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Buildings, Volume 14, Issue 9 (September 2024) – 27 articles

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21 pages, 2019 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on Pure Torsion Behavior of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars
by Haoyang Bai, Jiafei Jiang, Weichen Xue and Xiang Hu
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2617; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092617 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
The failure mechanism of torsional concrete beams with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is essential for developing the design method. However, limited experimental research has been conducted on the torsion behavior of concrete beams with FRP bars. Therefore, the pure torsion test of four [...] Read more.
The failure mechanism of torsional concrete beams with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is essential for developing the design method. However, limited experimental research has been conducted on the torsion behavior of concrete beams with FRP bars. Therefore, the pure torsion test of four large-scale FRP-RC beams (2800 mm × 400 mm × 200 mm) was conducted to investigate the influence of the stirrup ratio (0, 0.49%, and 0.98%) and longitudinal reinforcement ratio (3.01%, 4.25%) on torsion behavior. The test results indicated that three typical failure patterns, including concrete cracking failure, stirrup rupturing failure, and concrete crushing failure, were observed in specimens without stirrups (stirrup ratio 0), partially over-reinforced specimens (stirrup ratio 0.49%), and over-reinforced specimens (stirrup ratio 0.98%), respectively. The tangent angle of spiral cracks at the midpoint of the long side of the cross-section was approximately 45° initially for all specimens. The torque–twist angle curves exhibited a linear and bilinear behavior for specimens without stirrups and specimens with stirrups, respectively. As the stirrup ratio increased from 0 to 0.98%, torsion capacity increased from 24.9 kN∙m to 27.8 kN∙m, increased by 12%, ultimate twist angle increased from 0.0018 rad/m to 0.0403 rad/m. As the longitudinal reinforcement ratio increased from 3.01% to 4.25%, the torsion capacity increased from 27.8 kN∙m to 28.3 kN∙m, and the ultimate twist angle decreased from 0.0403 rad/m to 0.0244 rad/m. Based on test results, the stirrup strain limit of 5200 με and spiral crack angle of 45° was suggested for torsion capacity calculation. In addition, based on the database of torsion tests, the performance of torsion capacity provisions was assessed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Research on Building Materials and Structures)
28 pages, 1005 KiB  
Review
Digital Twins in Construction: Architecture, Applications, Trends and Challenges
by Zhou Yang, Chao Tang, Tongrui Zhang, Zhongjian Zhang and Dat Tien Doan
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2616; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092616 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
The construction field currently suffers from low productivity, a lack of expertise among practitioners, weak innovation, and lack of predictability. The digital twin, an advanced digital technology, empowers the construction sector to advance towards intelligent construction and digital transformation. It ultimately aims for [...] Read more.
The construction field currently suffers from low productivity, a lack of expertise among practitioners, weak innovation, and lack of predictability. The digital twin, an advanced digital technology, empowers the construction sector to advance towards intelligent construction and digital transformation. It ultimately aims for highly accurate digital simulation to achieve comprehensive optimization of all phases of a construction project. Currently, the process of digital twin applications is facing challenges such as poor data quality, the inability to harmonize types that are difficult to integrate, and insufficient data security. Further research on the application of digital twins in the construction domain is still needed to accelerate the development of digital twins and promote their practical application. This paper analyzes the commonly used architectures for digital twins in the construction domain in the literature and summarizes the commonly used technologies to implement the architectures, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, data mining, cyber–physical systems, internet of things, virtual reality, augmented reality applications, and considers their advantages and limitations. The focus of this paper is centered on the application of digital twins in the entire lifecycle of a construction project, which includes the design, construction, operation, maintenance, demolition and restoration phases. Digital twins are mainly moving towards the integration of data and information, model automation, intelligent system control, and data security and privacy. Digital twins present data management and integration challenges, privacy and security protection, technical manpower development, and transformation needs. Future research should address these challenges by improving data quality, developing robust integration methodologies, and strengthening data security measures. Full article
24 pages, 4271 KiB  
Article
Study on Axial Fatigue Performance and Life Prediction of High-Strength Bolts at Low Temperatures
by Liang Zhang, Guoqing Wang, Xuanzhe Ji, Shujia Zhang and Honggang Lei
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2615; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092615 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
High-strength bolts are widely used in outdoor steel structures such as transmission towers and bridges, where they not only endure cyclic wind loads and vehicle loads but also frequently operate in low-temperature environments. However, there is limited research on the axial fatigue performance [...] Read more.
High-strength bolts are widely used in outdoor steel structures such as transmission towers and bridges, where they not only endure cyclic wind loads and vehicle loads but also frequently operate in low-temperature environments. However, there is limited research on the axial fatigue performance of high-strength bolts, particularly regarding their mechanical behavior at low temperatures. Therefore, this study conducted a series of fatigue tests on high-strength bolts at 20 °C and 0 °C, both with and without pretension. We established S-N curves and fatigue limits for the three scenarios, revealing that pretension significantly enhances the fatigue life of the bolts, with a 10% increase in fatigue limit at 0 °C compared to 20 °C. However, due to the influence of pretension, the external load has a minimal effect on the actual stress experienced by the bolts, resulting in S-N curves for bolts with pretension being very similar to those for bolts without pretension during cyclic loading. Additionally, we obtained the load–displacement curves and corresponding stiffness degradation patterns of the bolts at both temperatures, finding that all bolts exhibited significant stiffness degradation after reaching 0.8 times their fatigue life. The high-strength bolts at 0 °C demonstrated greater stiffness and faster crack propagation rates, with increases of approximately 6% and 8%, respectively. Furthermore, electron microscope scans were used to clarify the fatigue crack initiation and the evolution of fatigue striations at both temperatures. Finally, by combining refined numerical simulations with the local stress–strain method, the effectiveness of the local stress–strain method for evaluating the fatigue life of bolts without pretension was validated. Building on this, we extended the method to bolts at 0 °C and those subjected to pretension, recommending notch sizes of 0.4 mm and 1.1 mm for fatigue life assessment of bolts with pretension at 0 °C and 20 °C, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
16 pages, 14765 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Seismic Responses and Vibration Serviceability in a High-Rise Timber–Concrete Hybrid Building
by Chao Zong, Jiajun Zhai, Xiaoluan Sun, Xingxing Liu, Xiaowu Cheng and Shenshan Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2614; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092614 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
Timber–concrete hybrid structures are commonly employed in multi-story timber buildings; however, further research is necessary to fully understand the seismic performance of these structures as well as the dynamic properties of the floor. The two dynamic concerns, seismic effects and the vibration of [...] Read more.
