Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Genealogical Framework of Shaanxi’s Industrial Heritage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Research Design
2.2.1. Geographical Concentration Index Analysis
2.2.2. Standard Deviation Ellipse Analysis
2.2.3. Imbalance Index Analysis
2.2.4. Kernel Density Analysis
Predicting Point Density
Default Search Radius (Bandwidth)
- Calculate the mean center of the input points. If a Population field is provided, this field and all subsequent calculations will be weighted by the values in this field.
- Compute the distance of all points to the (weighted) mean center.
- Calculate the (weighted) median of these distances, .
- Calculate the (weighted) standard distance, SD. For more information on this, see the standard distance spatial statistics tool.
- Use the following formula to calculate the bandwidth.
Unweighted Distance
2.2.5. Mean Center Analysis of Industrial Distribution
3. Analysis
3.1. Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Distribution
3.1.1. Historical Staging
- After the Opium War: The introduction of industrial machinery in China led to changes in the development of traditional ancient industry nationwide [54]. Although Shaanxi was a relatively backward area at that time, it was influenced by its introduction.
- The Second Sino–Japanese War: factories from across the country were relocated inward to Shaanxi [55], laying the groundwork for industrialization in the region.
- After the founding of the People’s Republic of China: with the assistance of the Soviet Union, Shaanxi established a new industrial system [56].
- The Third Frontier Construction Project: another inward relocation of factories across China further strengthened Shaanxi’s industry [57].
3.1.2. Characteristics of the Spatial Distribution
- 1840–1936: As a result of the Westernization movement, new technologies were introduced to Shaanxi, and industry appeared mainly in Xi’an, with the main industries being textiles, machinery, and food processing. Their scale was generally small, and the output of products was limited except for munitions. These new industrial enterprises, which were sporadically distributed in Xi’an, were the beginning of many industries in Shaanxi Province (Figure 3a).
- 1937–1949: During the Second Sino–Japanese War and the War of Liberation, the Longhai Railway was completed and opened to traffic, industrial enterprises relocated inward to Baoji, and agglomerations of industry were developed in Xi’an, Baoji, and Yan’an to meet the wartime needs of the Communist Party. The Industrial Co-operative Movement [58,59] also played a crucial role in this process. The main industries were machinery, paper and printing, and textiles. Because Central Shaanxi was an important cotton-producing area, the textile industry was mainly located in Xi’an and Xianyang, forming the Textile City Industrial Zone in Xi’an, and a textile industry based on cotton spinning developed. After the outbreak of the Second Sino–Japanese War in 1937, factories producing armaments rapidly became established in Baoji and Yan’an (Figure 3b). Most of these factories belong to the mechanical industry.
- 1950–1963: As a key province in the First Five-Year Plan, Shaanxi established a new industrial system with the financial assistance of the Soviet Union. The coal mining industry developed, which was mainly concentrated in Tongchuan and Weinan, with the mined coal transported by the Xian–Tong branch line of the Longhai Railway. These industries provided important support for Shaanxi’s energy supply and other industrial development. Factories producing machinery and building materials also began to develop in Weinan. Electronics and aviation industries emerged in Baoji, and machinery, textile, and power electronics industries rapidly developed at Xi’an. In addition, food processing, water conservation, and power industries became established at Hanzhong. The machinery and electronics industries, which account for about one-third of the industrial heritage sites of Shaanxi Province, were concentrated in Xianyang, Baoji, and Xi’an, resulting in the formation of an industrial zone with a high concentration of electronics factories (Figure 3c).
- 1964–1978: During the Cold War, Sino–Soviet relations deteriorated. In response to the military needs of national defense, China implemented regional industrialization, known as China’s Third Front Construction, on a much greater scale than the inward relocation of coastal industries by the National Government during the Second Sino–Japanese War. Under the policy of “leaning against the mountains, hiding and dispersing,” Shaanxi increased the number of industrial enterprises by 146, of which only 12 were located in Xi’an. These enterprises mainly produced military equipment and textiles. Xi’an, Xianyang, Baoji, and Hanzhong experienced further centralized industrial growth, with numerous military enterprises becoming established in Hanzhong. The number of heritage sites dating to this period is high and the sites are scattered, forming industrial clusters centered on Xi’an and Baoji, while Ankang, Hanzhong, and Yan’an each formed new industrial regions with distinctive industries (Figure 3d).
