Thermal Environments of Residential Areas: Sunlight and Building Shadow in a Chinese City with Hot and Humid Summers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. City-Scale Climate Analysis
2.3. Block-Scale Microclimate Simulation Study
2.3.1. Building Orientations
2.3.2. Building Height and Base Areas
2.3.3. Surface and Vegetation
2.3.4. Data Input and Simulation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. City-Level Climate Analysis
3.2. Residential Blocks Classification
3.3. Validation Analysis for the Simulation Study
3.4. The Impact of Building Orientations on Air Temperature
3.5. The Impact of Building Heights and Base Areas on Air Temperature
3.6. The Impacts of Surface Materials on Air Temperature in Sun-Lit and Shadow Areas
4. Residential Area Planning and Regeneration Suggestions
4.1. Spatial Layouts
4.2. Architectural Forms
- For multistory row-pattern residential buildings, the building height can be appropriately increased without affecting the required sunshine spacing;
- In the layout of high-rise point-pattern blocks, the base areas of the buildings can have a considerable impact on the size of the buildings’ shadows. In many cases of this block type, buildings can be very tall but not very long. Thus, priority can be given to increasing the building length for the purpose of maximizing shadow areas. In high-rise row-pattern blocks, the building lengths can be very long in many cases. The height of the buildings may have a greater impact on the size of the building shadow. Therefore, the optimum combination of building height and building area should be reasonably selected based on the real situation;
- When the height and base area of the building cannot be changed, shading devices can be added to the building and on the ground to increase the shaded areas, e.g., human-made smart urban trees [33]. Under the irradiation of sunlight, the shadow area can also be increased.
4.3. Underlying Surface Materials
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Building Height | Minimum Spacing |
---|---|
Low-rise buildings and multistory buildings | ≥1.1H; ≥9 m |
High-rise buildings ≤ 50 m | ≥22 + 0.2H; ≥29.7 m |
50 m < High-rise buildings ≤ 100 m | ≥27 + 0.1H |
The first set of models: Jianfayangxi, FAR = 4.94 | The second model: Zhongtianfengjing, FAR = 3.83 | |||||
Model a | Model b | Model c | Model d | Model e | Model f | |
Building height | 90 m | 80 m | 70 m | 60 m | 50 m | 40 m |
Building density | 16% | 18% | 21% | 25% | 23% | 29% |
Building distance | 36 m | 35 m | 34 m | 33 m | 32 m | 30 m |
The third group of models: Kedajingyuan, building density = 33% | ||||||
Model g | Model h | Model i | ||||
Building height | 18 m | 15 m | 12 m | |||
Floor-area ratio | 2.00 | 1.67 | 1.33 | |||
Building distance | 20 m | 20 m | 20 m |
Simulation Duration | Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity (%) | Average Wind Speed (m/s) | Average Wind Direction (°) |
---|---|---|---|---|
From 10:00 to 16:00 | 32.3 (10:00) | 62.7 (10:00) | 1.29 | 213 |
32.7 (11:00) | 60.9 (11:00) | |||
33.3 (12:00) | 58.2 (12:00) | |||
34.6 (13:00) | 57.5 (13:00) | |||
33.5 (14:00) | 58.6 (14:00) | |||
33.7 (15:00) | 57.1 (15:00) | |||
34.2 (16:00) | 55.1 (16:00) |
Meteorological Parameter | Accuracy | Resolution | Measuring Range |
---|---|---|---|
Air temperature | ±0.5 °C | 0.1 °C | −29.0~+70.0 °C |
Relative humidity | ±2%RH | 0.1%RH | 5.0~95.0% RH non-condensing |
Wind speed | Better than reading ± 3% | 0.1 m/s | 0.4~40.0 m/s |
Wind direction | ±5° | 1° | —— |
Time | From 10:00 to 23:00 on 10 July 2022 | From 9:00 to 18:00 28 June 2023 | From 5:00 16 July 2024 to 17:00 16 July 2024 |
---|---|---|---|
R2 | 0.82 (p < 0.05) | 0.79 (p < 0.05) | 0.59 (p < 0.05) |
RMSE (°C) | 2.6 | 3.6 | 1.8 |
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Liu, J.; Tang, H.; Zheng, B. Thermal Environments of Residential Areas: Sunlight and Building Shadow in a Chinese City with Hot and Humid Summers. Buildings 2024, 14, 2730. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092730
Liu J, Tang H, Zheng B. Thermal Environments of Residential Areas: Sunlight and Building Shadow in a Chinese City with Hot and Humid Summers. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2730. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092730
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Junyou, Haifang Tang, and Bohong Zheng. 2024. "Thermal Environments of Residential Areas: Sunlight and Building Shadow in a Chinese City with Hot and Humid Summers" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2730. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092730