Timber–concrete hybrid structures are commonly employed in multi-story timber buildings; however, further research is necessary to fully understand the seismic performance of these structures as well as the dynamic properties of the floor. The two dynamic concerns, seismic effects and the vibration of floors in hybrid structures, are key issues, in view of which this study aimed to investigate the small-seismic-response spectra and elastic time histories in a high-rise timber hybrid building, specifically the medical technology building of Jiangsu Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital in China. The dynamic characteristics of a localized cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor were tested in situ, and the impacts of human-induced vibration were quantified. Comprehensive theoretical analysis results reveal that the basic vibration pattern of the structure was mainly translational in nature and that the period ratio, inter-story displacement angle, and shear-to-weight ratio all met the demands of the Chinese timber building design code. The experimental test results show that the vertical natural frequency of the CLT floor was about 15.96 Hz and thus met appropriate requirements with respect to natural frequency. However, peak floor acceleration was found to be high under the conditions of a single person walking quickly, a single person trotting, and multiple persons walking randomly. In light of these findings, the floor should be paved with a fine-grained concrete building surface, according to design requirements, so that its serviceability might be improved. Overall, the relevant analytical methods presented in this paper provide guidance and practical reference for the seismic analysis of timber hybrid structures, as well as vibration serviceability analysis for CLT floors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis of Timber Composite Structures)
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27 pages, 5431 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning for Real-Time Building Outdoor Wind Environment Prediction Framework in Preliminary Design: Taking Xinjiekou Area of Nanjing, China as the Case
by Lin Sun and Guohua Ji
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2613; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092613 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
The incorporation of physical environmental performance as a primary consideration in building design can facilitate the harmonization of the built environment with the surrounding site and climate, enhance the building’s environmental adaptability and environmental friendliness, and contribute to the achievement of energy-saving and [...] Read more.
The incorporation of physical environmental performance as a primary consideration in building design can facilitate the harmonization of the built environment with the surrounding site and climate, enhance the building’s environmental adaptability and environmental friendliness, and contribute to the achievement of energy-saving and emission-reduction objectives through the integration of natural lighting and ventilation. General computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can help architects make accurate predictions and effectively control the building’s wind environment. However, CFD integration into the design workflow in the preliminary stages is frequently challenging due to program uncertainty, intricate parameter settings, and substantial computational expenses. This study offers a methodology and framework based on machine learning to overcome the complexity and computational cost barriers in simulating outdoor wind environments of buildings. In this framework, the machine learning model is trained using an automated CFD simulation system based on Butterfly and implemented within the Rhino and Grasshopper environment. This framework provides real-time simulation feedback within the design software and exhibits promising accuracy, with a Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) ranging from 90–97% on a training dataset of 1200 unique urban geometries in Xinjiekou Area of Nanjing, China. Furthermore, we programmatically integrate various parts of the simulation and computation process to automate multiscenario CFD simulations and computations. This automation saves a significant amount of time in producing machine-learning training sets. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed working framework in the design process through a case study. Although our approach cannot replace CFD simulation computation in the later design stages, it can support architects in making design decisions in the preliminary stages with minimal effort and immediate performance feedback. Full article
23 pages, 1499 KiB  
Article
Thermal Performance and Building Energy Simulation of Precast Insulation Walls in Two Climate Zones
by Xiaoyong Luo, Dudu Xu, Yiwen Bing, Yang He and Qi Chen
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2612; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092612 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
Traditional concrete buildings exhibit low energy consumption and high heat loss, which results in a larger environmental problem. Precast insulation walls are proposed for strengthening thermal insulation efficiency and mitigating heat loss. Numerous studies have investigated the thermal performance of insulation walls over [...] Read more.
Traditional concrete buildings exhibit low energy consumption and high heat loss, which results in a larger environmental problem. Precast insulation walls are proposed for strengthening thermal insulation efficiency and mitigating heat loss. Numerous studies have investigated the thermal performance of insulation walls over the past decades. However, gaps remain in practical engineering applications. This study aims to bridge these gaps by providing practical design recommendations based on experimental research. Nine different types of precast insulation walls were tested to examine the thermal performance, and the parameters of the insulation material, insulation form, insulation layer thickness, and concrete rib width were investigated. Then, numerical models of these walls were developed for simulating the thermal performance of the tested specimens. Finally, a six-story student apartment model using designed walls was developed to assess energy consumption in two distinct climate zones: the hot summer and cold winter zone of Changsha City, and the cold zone of Harbin City. The results indicate that the precast insulation wall with external insulation form shows better thermal performance than the sandwich insulation form. It is recommended to use precast insulation walls with 50 mm extruded polystyrene (XPS) external thermal insulation form in Changsha City and 80 mm XPS external thermal insulation form in Harbin City. Furthermore, buildings using precast insulation walls can significantly reduce energy consumption by 49.25% in Changsha and 49.38% in Harbin compared to traditional concrete wall buildings. Based on these findings, suitable design suggestions for this precast concrete wall panel building composed of insulation walls are given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
20 pages, 2917 KiB  
Article
Static and Seismic Safety of the Inclined Tower of Portogruaro: A Preliminary Numerical Approach
by Rafael Shehu
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2611; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092611 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
Masonry towers are peculiar structures with complex structural behavior despite biased conclusions deriving from their geometrical regularity and simplicity. Their geometrical features and the epistemic uncertainty that masonry material bears strongly influence their static and seismic behavior. This paper investigates a remarkable and [...] Read more.
