Building Safety Evaluation and Improvement for Northern Vietnam Mountainous Environments Empirical Study Combining Japanese Experience with Local Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Building Design Challenges in Southeast Asian Rural Areas
1.2. Research Questions
1.3. Research Methods
1.4. Research Results
1.5. Research Significance
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey of Yen Bai Province
2.1.1. Local Typical Wind and Landslide Damages to Buildings
2.1.2. Characteristics of Local Buildings
2.2. Analysis of the Village in Tan Lap District
2.2.1. Village Topography and Current Building Status
2.2.2. Soil Analysis for Building Foundations
2.3. Foundation Analysis of the Actual Project Site
2.4. Optimization Design for the Actual Project
2.4.1. Foundation Improvement
2.4.2. Design for Landslide and Wind Load
Design for Landslides and Soil Pressure
Reducing Wind Load from Strong Winds
Columns and Beams Structural System
2.4.3. Selection of Retaining Walls
2.4.4. Wind Tunnel Experiment
- External Wind Pressure Coefficients:
- Internal Wind Pressure Coefficients:
- Summary:
2.5. Impact Analysis
- Reduced Variation in External Wind Pressure Coefficients:
- Stability of Internal Wind Pressure Coefficients:
- Reduced Effective Wind Pressure Coefficients:
- Conclusion:
2.6. Simplified Load Safety Calculation Formula for Foundation Structures
2.6.1. Verification of the Building Safety Evaluation System
2.6.2. Verification of Sliding and Overturning
2.7. Comprehensive Load Analysis
2.8. Comparison with Reference Construction Methods
- Characteristics of Each Method:
- Cost Analysis:
- Conclusion:
3. Results
3.1. Findings
3.2. Observations
3.3. Conclusions
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary of Findings
4.2. Consistency with Existing Research
4.3. Contributions to the Field
4.4. Taking into Consideration the Impact of Future Extreme Weather Events in the Design
4.5. Limitations
4.6. Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Serial Number | Water Content | Liquid Limit | Plastic Limit | Plasticity Index | Wet Density | Density |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-1 | 15.2 | 49.87 | 28.11 | 21.76 | 1.86 | 1.62 |
1-2 | 14.8 | 52.45 | 29.64 | 22.81 | 1.82 | 1.59 |
1-3 | 16.1 | 55.23 | 31.79 | 23.44 | 1.89 | 1.63 |
1-4 | 15.5 | 51.1 | 28.87 | 22.23 | 1.94 | 1.68 |
1-5 | 14.9 | 52.65 | 29.96 | 22.69 | 1.82 | 1.59 |
2-1 | 15.3 | 49.65 | 28.28 | 21.37 | 1.83 | 1.59 |
2-2 | 15.0 | 51.56 | 28.7 | 22.86 | 1.93 | 1.68 |
2-3 | 16.0 | 54.36 | 31.01 | 23.35 | 1.90 | 1.64 |
2-4 | 14.7 | 51.10 | 29.09 | 22.01 | 1.81 | 1.58 |
2-5 | 15.4 | 53.21 | 29.55 | 23.66 | 1.88 | 1.63 |
3-1 | 14.9 | 51.52 | 29.1 | 22.42 | 1.81 | 1.58 |
3-2 | 15.6 | 54.47 | 30.67 | 23.8 | 1.82 | 1.58 |
3-3 | 15.2 | 51.33 | 27.56 | 23.77 | 1.85 | 1.61 |
3-4 | 15.1 | 52.71 | 30.45 | 22.26 | 1.72 | 1.5 |
3-5 | 15.3 | 51.68 | 29.46 | 22.22 | 1.74 | 1.51 |
4-1 | 15.5 | 54.68 | 32.31 | 22.37 | 1.81 | 1.57 |
4-2 | 15.0 | 49.8 | 26.81 | 22.99 | 1.78 | 1.55 |
4-3 | 14.8 | 52.02 | 28.6 | 23.43 | 1.86 | 1.62 |
4-4 | 15.4 | 53.93 | 31.18 | 22.75 | 1.79 | 1.55 |
4-5 | 15.1 | 52.79 | 29.94 | 22.85 | 1.76 | 1.53 |
Type of Retaining Wall | Stability | Load-Bearing Capacity | Construction Difficulty | Material Cost | Maintenance Requirement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gravity retaining wall | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 3 |
Cantilever retaining wall | 8 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 4 |
Reinforced earth wall | 9 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 3 |
Embedded retaining wall | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 5 |
Counterfort retaining wall | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 4 |
Reference Wind Speed at Roof Height | 4.6 m/s |
Exponent of the vertical mean wind speed Profile | α = 0.3 |
