Social Sciences

18 pages, 371 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dialogue with Avatars in Simulation-Based Social Work Education: A Scoping Review

by Åsa Vidman and Pia Tham

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110628 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 600

Virtual reality provides students with the opportunity to have simulated experiences in a safe setting and is mostly used to teach direct practice skills. One of the most advanced ways of using virtual simulation in social work education is to interact with avatars. [...] Read more.

Virtual reality provides students with the opportunity to have simulated experiences in a safe setting and is mostly used to teach direct practice skills. One of the most advanced ways of using virtual simulation in social work education is to interact with avatars. Aim: The overall aim of this scoping review was to find out what is known about the use of dialogue with avatars in virtual reality in simulation-based social work education. Materials: Using Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework, 11 articles were included in this review. Results: The skills taught with the avatars varied, as did the ways of preparing students for the sessions. The training was assessed as meaningful learning in a safe and comfortable environment, offering an opportunity to train in practical skills. According to the pre- and post-tests, in several studies the students’ skills seemed to have improved after the training. The qualitative data also pointed to skill developments. Conclusion: Training with avatars seems to be a useful way of preparing students for their future profession and seems to hold great potential in preparing students for demanding situations that cannot be easily trained for in a classroom. The results also point to technical elements that would benefit from development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Intervention for Advancing Social Work and Welfare Education)

13 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Education as a Determinant of Tolerance

by Sanghoon Lee

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110627 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 459

Abstract

This study empirically examines the relationship between education and tolerance for sexual minorities. The empirical results provide support for the positive effect of education on tolerance towards sexual minorities, with this effect being particularly pronounced in high-income countries. This study makes a contribution [...] Read more.

This study empirically examines the relationship between education and tolerance for sexual minorities. The empirical results provide support for the positive effect of education on tolerance towards sexual minorities, with this effect being particularly pronounced in high-income countries. This study makes a contribution to the literature by employing robust methodologies. This empirical analysis utilizes country-level panel data and the concept of institutionalized tolerance, and employs various panel regression and machine learning techniques. Full article

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22 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dynamics of Humanitarian Diplomacy During Wartime: Insights from Tigray Crisis in Ethiopia

by Mulubrhan Atsbaha Geremedhn and Hafte Gebreselassie Gebrihet

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110626 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 4648

Abstract

This study examines the role of humanitarian diplomacy during the Tigray humanitarian crisis in Ethiopia, a humanitarian disaster marked by severe shortages in food, healthcare, and essential services that deeply affect civilians. A qualitative approach using both primary and secondary data grounds the [...] Read more.

This study examines the role of humanitarian diplomacy during the Tigray humanitarian crisis in Ethiopia, a humanitarian disaster marked by severe shortages in food, healthcare, and essential services that deeply affect civilians. A qualitative approach using both primary and secondary data grounds the study by exploring key actors in humanitarian diplomacy, their successes, and barriers to aid delivery. Humanitarian actors, such as UN agencies, international NGOs, donor countries, the EU, the US, and the African Union, have engaged with the Ethiopian government, the TPLF, and the Tigray Transitional Government to alleviate the crisis. Notable achievements in humanitarian diplomacy include negotiations, information gathering, communication, civilian needs assessment, resource mobilization, advocacy for international law, and distressed civilians. Humanitarian diplomacy has facilitated international aid operations, saving lives during critical periods, despite practical difficulties. Diplomatic efforts have faced significant interruptions due to access restrictions imposed by the Ethiopian government, security threats from ongoing fighting leading to attacks on aid convoys and casualties among aid workers, and bureaucratic obstacles imposed by the Ethiopian government. This study highlights the necessity for effective humanitarian diplomacy in accounting for complex political landscapes in conflict-affected regions, developing flexible strategies that enhance access to aid, and improving humanitarian interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Democracy, Politics and Innovation, and Social Integration in the Contemporary World)

19 pages, 461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discovering the Hidden Work of Commodified Care: The Case of Early Childhood Educators

by Frances Press, Michael Bittman, Linda Joan Harrison, Judith E. Brown, Sandie Wong and Megan Gibson

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110625 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 597