3.1.3. Movement of Mean Center of Shaanxi’s Industry
- 1840–1936: the main industries that were established as part of the Westernization movement were concentrated around Xi’an, with the center located near Xi’an.
- 1937–1949: the mean center shifted slightly westward as industries became established along the newly opened Longhai Railway, forming clusters in Baoji.
- 1950–1963: As a result of the development in the previous period, Xi’an, Baoji, and Xianyang became increasingly attractive locations for industry, and these cities rapidly industrialized during this period, and many heavy-industry enterprises were established with the assistance of Soviet experts. Industries also gradually developed in Weinan, Yulin, Ankang, and Hanzhong, expanding the geographical distribution of Shaanxi’s industries and shifting the mean center northward.
- 1964–1978: Against the backdrop of the Cold War, China’s industry adopted a self-reliance model. In preparation for potential conflicts, the Three Lines Construction Project implemented a policy of concealment and dispersion by leveraging the mountainous terrain of the region. The mean center of Shaanxi’s industry shifted southward again.
- We obtained the map depicting the direction of movement of Shaanxi ’s modern industries in Figure 4 by superimposing the standard deviation ellipses from the four periods. This map reveals the directional characteristics of the distribution of modern industry in each period: namely, the shifts during the first two periods were not significant, whereas the Soviet aid and the implementation of the Three Lines Construction significantly altered the central location of Shaanxi’s industries.
3.2. Analysis of Influencing Factors
3.2.1. Underlying Influences: Geography, Resources, Products
3.2.2. Changes in Traditional Ancient Industry Heritage
3.2.3. Transportation Factors
3.2.4. Historical and Policy Factors
4. Result
4.1. Genealogical Framework of Shaanxi’s Industrial Heritage
4.2. Industrial Heritage Projects in Genealogical Framework
- First period (1840–1936): Yanchang Petroleum ① was located in Yan’an. Although oil had been discovered as early as the Han Dynasty, it was not until 1905, after the Qing government approved the founding of the company, that the company drilled China’s first oil well on land and became the earliest petroleum producer in China, benefiting from the advantages of its natural resources. Xian Water Supply Company ② represents the gradual development of urban infrastructure.
- Second period (1937–1949): In this period, Baoji Shenxin Cotton Mill ③ represents the rapid mechanization of the textile industry, causing the decline of the traditional textile industry, and is a model for the inward relocation of national industries. Fengzu Matches Factory ④ is chosen as a company that guaranteed the supply of products to meet domestic demand during the war.
- Third period (1950–1963): Qinchuan Machinery Factory ⑤ represents the Soviet Union’s assistance with construction during the First Five-Year Plan, and ⑥ Xifeng Wine Farm represents the development of a traditional industry through the introduction of new science and technology.
