Durability of Manufactured-Sand-Reinforced Concrete and Its Wet Joint Prepared in Plateau Environment under Corrosion, Freeze–Thaw Cycle and Their Coupling Effect
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Design
2.1. Experimental Materials
2.2. Preparation of Specimens and Test Method
2.3. Test Indices
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Corrosion Effect
3.1.1. Crack Development on the Specimen Surface
3.1.2. Corrosion of Steel Bars
3.1.3. Mechanical Properties of Corroded Steel Bars
3.2. Freeze–Thaw Cycle
3.2.1. Surface Morphology
3.2.2. Mass Loss Rate
3.2.3. Relative Dynamic Elastic Modulus
3.3. Coupling Effect of Corrosion and Freeze–Thaw Cycle
3.3.1. Crack Development on the Specimen Surface
3.3.2. Corrosion of Steel Bars
3.3.3. Section Loss of Steel Bar
3.3.4. Mechanical Properties of Corroded Steel Bars
3.3.5. Microstructure Analysis of Concrete
3.4. Discussion
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- In the single corrosion test, the width of crack development in concrete, the increase in the actual corrosion rates of steel bars and the degradation of mechanical properties of steel bars for IF and PI specimens below the theoretical corrosion rate of 6% were relatively slow, but once the theoretical corrosion rate exceeded 6%, these began to accelerate. The average crack width of concrete, the actual corrosion rate of the steel bars and the yield and ultimate strengths of steel bars in IF and PI specimens at the theoretical corrosion rate of 6% were all similar;
- (2)
- The IF specimens showed better frost resistance than the PI specimens. At fewer than 50 freeze–thaw cycles, the difference in frost resistance between IF and PI specimens was small. After 50 freeze–thaw cycles, the difference increased notably. When the number of freeze–thaw cycles reached 100, concrete spalling on the surfaces of specimens was more serious, and micro-cracks appeared at the joint interfaces of the PI specimen. The frost resistance of the PI specimen decreased due to the existence of the wet joint.
- (3)
- Both IF and PI specimens produce longitudinal cracks under the action of freeze–thaw–corrosion. PI specimens produced transverse cracks and the cracks with the maximum width were near to the joint interfaces. Compared with the IF specimen, the average crack width of the PI specimen increased by 0–22.54% (average: 12.38%), and the maximum crack width increased by 12.16–21.95% (average: 14.85%);
- (4)
- With the increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles, the deviation between the actual corrosion rate and the theoretical corrosion rate of steel bars increased. The maximum section loss of the IF specimen developed relatively randomly, while that of the PI specimen was mainly concentrated at the joint interfaces, which is consistent with the distribution of surface cracks. Compared with the IF specimens, the average decreases in nominal yield strength, nominal ultimate strength and elongation in the PI specimens after freeze–thaw cycling and corrosion were 7.65%, 6.18% and 25.92%, respectively. The combined effect of freeze–thaw cycling and corrosion had a great influence on the ductility of the steel bars;
- (5)
- As the number of freeze–thaw cycles increased, the internal structure of the concrete in the specimens subjected to the coupled effects of freeze–thawing and corrosion became loose and porous, and the number of cracks increased significantly. The internal compactness of the PI specimen was looser than that of the IF specimen. The changes in the microstructures of specimens under freeze–thaw–corrosion were consistent with the law of macroscopic durability;
- (6)
- The quantitative results derived in this study can provide the basis of reasonable suggestions regarding the promising application of manufactured sand concrete in engineering practice in plateau environments. In future research, these methods (promoting the bonding property of joint interface, extending the transmission path of erosion ions, and enhancing the protection of steel bars) can be used to improve the durability of wet joints and their internal steel bars. The specific methods include chamfering the joint surfaces, locally coating the steel bars at the joints, and standardizing the quality of treatment of joint interfaces.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cementitious Materials | Manufactured Sand | Crushed Stone | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Particle Size (mm) | Apparent Density (kg/m3) | Bulk Density (kg/m3) | Fineness Modulus | Methylene Blue (MB) Value | Particle Size (mm) | Apparent Density (kg/m3) | Bulk Density (kg/m3) | |
P·O 42.5 OPC, grade I fly ash | 0.35–0.50 | 2620 | 1510 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 5–20 | 2735 | 1590 |
Normal Consistency (%) | Setting Time (min) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial Setting | Final Setting | 3 d | 28 d | 3 d | 28 d | |
26.7 | 124 | 193 | 6.9 | 9.4 | 32.1 | 61.1 |
Type | Diameter (mm) | Cross-Section Area (mm2) | Average Rib Height (mm) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Ultimate Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HRB400 | 12 | 113 | 1.0 | 455 | 611.5 | 18.4 |
Strength Grade | Water–Binder Ratio | Cement (kg/m3) | Fly Ash (kg/m3) | Manufactured Sand (kg/m3) | Crushed Stone (kg/m3) | Water (kg/m3) | Water Reducer (kg/m3) | Test Value of Compressive Strength (MPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NP | LP | ||||||||
C50 | 0.30 | 336 | 144 | 673 | 1097 | 145 | 4.64 | 54.7 | 51.3 |
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Guo, X.; Chen, K.; Wang, H.; Fang, N.; Yu, K.; Zhuang, F. Durability of Manufactured-Sand-Reinforced Concrete and Its Wet Joint Prepared in Plateau Environment under Corrosion, Freeze–Thaw Cycle and Their Coupling Effect. Buildings 2024, 14, 2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092697
Guo X, Chen K, Wang H, Fang N, Yu K, Zhuang F. Durability of Manufactured-Sand-Reinforced Concrete and Its Wet Joint Prepared in Plateau Environment under Corrosion, Freeze–Thaw Cycle and Their Coupling Effect. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092697
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Xiaoyu, Kai Chen, Hailiang Wang, Naren Fang, Kang Yu, and Fengming Zhuang. 2024. "Durability of Manufactured-Sand-Reinforced Concrete and Its Wet Joint Prepared in Plateau Environment under Corrosion, Freeze–Thaw Cycle and Their Coupling Effect" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092697