An Experimental Study on the Performance of Materials for Repairing Cracks in Tunnel Linings under Erosive Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Test Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Materials
2.2. Specimen Preparation and Maintenance
2.3. Pilot Test Items
- (1)
- Rate of Mass Change
- (2)
- Work Performance
- (3)
- Mechanical Properties
- (4)
- Bond Strength
- (5)
- SEM Microstructure Analysis
3. Optimal Proportion of EC Composite Repair Material
3.1. Optimum Content of Waterborne Epoxy Resin
3.2. Optimal Content of Waterborne Polyurethane
3.3. Optimum Defoamer Dosage
4. EC Composite Repair Material Performance
4.1. Flowability of EC Composite Repair Material
4.2. Setting Time of EC Composite Repair Material
4.3. Compressive Strength of EC Composite Repair Material
4.4. Flexural Strength of EC Composite Repair Material
4.5. Bond Strength of EC Composite Repair Material
5. SEM Test Analysis of EC Composite Repair Material
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- When the composition ratio of the EC composite repair material is set at ultrafine cement/waterborne epoxy resin/waterborne epoxy curing agent/waterborne polyurethane/defoamer/water = 100:50:50:2.5:0.5:30, the material achieves optimal performance in terms of the mass change rate, compressive strength, flexural strength, and resistance to chloride ion erosion in a chloride ion environment.
- (2)
- The EC composite repair material with an optimal composition ratio exhibits a fluidity of 181 mm, an initial setting time of 72 min, and a final setting time of 95 min, which meets the relevant specification requirements and effectively repairs tunnel lining cracks.
- (3)
- In a chloride ion erosion environment, the EC composite repair material with an optimal composition ratio achieves a 7-day compressive strength of 26.44 MPa and a 28-day compressive strength of 32.16 MPa, which are 1.85 times and 1.733 times higher than that of the CM repair material, respectively. Its 7 d flexural strength is 7.62 MPa, and its 28 d flexural strength is 10.15 MPa, representing values that are 2.50 times and 2.44 times higher than flexural strength of the CM repair material. Additionally, its 1 d bond strength reaches 1.86 MPa, 7 d bond strength reaches 2.82 MPa, and 28 d bond strength reaches 3.02 MPa, all exceeding the CM repair material. These values satisfy both specifications and the strength requirements for tunnel lining crack repair materials.
- (4)
- SEM showed that the internal structure of CM material is relatively loose, with many pores and cracks, resulting in poor material connectivity. In contrast, the EC composite repair material exhibited a denser distribution of hydration products, such as C-S-H gel and plate-like ettringite. The polymeric film formed by the reaction between the waterborne epoxy resin emulsion and the curing agent filled the pores between the hydration products, giving the EC composite repair material a dense internal structure, excellent mechanical properties, strong bond strength, and outstanding resistance to erosion, making it suitable for repairing tunnel lining cracks in erosive environments.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Performance Indicators of Waterborne Epoxy Resin | Performance Indicators of Waterborne Epoxy Curing Agent | ||
---|---|---|---|
Epoxy equivalent (g∙mol−1) | Viscosity (mPa∙s) | Amine value (mgKOH∙g−1) | Viscosity (mPa∙s) |
190–210 | 500–1500 | 500–1500 | 160–200 |
Chemical Composition | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | SO3 | MgO | Loss |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage Content (%) | 59.67 | 23.21 | 5.83 | 3.34 | 2.12 | 1.18 | 2.13 |
Waterborne Epoxy Resin Content | Age | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
7 d | 28 d | |||
Rate of Mass Change (%) | Value of Mass Change (g) | Rate of Mass Change (%) | Value of Mass Change (g) | |