- Fourth period (1964–1978): Hanchuan Machine Tool Factory ⑦ represents the self-reliance of China’s industry during the Third Front Construction based on the principle of preparation for war, and Bashan Pharmaceutical Factory ⑧ represents a company that relied on natural resources while incorporating new science and technology.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stage of Shaanxi’s Industrial History | Time Stage | Key Events |
---|---|---|
Nascent modern industry | 1840–1936 | 1840: Opium War, 1934: Longhai Railway constructed in Shaanxi Province |
National industrial development | 1937–1949 | 1937: Battle of Songhu 1949: Founding of People’s Republic of China |
Other countries’ Assistance to Republic’s industry | 1950–1963 | 1953: First Five-Year Plan (Soviet-aided construction) |
Modern period of industrial self-reliance | 1964–1978 | 1964: Third Front Construction Projects |
Time Stage | XCoord | YCoord |
---|---|---|
1840–1936 | 108.7652318 | 34.46218311 |
1937–1949 | 108.7330022 | 35.11260673 |
1950–1963 | 108.6043804 | 34.40459147 |
1964–1978 | 108.6344178 | 34.41052844 |
Type of Traditional Ancient Industry | Area | Number of Record Times | Number of Existing Sites |
---|---|---|---|
Mining | Tongchuan | 6 | 16 |
Weinan | 5 | 3 | |
Yan’an | 1 | 1 | |
Ankang | 1 | 1 | |
Petroleum | Yan’an | 1 | 1 |
Textiles | Yulin | 2 | 2 |
Ankang | 1 | 2 | |
Baoji | 1 | 1 | |
Xianyang | 7 | 1 | |
Xi’an | 2 | 0 | |
Ceramics | Xianyang | 1 | 1 |
Tongchuan | 1 | 2 | |
Yan’an | 1 | 1 | |
Hanzhong | 1 | 1 | |
Shangluo | 1 | 0 | |
Weinan | 1 | 0 | |
Xi’an | 3 | 0 | |
Brewing | Baoji | 1 | 3 |
Shangluo | 1 | 1 | |
Yan’an | 1 | 1 | |
Hanzhong | 3 | 5 | |
Xi’an | 1 | 0 | |
Salt mining | Yulin | 1 | 1 |
Tea | Ankang | 1 | 1 |
Xianyang | 1 | 0 | |
Pharmaceutical | Hanzhong | 1 | 1 |
Xianyang | 1 | 0 | |
Paper industry | Shangluo | 1 | 1 |
Ankang | 1 | 1 | |
Weinan | 1 | 0 | |
Baoji | 1 | 0 | |
Hanzhong | 1 | 0 | |
Xi’an | 1 | 0 | |
Smelting | Weinan | 5 | 1 |
Shangluo | 1 | 1 | |
Yulin | 1 | 0 | |
Xi’an | 2 | 0 | |
Building materials | Xianyang | 2 | 1 |
Baoji | 1 | 0 | |
Xi’an | 1 | 0 | |
Chemical | Xianyang | 1 | 0 |
Weinan | 1 | 0 | |
Leather | Weinan | 1 | 0 |
Yulin | 1 | 0 | |
Machinery | Weinan | 1 | 0 |
Area | Geographical Concentration Index | Imbalance Index | Type of Industry | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Other Industry | G0 | Handicraft-Related Industry | Other Industry | Handicraft-Related Industry | Other Industry | Handicraft-Related Industry | |
Ankang | 39.46 | 31.62 | 61.24 | 0.46 | 0.83 | 17 | 4 |
Baoji | 48.86 | 28.87 | 61.24 | 0.73 | 0.86 | 48 | 4 |
Hanzhong | 40.42 | 30.15 | 46.77 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 31 | 8 |
Shangluo | 52.07 | 37.80 | 70.71 | 0.60 | 0.83 | 15 | 2 |
Tongchuan | 68.47 | 50.00 | 64.81 | 0.67 | 0.53 | 8 | 10 |
Weinan | 42.32 | 30.15 | 37.80 | 0.56 | 0.40 | 21 | 7 |
Xi’an | 43.41 | 27.74 | - | 0.66 | - | 107 | - |
Xianyang | 38.72 | 26.73 | - | 0.57 | - | 57 | - |
Yan’an | 57.43 | 27.74 | 57.74 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 24 | 3 |
Yulin | 41.57 | 28.87 | 100.00 | 0.51 | 1.00 | 18 | 1 |
Whole province | 40.75 | 31.62 | 41.27 | 0.44 | 0.52 | 346 | 39 |
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Lv, J.; Yang, H.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, Y. Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Genealogical Framework of Shaanxi’s Industrial Heritage. Buildings 2024, 14, 2527. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082527
Lv J, Yang H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Genealogical Framework of Shaanxi’s Industrial Heritage. Buildings. 2024; 14(8):2527. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082527
Chicago/Turabian StyleLv, Jing, Haozhong Yang, Xiaozhen Zhang, Yuxin Wang, Hua Zhang, and Yifan Zhao. 2024. "Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Genealogical Framework of Shaanxi’s Industrial Heritage" Buildings 14, no. 8: 2527. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082527