Wind direction | 90° to 165° at 15° interval |
Sampling frequency | 200 Hz |
Geometrical scale | 1:25 |
Time scale | 40:200 |
Assumed wind speed in full scale | 28 m/s, 31 m/s |
Averaging time in full scale | 1 s |
Evaluation time in full scale | 600 s |
Number of time series | 2 |
Age Range of Respondents | High School and Above | Middle School Education | Primary Education Level | Able to Understand Simple Functions |
---|---|---|---|---|
18–25 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 7 |
26–35 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
36–45 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 2 |
45+ | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
Θ | Internal friction angle | W1 | Wall weight |
C | Cohesion | W2 | Soil weight |
Fs | Safety factor | Mr | Withstand overturning moment |
Qu | Ultimate bearing capacity of foundation | Mo | Overturning moment |
Γ | Unit weight of soil | S1 | Total building area acting on the underlying foundation |
B H L | Foundation width Foundation height difference Foundation length | S2 | Total building area acting on the upper foundation |
Df | Foundation depth | Kc | Anti-slip safety factor |
Nc | Cohesion load factor | Fa | Safety factor against overturning |
Nγ | Soil weight bearing capacity coefficient | O | Overturning moment action point |
Nq | Ground additional sum in coefficient | R | Retaining wall volume |
Kp | Passive earth pressure coefficient | Tγ | Soil load on heel plate |
Wh | Retaining wall height | μ = 0.35 | Slip coefficient |
Wc | Retaining wall thickness | S = 0.7 | Earth pressure coefficient |
Wl | Retaining wall length | ∑n | Lower foundation load |
Hi | Heel plate length | ∑N | Upper foundation load |
Hc | Heel plate thickness | A | Area of the building on the heel plate |
D | Foundation and retaining wall density | Pa | Active soil pressure |
Bdown | 12.3 m |
Bup | 12.3 m |
Df | 0.5 m |
Kp | 0.41 |
γ | 17.2–18.5 KN/m3 |
Wh | 3.4 m |
Wc | 0.5 m |
Wl | 17.5 m |
Hi | 1.9 m |
Hc | 0.4 m |
D | 24 KN/m3 |
∑n | 340 KN |
∑N | 78.4 KN |
A | 33.25 m2 |
S1 | 103 + 103 m2 |
S2 | 98 m2 |
R | 39.44 m3 |
Construction Method | Excavation Volume (m3) | Foundation and Wall Volume (m3) | Wall Overturning Resistance | Wall Slip Resistance | Construction Area (m2) | Ratio of Unit Building Area to Unit Foundation Volume | Ratio of Construction Area to Excavation Volume |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1065.05 | 258.1 | 1.09 | 5.76 | 402 | 1.55 | 0.377 | |
731.85 | 947.1 | / | / | 402 | 0.692 | 0.55 | |
1487.5 | 245 | 3.27 | 1.67 | 402 | 1.64 | 0.27 | |
1065.05 | 250.125 | 3.07 | 5.76 | 402 | 1.6 | 0.377 | |
731.85 | 245.94 | 3.19 | 1.87 | 304 | 1.236 | 0.415 |
ω = 0.8 | Inertia weight |
C1 = 0.5 | Self-awareness coefficient |
C2 = 0.5 | Social cognition coefficient |
Vt | The velocity of particle i in generation t |
Pt | The best position of particle i in generation t |
gt | Global optimal position |
Xt | The position of particle i in generation t |
γ1,γ2 | Random number between [0, 1] |
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Zhang, H.; Li, Y.; Komai, S. Building Safety Evaluation and Improvement for Northern Vietnam Mountainous Environments Empirical Study Combining Japanese Experience with Local Conditions. Buildings 2024, 14, 2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092626
Zhang H, Li Y, Komai S. Building Safety Evaluation and Improvement for Northern Vietnam Mountainous Environments Empirical Study Combining Japanese Experience with Local Conditions. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092626
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Haomiao, Yuxuan Li, and Sadaharu Komai. 2024. "Building Safety Evaluation and Improvement for Northern Vietnam Mountainous Environments Empirical Study Combining Japanese Experience with Local Conditions" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092626