Efficacy of Accelerated Carbonation Curing and Its Influence on the Strength Development of Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Concrete Mixtures
2.3. Experimental Setup for Carbonation
2.4. Preparation and Curing of Sample
2.5. Testing of Specimens
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Compressive Strength
3.2. Carbonation Depth and pH Analysis
3.3. Microstructural Study
3.3.1. XRD Analysis
3.3.2. TGA and CO2 Uptake
3.4. SEM
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Carbonation curing leads to accelerated strength development and densification of the concrete surface, resulting in improved durability over conventional water-curing methods.
- (2)
- The process of carbonation curing allows concrete to absorb CO2, offering potential benefits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating global warming.
- (3)
- There is a significant improvement in the compressive strength with a percentage increase of 70.46%, 111.28%, 30.36%, and 36.69%, respectively, for 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash contents in concrete samples subjected to 72 h of accelerated carbonation curing.
- (4)
- Longer durations of carbonation result in higher compressive strength gains, with 72-h durations showing the most significant improvement. Additionally, substituting fly ash with 10% in the mix can achieve comparable strength to conventional water-cured concrete.
- (5)
- While the pH of carbonated concrete is lower than water-cured concrete, it remains within safe limits to prevent reinforcement corrosion. Additionally, the average carbonation depth is minimal, reducing the risk of CO2-induced corrosion.
- (6)
- The use of carbonation curing with industrial waste fly ash not only creates eco-friendly concrete but also contributes to CO2 sequestration efforts, promoting sustainability in construction practices.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxide | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 63.50 | 21.70 | 6.60 | 4.60 | 2.40 |
Fly ash | 3.13 | 62.57 | 27.40 | 5.92 | 0.98 |
Materials | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | 375 | 337.5 | 300 | 262.5 |
Fly ash | - | 37.5 | 75 | 112.5 |
Fine Aggregate | 672.06 | 672.06 | 672.06 | 672.06 |
Coarse Aggregate | 1157.57 | 1157.57 | 1157.57 | 1157.57 |
Water | 168.75 | 168.75 | 168.75 | 168.75 |
Response Factor | Control Factor | DF | SS | MS | F-Level | Contribution (%) | p-Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compressive Strength | FAC | 3 | 53.6 | 17.87 | 11.95 | 12.4 | 0.006 |
CD | 2 | 369.37 | 184.69 | 123.47 | 85.5 | 0 | |
Error | 6 | 8.98 | 22.55 | 2.1 | |||
pH | FAC | 3 | 0.43 | 0.14 | 10.7 | 59.72 | 0.008 |
CD | 2 | 0.21 | 0.1 | 7.72 | 29.16 | 0.022 | |
Error | 6 | 0.08 | 0.01 | ||||
CO2 uptake | FAC | 3 | 4.47 | 1.49 | 12.5 | 21.3 | 0.005 |
CD | 2 | 15.29 | 7.89 | 66.23 | 75.26 | 0 | |
Error | 6 | 0.72 | 0.012 | 3.44 |
Input Term | Output Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compressive Strength | CO2 Uptake | |||||
Coefficient | T | p | Coefficient | T | p | |
Constant | 10.5182 | 8.373 | 0.000 | 2.91796 | 7.725 | 0.000 |
FAC | 0.1227 | 1.045 | 0.336 | −0.11938 | −3.382 | 0.015 |
CD | 0.3916 | 5.121 | 0.002 | 0.18037 | 7.845 | 0.000 |
FAC × FAC | −0.0094 | −2.656 | 0.038 | 0.00185 | 1.738 | 0.133 |
CD × CD | −0.0023 | −2.600 | 0.041 | −0.0019 | −7.029 | 0.000 |
FAC × CD | −0.0003 | −0.248 | 0.813 | 0.00040 | 1.183 | 0.282 |
Standard Deviation | 1.22673 | 0.36883 | ||||
R Sq. (%) | 97.9 | 96.11 |
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Padmalal, A.; Kulkarni, K.S.; Rawat, P.; Sugandhini, H.K. Efficacy of Accelerated Carbonation Curing and Its Influence on the Strength Development of Concrete. Buildings 2024, 14, 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082573
Padmalal A, Kulkarni KS, Rawat P, Sugandhini HK. Efficacy of Accelerated Carbonation Curing and Its Influence on the Strength Development of Concrete. Buildings. 2024; 14(8):2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082573
Chicago/Turabian StylePadmalal, Akarsh, Kishor S. Kulkarni, Pradeep Rawat, and H. K. Sugandhini. 2024. "Efficacy of Accelerated Carbonation Curing and Its Influence on the Strength Development of Concrete" Buildings 14, no. 8: 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082573