Masonry towers are peculiar structures with complex structural behavior despite biased conclusions deriving from their geometrical regularity and simplicity. Their geometrical features and the epistemic uncertainty that masonry material bears strongly influence their static and seismic behavior. This paper investigates a remarkable and representative case study. The bell tower of Portogruaro (Italy) is a 57 m high tall construction, built in the XII-th century, and has a notable inclination. The Italian Guideline for the safety assessment of masonry towers is a key focus in this paper, highlighting the pros and cons of different suggested approaches. Some relevant proposals are presented in this paper in order to address the seismic safety assessment of masonry bell towers. The findings show that very slender structures do not meet the guidelines recommendations due to limitations in their current stress state. In addition, in similar cases, the recommended values for the mechanical properties of masonry material led to predicting non-withstanding structural behavior, questioning the correct choice of the adapted material properties. Advanced pushover analysis has been conducted in order to investigate the results of the simplified approach in terms of failure patterns and seismic safety estimation. The simulations are implemented for four different hypothetical scenarios of the existing masonry mechanical properties. The results obtained for the case study tower reflect a different perspective in the seismic assessment of masonry towers when specific approaches are defined. The preliminary results on the safety of Portogruaro Tower show a significant variability of seismic safety based on the adopted scenario, highlighting the necessity to pay attention to the preservation state of the present case and of similar ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research and Prospect of Buildings Seismic Performance)
16 pages, 1280 KiB  
Article
Sensitivity Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Ground Heave Caused by Jet Grouting
by Dashuo Chen, Yuedong Wu, Jian Liu, Huiguo Wu and Yongyang Zhu
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2610; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092610 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
Jet grouted piles are widely used to reduce post-construction settlement of soft clay roadbeds. Nevertheless, it is easy to cause ground heave due to the jet grouted pile. According to the analytical method and numerical method, a sensitivity analysis of the factors affecting [...] Read more.
Jet grouted piles are widely used to reduce post-construction settlement of soft clay roadbeds. Nevertheless, it is easy to cause ground heave due to the jet grouted pile. According to the analytical method and numerical method, a sensitivity analysis of the factors affecting ground heave caused by a single jet grouted pile was performed. It is found that the influence of each parameter on ground heave is in the following order: grout pump pressure > embankment load > soil type (including the cohesion, friction angle, and Young’s modulus) > pile diameter > pile length. Considering the effect of the pump pressure on the ground heave is more significant, based on the analytical method of ground heave caused by a single jet grouted pile combined with the solution of small-deflection bending of a circular thin plate, the calculation method for the suggested limit grout pressure for construction under different embankment heights was established. Suggested values of theoretical grout pump pressure were given to prevent ground heave from harming the pavement of operating highways. This study provides some theoretical basis for the subsequent research on the jet grouted pile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
18 pages, 2618 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Infiltration of Seawater Bentonite Slurry
by Hongzhen Dong, Deming Wang, Zhipeng Li, Qingsong Zhang, Yirui Li, Jianguo Zhang, Lianzhen Zhang and Luchen Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2609; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092609 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
A bentonite slurry mixed with seawater is prone to sedimentation, which will reduce the quality of the filter cake and lower the stability of the excavation surface in undersea tunnels. It is necessary to study the performance and influencing factors of the bentonite [...] Read more.
A bentonite slurry mixed with seawater is prone to sedimentation, which will reduce the quality of the filter cake and lower the stability of the excavation surface in undersea tunnels. It is necessary to study the performance and influencing factors of the bentonite slurry mixed with seawater. This article simulates the process of undersea slurry shield tunnel construction, where the pressurized slurry penetrates into the sand layer and forms a filter cake when the shield stops pressurizing. We investigated the effects of bentonite, additives (CMC), fine sand, pressure, and formation permeability on the performance of the seawater slurry and filter cake. The sedimentation of mud caused by seawater interfered with the experiment, which manifested as the increase in bentonite, and delayed the formation of the filter cake. Fine sand with a particle size close to the average value of the formation can improve the speed and quality of filter cake formation. By conducting a sensitivity analysis on experimental data, the degree of influence of various factors on the formation rate, thickness, and porosity of the filter cake was determined. Fine sand and bentonite are the factors that have the greatest impact on the formation rate, thickness, and porosity of the filter cake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)
18 pages, 6398 KiB  
Article
Application of an Improved Method Combining Machine Learning–Principal Component Analysis for the Fragility Analysis of Cross-Fault Hydraulic Tunnels
by Yan Xu, Benbo Sun, Mingjiang Deng, Jia Xu and Pengxiao Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2608; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092608 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) approaches, widely used in civil engineering, have the potential to reduce computing costs and enhance predictive capabilities. However, many ML methods have yet to be applied to develop models that accurately analyze the nonlinear dynamic response of cross-fault hydraulic tunnels [...] Read more.