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention to the care economy, including commodified early childhood education and care (ECEC). While there is some literature about the low paid, invisible, and undervalued skills among the predominantly female workforce in the ECEC sector, there is little [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention to the care economy, including commodified early childhood education and care (ECEC). While there is some literature about the low paid, invisible, and undervalued skills among the predominantly female workforce in the ECEC sector, there is little research into what these educators do in their working day and how this contributes to quality education and care for young children. This article provides a detailed examination of ten defined domains of ECEC work tasks, derived from data generated by educators’ use of ‘intensive hour’ time-diary methodology. The results reveal that the outstanding characteristics of this occupation are multi-tasking and the rapid switching of tasks as educators manage diverse expectations arising from work with groups of very young children, families, other staff, and meeting legislated responsibilities. Drawing on William J. Baumol’s economic theory, we consider the implications for productivity and cost tensions in ECEC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Work, Employment and the Labor Market)

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17 pages, 1584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Race/Ethnicity and Homeownership in an Emerging Immigrant Gateway of the US Southeast: A Neighborhood Scale Analysis

by Madhuri Sharma

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110624 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 559

Abstract

Owning a home has become a distant, often unattainable dream for many Americans since the 2007–2009 recession. The shortage of homes has decreased affordability, forcing 43 million U.S. households to become renters rather than owners. Racially targeted policies and widespread discrimination, coupled with [...] Read more.

Owning a home has become a distant, often unattainable dream for many Americans since the 2007–2009 recession. The shortage of homes has decreased affordability, forcing 43 million U.S. households to become renters rather than owners. Racially targeted policies and widespread discrimination, coupled with neoliberal urban renewal policies, have forced communities of color, especially immigrants and the foreign-born, at the greatest disadvantage in homeownership. This paper examines tract-scale disparities in homeownership across major racial/ethnic groups. Using the U.S. Census Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) 2019 definition of the 13-county-metropolitan statistical area (MSA) of Nashville, Tennessee, as the study area, I use five-year American Community Survey (ACS) (2015–2019) data estimates to examine the spatial disparity in homeownership and its predictors. Nashville MSA is one of the fastest-growing southern gateways, and it is also the largest, most diverse, and most intermixed metropolis in Tennessee. It contains higher than the state’s overall share of foreign-born, and during 2019–2040, its share of immigrants is projected to grow by 40.7%, making it the best-suited laboratory for race/immigrant-focused research on housing. This analysis finds significant differences in race-based mean per-capita income, with Whites ($32,522) and Asians ($32,556) at the top, whereas Blacks ($25,062) and Hispanics ($20,091) are at the lowest. The ratio of race-based per-capita-income-versus-median housing values is the highest for Whites (15.19) and Asians (15.07) and the lowest for Blacks (11.49) and Hispanics (9.27), putting these two groups as the most disadvantaged regarding their affordability. Regression models suggest lower White homeownership in higher diversity tracts among foreign-born-not-citizens (FBNCs), whereas Black and Hispanic homeownerships are higher in tracts with higher diversity among FBNCs. Interestingly, Asian homeownership is high in tracts with high-income Black tracts, pointing toward the increasing significance of class. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immigration, Ethnic Residential Segregation or (vs.) Socioeconomic Integration in Urban Areas)

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14 pages, 715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Anxiety in Middle-Aged and Older European Adults: A Machine Learning Comparative Study

by Stephen R. Aichele

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110623 - 17 Nov 2024

Viewed by 566

Abstract

Anxiety in older adults is a prevalent yet under-recognized condition associated with significant societal and individual burdens. This study used a machine learning approach to compare the relative importance of 57 risk and protective factors for anxiety symptoms in a population-representative sample of [...] Read more.

Anxiety in older adults is a prevalent yet under-recognized condition associated with significant societal and individual burdens. This study used a machine learning approach to compare the relative importance of 57 risk and protective factors for anxiety symptoms in a population-representative sample of middle-aged and older European adults (N = 65,684; ages 45–103 years; 55.7% women; 15 countries represented). The results revealed loneliness and self-rated poor health as primary risk factors (Nagelkerke R² = 0.272), with additional predictive contributions from country of residence, functional limitations, financial distress, and family care burden. Notably, follow-up analysis showed that none of the 16 social network variables were associated with loneliness; rather, cohabitating with a partner/spouse was most strongly associated with reduced loneliness. Further research is needed to elucidate directional associations between loneliness and anxiety (both general and sub-types). These findings underscore the imperative of addressing loneliness for mitigating anxiety and related mental health conditions among aging populations. Full article

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16 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing the Shortage of Special Education Teachers of Color: Implications for Teacher Education Programs and K-12 Systems

by Doreen N. Myrie, Nicci T. Dowd and Michelle D. Latiker

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110622 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 608

Abstract

A critical shortage of special education teachers persists nationwide, challenging the realization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) mandate of providing Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) for students with disabilities. Exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, this shortage disproportionately affects teachers [...] Read more.

