Experimental Analysis of Shear-Strengthened RC Beams with Jute and Jute–Glass Hybrid FRPs Using the EBR Technique
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. State of the Art: Jute Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (JFRP) as a Strengthening Material for Concrete Beams
3. Design Codes
4. Experimental Program
5. Results
5.1. Flexural Response of the Strengthened Beams
5.2. Failure Modes
5.3. Vertical Displacements
5.4. Crack Width
5.5. Strain in the FRP
5.6. Code Results
6. Conclusions
- Using natural jute fibres and a hybrid composite containing jute and glass fibres externally bonded to reinforced concrete beams effectively increased their shear strength and ductility;
- Unlike beams strengthened with synthetic and hybrid EB FRP, which often exhibited premature shear failures due to the detachment or debonding of the FRP strips, beams reinforced with pure jute fibres showed a different trend. They demonstrated the potential to develop their full capacity, with shear occurring after the FRP’s tensile failure;
- The literature review revealed limited experimental results related to using natural fibres or hybrid composites to strengthen concrete structures in shear. As some of the tested beams strengthened with hybrid composites showed premature FRP debonding failure, it is crucial to conduct further tests to thoroughly evaluate the design recommendations outlined in ACI or fib technical bulletins;
- To confirm the efficiency of JFRP and hybrid FRP as shear reinforcements and the safety of the design recommendations, further tests should be carried out investigating FRP bond strength with concrete with different fibre combinations, shear strengthening in beams with stirrups, and different shear reinforcement ratios, as well as durability tests.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Glossary
av | Shear span of beams |
bw | Base width of beam |
csg | Strain gauges in the concrete |
d | Beam effective depth |
fc | Concrete compressive strength based on cylinder test |
ff | Rupture stress of FRP |
fsg | Strain gauges in the FRP strips |
fys | Yielding strength of steel rebar |
hf | Height of FRP |
le | Maximum bond length |
sf | Spacing between strip |
ssg | Strain gauges in the steel rebar |
wf | Width of FRP |
w | Crack width |
As | Sectional area of steel rebar |
Ec | Young’s modulus of concrete |
Ef | Young’s modulus of FRP |
Es | Young’s modulus of steel rebar |
VR | Strengthened beam’s shear capacity |
VRc | The shear strength exhibited by concrete |
VRf | FRP’s contribution to shear in RC beams |
α | Angle of FRP to the beam longitudinal axis |
δ | Deflection |
ε | Strain |
εcu | Ultimate strain in concrete |
εys | Flexural reinforcement yielding strain |
γ | Density of fibres |
θ | Strut angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the beam |
ρ | Flexural reinforcement ratio |
μ | Average |
ν | Efficiency factor for strut |
σ | Standard deviations |
ψf | Additional reduction factors for FRP shear reinforcement |
ω | Grammage of fibre fabric |
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Equations |
---|
Design Code | Equations |
---|---|
fib | |
ACI |
Beam | bw (mm) | d (mm) | ρ (%) | FRP Characteristics | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tf (mm) | CFRP Layers | Vf,C (%) | GFRP Layers | Vf,G (%) | JFRP Layers | Vf,J (%) | FRP layers | Vf (%) | Ef (GPa) | ft (MPa) | wf (mm) | ||||
Ref. | 147 | 267 | 1.56 | - | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - | - | - |
C | 160 | 271 | 1.42 | 0.6 | 1 | 30.4 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 1 | 30.4 | 56.9 | 1253.0 | 60 |
GG | 145 | 270 | 1.57 | 0.6 | - | 0.0 | 2 | 30.7 | - | 0.0 | 2 | 30.7 | 13.6 | 174.8 | 125 |
JGJ | 152 | 262 | 1.54 | 2.4 | - | 0.0 | 1 | 14.8 | 2 | 3.8 | 3 | 18.6 | 2.8 | 58.9 | 130 |
GJGJ | 153 | 268 | 1.50 | 2.9 | - | 0.0 | 2 | 12.3 | 2 | 6.3 | 4 | 18.6 | 3.8 | 86.1 | 90 |
JJ | 150 | 271 | 1.51 | 2.4 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 2 | 14.8 | 2 | 14.8 | 2.5 | 16.7 | 160 |
JJJ | 161 | 264 | 1.44 | 2.9 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 3 | 18.4 | 3 | 18.4 | 2.2 | 24.4 | 120 |
Beam | d (mm) | ρ (%) | Vu (kN) | Vf (kN) | Vu/VREF | Vu/Vflex | ffe.ACI (MPa) | ffe.fib (MPa) | Vu/VR.ACI | Vu/VR.fib | Failure Mode * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ref. | 267 | 1.56 | 73.0 | - | 1.00 | 0.66 | 2.05 | 1.51 | S | ||
C | 271 | 1.42 | 104.0 | 31.0 | 1.42 | 0.91 | 227.6 | 119.0 | 2.16 | 9.56 | S + DB |
GG | 270 | 1.57 | 80.5 | 7.5 | 1.10 | 0.72 | 54.4 | 16.6 | 1.75 | 12.30 | S + DB |
JGJ | 262 | 1.54 | 73.5 | 0.5 | 1.01 | 0.67 | 11.2 | 6.0 | 1.58 | 6.14 | S + DB + PCD |
GJGJ | 268 | 1.50 | 96.6 | 23.6 | 1.32 | 0.87 | 15.2 | 8.4 | 2.03 | 7.58 | S + DB |
JJ | 271 | 1.51 | 108.6 | 35.6 | 1.49 | 0.96 | 10.0 | 1.6 | 2.31 | 31.33 | S + FRP F |
JJJ | 264 | 1.44 | 90.1 | 17.1 | 1.23 | 0.81 | 8.8 | 2.3 | 1.87 | 15.84 | S + FRP F + DB |
μ | 1.96 | 12.04 | |||||||||
σ | 0.25 | 9.65 |
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Maciel, L.P.; Leão Júnior, P.S.B.; Pereira Filho, M.J.M.; El Banna, W.R.; Fujiyama, R.T.; Ferreira, M.P.; Lima Neto, A.F. Experimental Analysis of Shear-Strengthened RC Beams with Jute and Jute–Glass Hybrid FRPs Using the EBR Technique. Buildings 2024, 14, 2893. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092893
Maciel LP, Leão Júnior PSB, Pereira Filho MJM, El Banna WR, Fujiyama RT, Ferreira MP, Lima Neto AF. Experimental Analysis of Shear-Strengthened RC Beams with Jute and Jute–Glass Hybrid FRPs Using the EBR Technique. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2893. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092893
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaciel, Luciana P., Paulo S. B. Leão Júnior, Manoel J. M. Pereira Filho, Wassim R. El Banna, Roberto T. Fujiyama, Maurício P. Ferreira, and Aarão F. Lima Neto. 2024. "Experimental Analysis of Shear-Strengthened RC Beams with Jute and Jute–Glass Hybrid FRPs Using the EBR Technique" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2893. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092893