Machine learning (ML) approaches, widely used in civil engineering, have the potential to reduce computing costs and enhance predictive capabilities. However, many ML methods have yet to be applied to develop models that accurately analyze the nonlinear dynamic response of cross-fault hydraulic tunnels (CFHTs). To predict CFHT models and fragility curves effectively, we identify the most effective ML techniques and improve prediction capacity and accuracy by initially creating an integrated multivariate earthquake intensity measure (IM) from nine univariate earthquake IMs using principal component analysis. Structural reactions are then performed using incremental dynamic analysis by a multimedium-coupled interaction system. Four techniques are used to test ML–principal component analysis (PCA) feasibility. Meanwhile, mathematical statistical parameters are compared to standard probabilistic seismic demand models of expected and computed values using ML-PCA. Eventually, multiple stripe analysis–maximum likelihood estimation (MSA-MLE) is applied to assess the seismic performance of CFHTs. This study highlights that the Gaussian process regression and integrated IM can improve reliable probability and reduce uncertainties in evaluating the structural response. Thorough numerical analysis, using the suggested methodology, one can efficiently assess the seismic fragilities of the tunnel by the predicted model. ML-PCA techniques can be viewed as an alternate strategy for seismic design and CFHT performance enhancement in real-world engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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18 pages, 2967 KiB  
Review
A Literature Review of Green Building Policies: Perspectives from Bibliometric Analysis
by Junyang Ye, Yunlong Fanyang, Jingyi Wang, Shibo Meng and Daizhong Tang
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2607; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092607 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
This paper conducts a bibliometric analysis of 2875 articles on green building published between 2014 and 2024, followed by a systematic literature review on green building policies inspired by the findings from the bibliometric analysis. The study employs the bibliometric software CiteSpace 6.3 [...] Read more.
This paper conducts a bibliometric analysis of 2875 articles on green building published between 2014 and 2024, followed by a systematic literature review on green building policies inspired by the findings from the bibliometric analysis. The study employs the bibliometric software CiteSpace 6.3 to analyze co-occurrence networks and identify research hotspots, determining key research trends, influential authors, institutions, and journals, thus providing a comprehensive overview of the field. Innovatively, it comprehensively analyzes the development of green building policies from the perspectives of life cycle and policy mechanisms, integrating life cycle assessment (LCA) into policy-making. The findings emphasize the importance of combining regulatory measures, financial incentives, and tailored regional approaches to promote sustainable construction and achieve long-term environmental goals, addressing the urgent need for sustainable building practices driven by global climate change and carbon neutrality goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Sustainability: Sustainable Housing and Communities)
19 pages, 9602 KiB  
Article
Study on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Tunnel Lining Concrete in Coastal Areas
by Sihui Dong, Wei Liu and Hongyi Li
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2606; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092606 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
To address the problems of the lining cracking and spalling in tunnel structures in coastal areas under the influence of special geological conditions, environmental loading, and the coupling effect of chemical erosion, hybrid fibers were introduced to fly ash concrete in this study. [...] Read more.
To address the problems of the lining cracking and spalling in tunnel structures in coastal areas under the influence of special geological conditions, environmental loading, and the coupling effect of chemical erosion, hybrid fibers were introduced to fly ash concrete in this study. The working performance, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the hybrid fiber fly ash concrete were tested. A chloride diffusion coefficient under steady-state conditions and a durability test for resistance to sulfate corrosion were carried out. Thus, in-depth analyses of the comprehensive performance of the hybrid fiber fly ash concrete used for the tunnel lining were carried out and the damage mechanism was explored. The results showed that the hybrid fiber fly ash concrete exhibited higher strength compared to the concrete in the control group. However, when the fibers exceeded a certain dosage, the reduction in the working properties of the concrete structure led to the creation of larger pores in the matrix structure, which in turn affected the mechanical properties of the concrete. The most significant reduction in the chloride diffusion coefficient was observed when both steel fibers and coconut fibers were added at a 1.0% volumetric parameter, compared to the control group. The apparent state and compressive strength after sulfate corrosion were also minimally affected. This study ensured that the mechanical properties of the concrete were improved and the corrosion resistance of the matrix also substantially improved, providing a scientific basis for improving the performance of tunnel lining concrete, and confirming that steel–coconut hybrid fiber fly ash concrete has a great potential to improve the structural load-bearing capacity and durability, which may provide theoretical support for its continued use in tunneling projects and construction processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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14 pages, 2655 KiB  
Article
Study on Mechanical Properties of Road Cement-Stabilized Macadam Base Material Prepared with Construction Waste Recycled Aggregate
by Yingjie Yuan, Xianhu Hu, Kai Wang, Zhi Liu, Mingchen Zhong and Kun Meng
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2605; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092605 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
At present, construction waste recycled aggregates only partially replace natural aggregates to prepare road-based materials. This study addressed this limitation and experimentally investigated the mechanical properties of cement-stabilized macadam base materials utilizing a construction waste recycled aggregate. The feasibility of using these raw [...] Read more.
At present, construction waste recycled aggregates only partially replace natural aggregates to prepare road-based materials. This study addressed this limitation and experimentally investigated the mechanical properties of cement-stabilized macadam base materials utilizing a construction waste recycled aggregate. The feasibility of using these raw materials to prepare cement-stabilized macadam bases was established via experimental validation. Subsequently, compaction tests were conducted to ascertain the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content in the mixture. The mechanical characteristics were further examined using unconfined compressive strength tests, analyzing and discussing the influences of varying cement dosages and curing periods on the material strength. The results indicate that the properties of the recycled aggregates satisfied specification requirements, demonstrating satisfactory mechanical properties. The unconfined compressive strength with a 7-day curing period and a 5% cement content fulfilled the technical standards for expressway-grade heavy and extremely heavy traffic, while that with a 6% cement content (with an added curing agent) met these requirements after just 1 day. Additionally, the curing agent enhanced the early strength of the recycled aggregate base material. This study has broken through the technical bottleneck of low content of recycled aggregate, achieved 100% replacement of natural aggregate, and promoted the sustainable development of the industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Neutral Infrastructure)
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16 pages, 6616 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Freeze-Resistant Strategy of Multi-Stage PCM Concrete Incorporated with Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash
by Zhilong Hong, Sheliang Wang, Honghao Ying, Zhe Lu, Bo Liu and Jin Xu
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2604; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092604 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
Damage to buildings and infrastructure caused by freeze–thaw cycles is a common problem in cold regions. To counteract this, multi-stage phase change material (PCM) aggregate concrete has gained attention for its potential in structural protection. PCM concrete is a type of intelligent concrete [...] Read more.