A critical shortage of special education teachers persists nationwide, challenging the realization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) mandate of providing Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) for students with disabilities. Exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, this shortage disproportionately affects teachers of color. Moreover, it extends beyond K-12 systems, impacting special education educator preparation programs, where faculties are often drawn from practicing teachers pursuing advanced degrees. This paper delineates the multifaceted implications of the shortage of special education teachers of color in both teacher education programs and K-12 systems. Emphasizing the indispensable role and specialized skill set of special educators, we offer strategies to mitigate this crisis, including improvements in preparation, recruitment, and retention efforts. Anticipating a diverse readership encompassing teacher education programs, K-12 administrators, teachers, and education policymakers, we aim to foster awareness, prompt dialog, and inspire actionable steps to address this pressing issue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Equity: Services for Disabled Children and Youth)

16 pages, 359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Income on Family Care Organization in Mexico: An Analysis Based on Data from the Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso y Gasto de los Hogares (ENIGH) from 2010 to 2020

by Odra A. Saucedo-Delgado, María Rosa Nieto and Marcela De-La-Sota-Riva-Echánove

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110621 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 513

Abstract

This article examines the impact of income level on family care organizations in Mexico to elucidate how families apportion care responsibilities according to their economic standing. The study design employed a quantitative approach, utilizing two distinct methodologies to construct two indices: one representing [...] Read more.

This article examines the impact of income level on family care organizations in Mexico to elucidate how families apportion care responsibilities according to their economic standing. The study design employed a quantitative approach, utilizing two distinct methodologies to construct two indices: one representing the time devoted to care and the other representing care transferred to the market. Factor analysis converts minutes and hours into a time index and transforms the number of domestic workers and health and hospital expenses into a market index. A regression model estimates the effect of income on these indices, aiming to analyze the relationship between income and spending on health and services and between income and time spent on home care. The results are based on data from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) 2010–2020, using a nationally representative sample of 81 thousand dwellings. The data analysis concluded that households with higher incomes spend a more significant proportion of their expenditure on domestic care-paid services and have greater access to professional care. In contrast, lower-income households face significant challenges due to their limited financial resources and the higher demands for unpaid care. Full article

6 pages, 182 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Asylum, Welfare and Colonialism in Europe: Who Belongs, and Who Deserves?

by Olga Jubany and Lucy Mayblin

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110620 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1325

Abstract

For more than 30 years, public debate concerning migration and asylum in Europe has centred on the question of whether the maintenance of a robust welfare state opposes the reception of international migrants [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Colonial Legacies in Asylum and Welfare in Europe)

20 pages, 628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“A Fly in the Ointment”: The Barriers to Portuguese Female Political Participation

by Carla Cerqueira, Sónia Lamy and Diana Choi Loureiro

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110619 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 904

Abstract

The latest data from the Gender Equality Index ranks Portugal 10th in female political power. Despite a larger female resident population, parity in access to power and decision-making remains limited. Research on local political power reveals low female representation within parties and a [...] Read more.

The latest data from the Gender Equality Index ranks Portugal 10th in female political power. Despite a larger female resident population, parity in access to power and decision-making remains limited. Research on local political power reveals low female representation within parties and a lack of motivation to recruit or affiliate women. This study utilizes thematic analysis eight interviews with women in political leadership positions to identify barriers to female political participation in the Portuguese context. Key questions addressed include the following: How do media representation, role models, stereotypes, and cultural norms impact the political arena? Is it the lack of representation that deters women, or does the political environment alienate them? The analysis explores how media portrayal, stereotypes, double standards, scrutiny, and cultural norms interconnect, perpetuating the political arena as a male-dominated space, thereby marginalizing women politicians. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender Equality in the Workplace: Theory and Practice for Decent Work and a Climate of Inclusion)

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26 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Biggest Decision of Your Life(Time)? Examining the Politics of Married at First Sight

by Samantha Majic and Zein Murib

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110618 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 3363

Abstract

Lifetime’s “Married at First Sight” (MAFS) aired its seventeenth season in 2024, averaging 2.58 million viewers per weekly episode. In this paper, we ask, how does MAFS reflect and intervene in contemporary marriage politics, particularly regarding race, gender, class, and sexuality [...] Read more.