20% | 2.350 | 4.55 | 2.838 | 5.60 |
30% | 1.731 | 3.15 | 3.454 | 6.45 |
40% | 1.124 | 2.00 | 3.082 | 5.43 |
50% | 1.060 | 1.80 | 1.886 | 3.1 |
60% | 1.389 | 2.25 | 1.288 | 2.16 |
70% | 1.438 | 2.05 | 1.312 | 1.95 |
Age | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | 30% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | 40% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | 50% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | 60% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | 70% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | |
7 d | 26.650 | 21.253 | 17.982 | 21.724 | 15.94 | 13.971 |
28 d | 22.504 | 21.199 | 24.171 | 28.760 | 27.540 | 20.337 |
Age | Flexural Strength (MPa) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | 30% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | 40% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | 50% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | 60% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | 70% Waterborne Epoxy Resin | |
7 d | 4.144 | 3.303 | 2.638 | 4.914 | 5.244 | 4.377 |
28 d | 7.983 | 6.620 | 6.907 | 8.188 | 8.255 | 7.862 |
Waterborne Polyurethane Content | Age | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
7 d | 28 d | |||
Rate of Mass Change (%) | Value of Mass Change (g) | Rate of Mass Change (%) | Value of Mass Change (g) | |
0% | 1.312 | 2.25 | 2.142 | 3.60 |
5% | 1.446 | 2.50 | 2.545 | 4.75 |
10% | 2.076 | 3.60 | 1.461 | 2.55 |
15% | 2.026 | 3.45 | 2.337 | 4.05 |
20% | 1.060 | 1.80 | 1.886 | 3.10 |
25% | 1.751 | 2.95 | 1.737 | 2.90 |
Age | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% Waterborne Polyurethane | 5% Waterborne Polyurethane | 10% Waterborne Polyurethane | 15% Waterborne Polyurethane | 20% Waterborne Polyurethane | 25% Waterborne Polyurethane | |
7 d | 18.719 | 26.439 | 23.952 | 21.128 | 21.724 | 21.554 |
28 d | 31.435 | 32.160 | 30.264 | 28.781 | 28.760 | 28.648 |
Age | Flexural Strength (MPa) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% Waterborne Polyurethane | 5% Waterborne Polyurethane | 10% Waterborne Polyurethane | 15% Waterborne Polyurethane | 20% Waterborne Polyurethane | 25% Waterborne Polyurethane | |
7 d | 6.397 | 7.625 | 4.785 | 4.337 | 5.016 | 4.767 |
28 d | 8.418 | 10.144 | 7.187 | 6.614 | 7.779 | 6.073 |
Age | Compressive Strength (MPa) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% Defoamer | 0.5% Defoamer | 1% Defoamer | 1.5% Defoamer | 2% Defoamer | |
7 d | 20.44 | 24.85 | 26.44 | 23.71 | 23.44 |
28 d | 27.93 | 30.15 | 32.16 | 29.20 | 28.64 |
Age | Flexural Strength (MPa) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% Defoamer | 0.5% Defoamer | 1% Defoamer | 1.5% Defoamer | 2% Defoamer | |
7 d | 3.387 | 5.432 | 7.625 | 5.567 | 4.590 |
28 d | 7.162 | 8.858 | 10.144 | 9.358 | 8.111 |
Setting Time | Starting Time | End Time | Time/min |
---|---|---|---|
Initial setting time | 16:20:35 | 17:32:42 | 72 |
Final setting time | 16:20:35 | 17:55:36 | 95 |
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Zhang, W.; Wang, Y.; Nan, X.; Sun, S.; Ma, Y.; Wu, Y. An Experimental Study on the Performance of Materials for Repairing Cracks in Tunnel Linings under Erosive Environments. Buildings 2024, 14, 2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082427
Zhang W, Wang Y, Nan X, Sun S, Ma Y, Wu Y. An Experimental Study on the Performance of Materials for Repairing Cracks in Tunnel Linings under Erosive Environments. Buildings. 2024; 14(8):2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082427
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Wenliang, Yufeng Wang, Xiaocong Nan, Shangqu Sun, Yanhui Ma, and Yankai Wu. 2024. "An Experimental Study on the Performance of Materials for Repairing Cracks in Tunnel Linings under Erosive Environments" Buildings 14, no. 8: 2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082427