Damage to buildings and infrastructure caused by freeze–thaw cycles is a common problem in cold regions. To counteract this, multi-stage phase change material (PCM) aggregate concrete has gained attention for its potential in structural protection. PCM concrete is a type of intelligent concrete that regulates and controls the temperature by incorporating PCM. PCM aggregate can efficiently absorb and release significant amounts of heat within a defined temperature range. This study explored the feasibility of using agricultural waste rice husk ash (RHA) and industrial waste fly ash (FA) to produce PCM concrete. The combined use of RHA and FA with multi-stage PCM aggregate concrete allowed the two materials, pozzolanic materials and PCM, which have different approaches to improving the freeze resistance of concrete, to be effectively utilized together and synergistically enhance the durability and energy efficiency of buildings in cold regions. An experimental program was conducted to prepare PCM concrete by replacing cement with 5%, 10% and 15% RHA and 10%, 20% and 30% FA in different mixtures. The results show that when the replacement amounts of RHA and FA are both 10%, the compressive strength of the concrete can be effectively improved, while the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity are reduced. The incorporation of RHA and FA improved the thermal regulation of PCM concrete. Strength loss, relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM) loss and mass loss were all minimal with RHA at 15% and FA at 10% replacement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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19 pages, 8624 KiB  
Article
Redefining Residential Architecture: Designing Housing Estates for Older People in Poland
by Barbara Gronostajska and Anna Berbesz
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2603; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092603 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
According to statistical forecasts, one in six people on the planet will be 60 years of age or older by 2030. By 2050, the number of people in this age group is predicted to double to 2.1 billion. Furthermore, it is projected that [...] Read more.
According to statistical forecasts, one in six people on the planet will be 60 years of age or older by 2030. By 2050, the number of people in this age group is predicted to double to 2.1 billion. Furthermore, it is projected that the number of people 80 years of age and older would treble between 2020 and 2050, reaching 426 million. For architects, this demographic transition poses a serious problem, especially when it comes to creating ergonomic living environments that adhere to universal design principles. With a focus on prefabricated large-panels technology built in Poland between 1960 and 1989, this study examines and presents effective design ideas for senior residential complexes and contrasts them with Polish and European approaches. The study addresses the unique needs of senior citizens, taking into account both physical and cognitive limitations, and provides a thorough analysis of statistical data to highlight the difficulties in designing for seniors. The article showcases creative design solutions made for people with cognitive impairments including Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. One of the key studies undertaken in the article was the analysis of the existing Popowice Północne housing estate in Wrocław, constructed using large-panel technology. Additionally, it sets out the fundamentals for developing age-friendly cities and provides thorough guidelines for a comprehensive approach to constructing living areas that are age-friendly. The article utilizes literature and statistical data analysis, case study research, and a comparative method. To summarize the analyses and research, a SWOT analysis was conducted on the accessibility of large-panel buildings for the older people. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New European Bauhaus (NEB) in Architecture, Construction and Urbanism)
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23 pages, 6448 KiB  
Article
Irregular Facades: A Dataset for Semantic Segmentation of the Free Facade of Modern Buildings
by Junjie Wei, Yuexia Hu, Si Zhang and Shuyu Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2602; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092602 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
Semantic segmentation of building facades has enabled much intelligent support for architectural research and practice in the last decade. Faced with the free facade of modern buildings, however, the accuracy of segmentation decreased significantly, partly due to its low regularity of composition. The [...] Read more.
Semantic segmentation of building facades has enabled much intelligent support for architectural research and practice in the last decade. Faced with the free facade of modern buildings, however, the accuracy of segmentation decreased significantly, partly due to its low regularity of composition. The freely organized facade composition is likely to weaken the features of different elements, thus increasing the difficulty of segmentation. At present, the existing facade datasets for semantic segmentation tasks were mostly developed based on the classical facades, which were organized regularly. To train the pixel-level classifiers for the free facade segmentation, this study developed a finely annotated dataset named Irregular Facades (IRFs). The IRFs consist of 1057 high-quality facade images, mainly in the modernist style. In each image, the pixels were labeled into six classes, i.e., Background, Plant, Wall, Window, Door, and Fence. The multi-network cross-dataset control experiment demonstrated that the IRFs-trained classifiers segment the free facade of modern buildings more accurately than those trained with existing datasets. The formers show a significant advantage in terms of average WMIoU (0.722) and accuracy (0.837) over the latters (average WMIoU: 0.262–0.505; average accuracy: 0.364–0.662). In the future, the IRFs are also expected to be considered the baseline for the coming datasets of freely organized building facades. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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23 pages, 63398 KiB  
Article
Automatic Generation of Standard Nursing Unit Floor Plan in General Hospital Based on Stable Diffusion
by Zhuo Han and Yongquan Chen
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2601; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092601 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
This study focuses on the automatic generation of architectural floor plans for standard nursing units in general hospitals based on Stable Diffusion. It aims at assisting architects in efficiently generating a variety of preliminary plan preview schemes and enhancing the efficiency of the [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the automatic generation of architectural floor plans for standard nursing units in general hospitals based on Stable Diffusion. It aims at assisting architects in efficiently generating a variety of preliminary plan preview schemes and enhancing the efficiency of the pre-planning stage of medical buildings. It includes dataset processing, model training, model testing and generation. It enables the generation of well-organized, clear, and readable functional block floor plans with strong generalization capabilities by inputting the boundaries of the nursing unit’s floor plan. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that 82% of the generated samples met the evaluation criteria for standard nursing units. Additionally, a comparative experiment was conducted using the same dataset to train a deep learning model based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). The conclusion describes the strengths and limitations of the methodology, pointing out directions for improvement by future studies. Full article
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20 pages, 15447 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Innovative Combined Reuse of Phosphate Mine Waste Rock and Phosphate Washing Sludge to Produce Eco-Friendly Bricks
by Omar Inabi, Abdessamad Khalil, Abir Zouine, Rachid Hakkou, Mostafa Benzaazoua and Yassine Taha
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2600; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092600 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
Phosphate mining generates substantial quantities of waste rock during the extraction of sedimentary ores, leading to significant environmental concerns as these wastes accumulate around mining sites. The industry is under increasing pressure to adopt more sustainable practices, necessitating considerable financial investments in remediation [...] Read more.
