operative temperatures, improving thermal comfort in residential buildings during summer. | [26] |
2016 | Canada (Montreal, Toronto), Anchorage, Milwaukee | Cool roofs in cold climates | Cool roofs provide significant energy savings in cold climates when considering the insulating impact of snow cover, outweighing any heating penalties. | [27] |
2017 | Montreal, Canada | Impact of actual weather data on cool roof energy performance | Predicted space conditioning energy demand using typical meteorological year (TMY) data tends to overestimate compared to actual meteorological year (AMY) data, leading to more conservative cool roof designs. | [28] |
2023 | Australia | Energy impact of cool roofs in Australia | Cool roofs significantly reduce cooling loads, indoor air temperatures, and peak electricity demand, highlighting their substantial energy-saving potential at both building and urban scales across different climates and building types in Australia. | [29] |
1997 | Florida | Energy savings potential of reflective roof coatings | Reflective roof coatings provide significant cooling energy savings in residential buildings across different climate conditions in Florida. | [30] |
2015 | Perugia, Italy | Thermal energy performance of cool clay roof tiles | Cool clay roof tiles significantly reduce attic temperatures and cooling energy requirements in historic buildings, providing substantial annual energy savings and CO2 emission reductions. | [31] |
2023 | Kuwait, Australia, India | Energy-efficient solutions for hot regions | Cool roof coatings and phase change materials reduce cooling loads and overall energy consumption in hot climate regions, offering passive techniques for energy savings. | [32] |
2019 | - | Optimization of roof design for HVAC energy savings | Optimal roof designs vary by climate: cool roofs with minimal insulation in hot climates, dark roofs with maximum insulation in cold climates, and cool roofs with minimal insulation in mild climates. | [33] |
2019 | Beijing, China | Cooling effect and energy savings of cool white coatings | Cool white coatings significantly increase solar reflectance, reduce roof surface temperatures, and provide annual cooling energy savings in residential buildings. | [34] |
2020 | Shanghai, China | Thermal and energy performance of cool roofs | Cool roofs reduce outer surface temperatures, daily heat flux, cooling loads, and overall energy consumption in office buildings, demonstrating their potential for improving building energy efficiency in hot climates. | [35] |
2023 | Hot arid and hot semi arid climates | Thermal and energy performance of cool envelopes | Cool envelopes with retroreflective and thermochromic coatings significantly reduce annual cooling loads in hot arid and semi-arid climates, guiding energy-efficient building solutions in these regions. | [36] |
2021 | Emerging economies | Benefits of white roofing materials in emerging economies | White roofs provide substantial energy savings and contribute to indoor thermal comfort in hot climates, despite increased heating needs and the need for regular cleaning to maintain reflectivity. | [37] |
2013 | Italy | Performance of cool roofs in different climates | Cool roofs reduce cooling loads and improve thermal comfort in hot climates, but may increase heating loads in cold climates, especially for poorly insulated buildings. | [38] |
2016 | Milan, Italy | Thermal and energy performance of cool roof coatings | Cool roof coatings reduce external surface temperatures and cooling energy use but may require maintenance to sustain high reflectivity and achieve continued energy savings. | [39] |
2022 | - | Thermal performance of cool roofs in various regions | Cool roofs with high solar reflectance and thermal emittance can significantly reduce cooling energy consumption in buildings across different climates. | [40] |
2021 | - | Advantages and limitations of using cool roofs as an effective passive solar technique | Cool roofs can reduce cooling energy consumption but may increase heating loads in cold climates, necessitating a comprehensive analysis and potential based on climate-specific conditions. | [41] |
Year. | Location | Focus | Key Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
2022 | Saudi Arabia, Kuwait | Hygrothermal performance of cool roofs | Cool roofs with reflective coating material (RCM) provide significant net annual energy savings of 25–34% in hot and dusty climates without moisture accumulation or mold growth risk. | [46] |
2013 | Central Europe | Hygrothermal performance of non-ventilated lightweight flat roofs | White cool roofing membranes have significant drying effects but may lead to moisture accumulation issues at the OSB–insulation interface, especially in cold climates, indicating potential mold risk. Light and dark gray membranes show improved drying but still pose moisture accumulation risks. | [47] |
2013 | North America | Hygrothermal behavior of cool and standard roofs | Cool roofs exhibit lower external surface temperatures and lower yearly cooling energy loads compared to standard roofs. Moisture accumulation occurs in both roof types, with higher accumulation observed for standard roofs in warmer climates. | [48] |
2019 | Saudi Arabia | Hygrothermal performance of cool roofs | Cool roofs with low solar absorptance significantly reduce cooling energy loads compared to conventional black roofs, allowing for a reduction in insulation levels while avoiding moisture accumulation risks. | [49] |
2012 | North America | Hygrothermal performance of white and black roofs | Black roofs exhibit higher external surface temperatures and higher yearly cooling energy loads compared to white roofs. Moisture accumulation occurs in both roof types, with higher accumulation observed for black roofs in warmer climates. | [50] |
2021 | Saudi Arabia | Performance of reflective coating material in hot, humid, and dusty climates | Reflective coating material (RCM) for cool roofs maintains high solar reflectivity when cleaned regularly, providing effective cooling benefits in hot, dusty climates. | [51] |
Aspect | Impact |
---|---|
Cooling energy savings | 10–40% reduction in annual cooling energy use |
Peak cooling load reduction | 14–44% decrease in peak cooling demand |
Roof surface temperature reduction | 12–21 °C lower than conventional roofs |
Urban heat island mitigation | 0.5–1 °C reduction in local air temperatures |
Heating energy penalty | 4–15% increase in heating demand (climate-dependent) |
Solar reflectance degradation | Up to 46% reduction after 12 months of exposure |
Maintenance requirements | Cleaning every 1–3 years to maintain performance |
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Aggarwal, C.; Molleti, S. State-of-the-Art Review: Effects of Using Cool Building Cladding Materials on Roofs. Buildings 2024, 14, 2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082257
Aggarwal C, Molleti S. State-of-the-Art Review: Effects of Using Cool Building Cladding Materials on Roofs. Buildings. 2024; 14(8):2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082257
Chicago/Turabian StyleAggarwal, Chetan, and Sudhakar Molleti. 2024. "State-of-the-Art Review: Effects of Using Cool Building Cladding Materials on Roofs" Buildings 14, no. 8: 2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082257