Phosphate mining generates substantial quantities of waste rock during the extraction of sedimentary ores, leading to significant environmental concerns as these wastes accumulate around mining sites. The industry is under increasing pressure to adopt more sustainable practices, necessitating considerable financial investments in remediation and technological advancements. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic strategy that balances social responsibility, environmental preservation, and economic viability. This study proposes an innovative, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method to manufacture compressed stabilized earth bricks by combining the valorization of phosphate waste rock (PWR) and phosphate washing sludge (PWS). These bricks offer numerous advantages, including low embodied energy, robust mechanical performance, and excellent insulation and thermal properties. Initially, a Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test and radiometric surface contamination measurement, carried out on raw materials (PWR and PWS), showed that the results were below the permissible limits. Then, the chemical, mineralogical, and geotechnical properties of the raw materials were characterized. Subsequently, various mixtures were formulated in the laboratory using PWR and PWS, with and without cement as a stabilizer. Optimal formulations were identified and scaled up for pilot production of solid bricks with dimensions of 250 × 125 × 75 mm3. The resulting bricks exhibited thermal conductivity and water absorption coefficients that satisfied standard requirements. This method not only addresses the environmental issues associated with phosphate mining waste but also provides a sustainable solution for building materials production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable and Green Construction Materials)
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18 pages, 9554 KiB  
Article
Thermal and Structural Performances of Screen Grid Insulated Concrete Forms (SGICFs) Using Experimental Testing
by Yosra El-Maghraby, Khaled Tarabieh, Meral Sharkass, Islam Mashaly and Ezzat Fahmy
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2599; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092599 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
The demand for sustainable building materials and systems with the emphasis on energy efficiency is on the rise. Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs) are an example of such structural systems. Screen Grid Insulated Concrete Forms (SGICFs) are an innovative system that combines structural strength [...] Read more.
The demand for sustainable building materials and systems with the emphasis on energy efficiency is on the rise. Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs) are an example of such structural systems. Screen Grid Insulated Concrete Forms (SGICFs) are an innovative system that combines structural strength and thermal performance. ICF walls are commonly used in Western countries to provide high-level insulation and internal weather control. Accordingly, the current research conducts a comparative thermal analysis for a market-supplied ICF wall, a SGICF proposed design, and three typical brick walls used regionally in the Middle East. The heat transfer through the five walls is simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics and validated experimentally by utilizing a guarded hot box facility under the regulations of the ASTM C1363 standard. The market-supplied ICF walls showed better thermal insulation properties than the proposed SGICF walls, because of their higher thermal mass of concrete than in the SGICF walls. However, both walls had a remarkably higher insulation performance than the other three typical brick walls available in the market. The results reveal that the market-supplied ICF walls are overdesigned for use in the Middle East region, and SGICFs, with their comparative thermal transmittance, are a very good competitor in the Middle East market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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21 pages, 7494 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Dynamic Response of Different Grades of Corroded Steel Reinforcement
by Maria Basdeki, Konstantinos Koulouris and Charis Apostolopoulos
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2598; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092598 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
The mechanical behavior of corroded steel reinforcement under dynamic loadings is crucial for the entire structural response of reinforced concrete elements located in seismic regions. Taking into account the need to assess the structural integrity of existing building stock and the fact that [...] Read more.
The mechanical behavior of corroded steel reinforcement under dynamic loadings is crucial for the entire structural response of reinforced concrete elements located in seismic regions. Taking into account the need to assess the structural integrity of existing building stock and the fact that the majority of the existing RC structures in Greece are constructed with the use of steel grades of S400 (equivalent to BSt 420s) and Tempcore B500c, the present study examines the dynamic behavior of rebars of different grades under low cycle fatigue (LCF) at a constant strain amplitude of ±2.5% and compares their performance through a quality material index. In the margin of the current research, the study also included two different grades of hybrid rebars, Tempcore B450 and dual-phase F (DPF). The outcomes demonstrated that single-phase S400 steel underwent mild degradation in its ductility, whereas its bearing capacity was significantly decreased due to corrosion. In contrast, B500c illustrated its superiority in terms of strength, yet recorded extremely limited service life, even in uncorroded conditions, raising questions about its reliability and the structural integrity of existing building stock. However, in corroded conditions, even if B500c corroded rebars showed higher mass loss values than the other examined grades, the degradation of their mechanical behavior due to corrosion was found to be minimal. Furthermore, dual-phase DPF rebars, with their homogeneous microstructure, appeared particularly promising with respect to Tempcore B450 if one considers the span of its service life compared to the extent of corrosion damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Capacity Assessment of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Structures)
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31 pages, 6136 KiB  
Article
Intelligent Life Cycle Cost-Based Framework for Seismic Design of Conventional Structures
by Sajad Taheri Jebelli and Behrouz Behnam
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2597; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092597 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
It is well understood that the dominant approach in the seismic design of structures is to reduce the initial cost while meeting the required safety level, as dictated by compliance codes. Nevertheless, this approach often overlooks the long-term costs that are incurred over [...] Read more.
It is well understood that the dominant approach in the seismic design of structures is to reduce the initial cost while meeting the required safety level, as dictated by compliance codes. Nevertheless, this approach often overlooks the long-term costs that are incurred over the lifetime of the structures. A comprehensive approach is thus required for a design based on life cycle cost (LCC), where both initial and long-term costs are considered. While LCC-based design has been employed on regular structures, irregular structures have not received adequate attention. This research aims to highlight the impact of irregularity on the LCC optimization of tall structures. To do this, a bi-objective heuristic optimization framework is developed to balance the initial and long-term costs. The framework is used to analyze six steel regular and setback irregular structures with 7, 10, and 13 stories. The structures are all designed to meet the life safety performance level. The findings show that the irregular structures reveal a higher sensitivity to variations in initial costs compared to regular structures, which are mainly buildings above 13 stories. We also show that reducing the LCCs of irregular structures requires a higher increase in the initial cost compared to regular structures; for example, in the regular and irregular 13-story structures, a 17% increase in the initial cost resulted in approximately 48% and 40% reductions in the LCCs, respectively. Overall, our results confirm that the long-term costs of irregular structures are more than those of regular ones; this is an important finding that should be considered for the seismic design of tall irregular structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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19 pages, 6311 KiB  
Article
Full-Scale Lateral Load Test of Large-Diameter Drilled Shaft for Building Construction on Marine Deposits
by Mintae Kim, Youngsang Kim and Junyoung Ko
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2596; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092596 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
The construction of buildings and infrastructure on marine deposits is challenging. The impact of the horizontal behavior of structures on reclaimed areas is critical. This study investigated the behavior of laterally loaded drilled shafts in marine deposits through a comprehensive analysis and full-scale [...] Read more.
The construction of buildings and infrastructure on marine deposits is challenging. The impact of the horizontal behavior of structures on reclaimed areas is critical. This study investigated the behavior of laterally loaded drilled shafts in marine deposits through a comprehensive analysis and full-scale lateral load test conducted in Songdo, South Korea. It identified various critical pile characteristics for designing and constructing architectural and civil structures in marine environments, focusing on a 2.5 m diameter, 40 m long drilled shaft. At a 900 kN design load, the test pile experienced a maximum moment of 3520.2 kN·m and a lateral deflection of 2.32 mm, with anticipated failure at a load of 1710 kN and 11.30 mm displacement. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors enabled precise displacement and strain measurements, essential for constructing accurate load–displacement curves and understanding lateral load responses. Inverse analysis with validated data from a commercial software (LPILE) showed good alignment of maximum moment and displacement but highlighted challenges at failure loads. The study developed depth-dependent p-y curves for marine deposits, crucial for predicting soil–pile interaction and optimizing shaft design. Practical implications include using derived p-y curves and an empirical equation using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results to predict the coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction (kh) with high accuracy. Overall, this research emphasizes the importance of advanced instrumentation and analytical techniques for optimizing drilled shaft design and ensuring structural stability in challenging marine geological conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Foundation Engineering for Building Structures)
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17 pages, 13539 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Impact of Geotextile Incorporation on the Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer
by Wei Zhou, Xiujie Zhang, Hongzhong Li, Rongtao Yan, Xianlun Huang, Jianjun Gan, Jinping Zhang, Xiaoyong Cheng, Junhong Yuan and Bingxiang Yuan
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2595; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092595 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Abstract
Geopolymers assume an irreplaceable position in the engineering field on account of their numerous merits, such as durability and high temperature resistance. Nevertheless, geopolymers also demonstrate brittleness. In this study, geotextiles with different layers were added to geopolymer to study its compressive strength [...] Read more.
Geopolymers assume an irreplaceable position in the engineering field on account of their numerous merits, such as durability and high temperature resistance. Nevertheless, geopolymers also demonstrate brittleness. In this study, geotextiles with different layers were added to geopolymer to study its compressive strength and stability. Laboratory materials such as alkali activators, geotextiles and granite residual soil (GRS) were utilized. The samples were characterized via XRD, TG-DTG, SEM-EDS and FT-IR. The results indicate that the toughness of geopolymer is significantly enhanced by adding geotextiles, and the strength increase is most obvious when adding one layer of geotextile: the strength increased from 2.57 Mpa to 3.26 Mpa on the 14th day, an increase of 27%. Additionally, the D-W cycle has a great influence on geotextile polymers. On the 14th day, the average strength of the D-W cyclic sample (1.935 Mpa) was 1.305 Mpa smaller than that of the naturally cured sample (3.24 Mpa), and the strength decreased by 40%. These discoveries offer a novel approach for further promoting the application of geopolymers, especially in the field of foundation reinforcement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Building Materials)
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24 pages, 3063 KiB  
Review
Advancing Circular Buildings: A Review of Building Strategies for AEC Stakeholders
by Mohana Motiei, Usha Iyer-Raniga, Mary Myla Andamon and Ania Khodabakhshian
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2594; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092594 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Viewed by 72
Abstract
The uptake of a circular economy (CE) in the building sector is challenging, primarily due to the complexity associated with the design process and the dynamic interaction among architects, engineers, and construction (AEC) stakeholders. The standard and typical design process and construction methods [...] Read more.
The uptake of a circular economy (CE) in the building sector is challenging, primarily due to the complexity associated with the design process and the dynamic interaction among architects, engineers, and construction (AEC) stakeholders. The standard and typical design process and construction methods raise concerns about building life cycles. Buildings should not only fulfill current needs, but one also needs to consider how they will function in the future and throughout their lifetime. To address these complexities, early planning is required to guide designers in holistically applying systems thinking to deliver CE outcomes. This paper outlines a critical review of CE implementation in buildings, with a proposed trifecta of approaches that significantly contribute to the development of circular buildings (CBs). The findings outline a proposed visualized framework with a conceptual formula that integrates CE design strategies to simplify and enhance AEC stakeholders’ perception of the circularity sequence in buildings. By strategically integrating loop-based strategies with the value retention process (VRP) and design for X (DFX) strategies, along with efficient assessment tools and technologies, it becomes feasible to embrace a CE during the design phase. The outcome of this review informs AEC stakeholders to systematically and strategically integrate the critical dimensions of a CE throughout the building life cycle, striking a balance between environmental concern, economic value, and future needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Buildings in the Built Environment)
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21 pages, 11846 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of a Segment Fiber Model for Simulating Seismic Collapse in Steel-Reinforced Concrete Structures Using the Discrete Element Method
by Qingyu Duan, Qiang Wang and Chunxiao Yang
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2593; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092593 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Viewed by 132
Abstract
In this study to accurately simulate the entire collapse process of steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) building structures subjected to seismic actions, a segment fiber model of SRC components (SRC-SFM) was constructed based on the segment fiber model of the discrete element method (DEM) with [...] Read more.
In this study to accurately simulate the entire collapse process of steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) building structures subjected to seismic actions, a segment fiber model of SRC components (SRC-SFM) was constructed based on the segment fiber model of the discrete element method (DEM) with the introduction of steel fiber bundles. The internal steel and reinforcement fiber bundles were modeled using a uniaxial steel constitutive model, while the concrete fiber bundles were represented by a uniaxial concrete constitutive model that considered the confinement provided by the steel and stirrups. Subsequently, the hysteretic performance of the SRC components and frames was simulated, and the results indicate that the model can effectively capture their hysteretic behavior. A dynamic elastoplastic analysis was conducted on an SRC structure model, and the results obtained from the discrete element software DEM-COLLAPSE were compared with those generated using the finite element software ABAQUS6.96.9. The results indicate that when the acceleration amplitude is relatively low, the computational results are highly consistent with those of the ABAQUS6.9-SRC structural model. At higher acceleration amplitudes, while some numerical differences are observed, the overall trend of the curves re-mains consistent. This demonstrates that the results of dynamic elastic-plastic analysis obtained from DEM-COLLAPSE are of significant reference value, which lays a solid foundation for the application of DEM-COLLAPSE in subsequent collapse simulations of SRC building structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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16 pages, 8443 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Lower Suspension Point Position in Attached Cantilever Scaffold
by Shushuang Song, Ying Zhao, Fei Liang, Hu Guo, Tianhao Zhang, Pengcheng Li and Gang Xiong
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2592; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092592 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Viewed by 137
Abstract
An attached cantilever scaffold, which mainly consists of a cantilever horizontal steel beam and a diagonal bar, is a new type of cantilever scaffold. The upper end of the diagonal bar is attached to an upper floor slab by a hinge, while the [...] Read more.
An attached cantilever scaffold, which mainly consists of a cantilever horizontal steel beam and a diagonal bar, is a new type of cantilever scaffold. The upper end of the diagonal bar is attached to an upper floor slab by a hinge, while the lower end is connected to a cantilever beam. Therefore, the position of the lower suspension point has a significant impact on the overall mechanical performance. However, current research on this topic is limited. Thus, in this study, we aim to optimize the mechanical behavior by changing the lower suspension point position. An optimization methodology based on the genetic algorithm is proposed. This methodology has been demonstrated to be efficient and accurate enough to determine the optimal lower suspension point position of a diagonal bar. The effects of different beam cross-sections, diagonal bar diameters, and upper suspension point positions are further investigated. The bearing capacity is shown to improve by more than 100% and 30% for hinged and rigidly connected cantilever beams when the proposed optimization methodology is adopted. The analysis in this study can serve as a reference for the optimal design of an attached cantilever scaffold and can provide a theoretical basis for developing related design software. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Industrialization and Intelligence in Building Structures)
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21 pages, 6203 KiB  
Article
Novel Multi-Vibration Resonator with Wide Low-Frequency Bandgap for Rayleigh Waves Attenuation
by Hui Jiang, Chunfeng Zhao, Yingjie Chen and Jian Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2591; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092591 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024
Viewed by 152
Abstract
Rayleigh waves are vertically elliptical surface waves traveling along the ground surface, which have been demonstrated to pose potential damage to buildings. However, traditional seismic barriers have limitations of high-frequency narrow bandgap or larger volume, which have constraints on the application in practical [...] Read more.
Rayleigh waves are vertically elliptical surface waves traveling along the ground surface, which have been demonstrated to pose potential damage to buildings. However, traditional seismic barriers have limitations of high-frequency narrow bandgap or larger volume, which have constraints on the application in practical infrastructures. Thus, a new type seismic metamaterial needs to be further investigated to generate wide low-frequency bandgaps. Firstly, a resonator with a three-vibrator is proposed to effectively attenuate the Rayleigh waves. The attenuation characteristics of the resonator are investigated through theoretical and finite element methods, respectively. The theoretical formulas of the three-vibrator resonator are established based on the local resonance and mass-spring theories, which can generate wide low-frequency bandgaps. Subsequently, the frequency bandgaps of the resonator are calculated by the finite element software COMSOL5.6 based on the theoretical model and Floquet–Bloch theory with a wide ultra-low-frequency bandgap in 4.68–22.01 Hz. Finally, the transmission spectrum and time history analysis are used to analyze the influences of soil and material damping on the attenuation effect of resonators. The results indicate that the resonator can generate wide low-frequency bandgaps from 4.68 Hz to 22.01 Hz and the 10-cycle resonators could effectively attenuate Raleigh waves. Furthermore, the soil damping can effectively attenuate seismic waves in a band from 1.96 Hz to 20 Hz, whereas the material of the resonator has little effect on the propagation of the seismic waves. These results show that this resonator can be used to mitigate Rayleigh waves and provide a reference for the design of surface waves barrier structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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