Lifetime’s “Married at First Sight” (MAFS) aired its seventeenth season in 2024, averaging 2.58 million viewers per weekly episode. In this paper, we ask, how does MAFS reflect and intervene in contemporary marriage politics, particularly regarding race, gender, class, and sexuality in the U.S.? To answer this question, we draw on scholarship about marriage as a political institution, and on reality TV as a window into contemporary socio-economic issues. Using interpretive, feminist methods of analysis, we find that MAFS reflects and intervenes in contemporary marriage politics by offering viewers a very traditional and exclusionary version of the institution at a time when it and everything else (reproductive rights and same-sex marriages, to name just two examples) is in flux. However, even as it attempts to offer a “balm” to all of this upheaval, in practice, the show’s “experimental results” offer something more complex, which both reflects the contemporary realities of marriage and attracts viewers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Marriage in the Twenty-First Century)

19 pages, 347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Our Needs Our Solutions”: Workshop with Migrant Adolescents on Their Emotional and Relational Needs

by Elena Rodríguez-Ventosa Herrera, María Angustias Roldán Franco and Isabel Muñoz-San Roque

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110617 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 604

Abstract

Migrant adolescents face unique emotional and relational challenges that can hinder their well-being and development. While prior research has identified many of these challenges, there is limited work exploring migrant adolescents’ perspectives on their needs. This study aims to bridge that gap by [...] Read more.

Migrant adolescents face unique emotional and relational challenges that can hinder their well-being and development. While prior research has identified many of these challenges, there is limited work exploring migrant adolescents’ perspectives on their needs. This study aims to bridge that gap by adopting a participatory approach to investigate the emotional and relational needs of migrant adolescents in Spain and the solutions they propose to address them. Using Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory as the theoretical framework, we conducted qualitative participatory research with migrant adolescents. They identified their emotional and relational needs, which were categorised into six thematic areas distributed across the ecological levels. The themes include supporting their families, receiving recognition and emotional support from relatives, improving school and societal experiences, learning the host language, gaining empathy from the local population, and regularising their legal status. The key actors identified to help meet their needs include parents, teachers, peers, society, and policymakers. The participants proposed self-directed solutions to these challenges, such as fostering peer relationships and advocating for policy reforms. The findings suggest that migrant adolescents have valuable insights into their emotional and relational needs, emphasising the importance of involving them in shaping interventions that support their inclusion and mental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Childhood and Rights in a Global World)

55 pages, 530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Emotional Implications of a Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis in a Retired Athlete: An Autoethnographic Approach

by Ian Guyah Low, David Lavallee and Rhiannon Lord

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110616 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 906

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to advance knowledge and understanding of the emotional implications retired athletes experience when diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This study employed an autoethnographic method to explore the consequences of living with this potentially life-threatening heart condition from a [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to advance knowledge and understanding of the emotional implications retired athletes experience when diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This study employed an autoethnographic method to explore the consequences of living with this potentially life-threatening heart condition from a first-person narrative, using the account-making model of coping and loss as framework. The results illuminate the lived experience of someone diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and subsequent forced transition out of high-performance sport. This study provides practitioners with insights into this topic so that relevant and tailored interventions can be implemented to help retiring athletes who are diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cope with the career transition process. Notably, this paper also offers a full, complete autoethnography rather than extracts of autoethnographic writing typically provided in journal articles due to formatting restrictions. Thus, we showcase the valuable contribution this methodology has to offer scholars and practitioners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalyzing Change: Social Love, Emotions and Transformations of Social Relationships)

12 pages, 649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of the Psychometric Properties of the Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory in the University Population

by Andrés Ramírez, Venus Medina-Maldonado, Luis Burgos-Benavides, Alhena L. Alfaro-Urquiola, Hugo Sinchi, Javier Herrero Díez and Fco. Javier Rodríguez-Diaz

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110615 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 928

Abstract

This study aimed to validate the psychometric properties of the Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory (CRSI) within the context of the university population in Ecuador. The CRSI measures how individuals manage interpersonal conflicts, a critical skill for university students. A sample of 746 university [...] Read more.

This study aimed to validate the psychometric properties of the Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory (CRSI) within the context of the university population in Ecuador. The CRSI measures how individuals manage interpersonal conflicts, a critical skill for university students. A sample of 746 university students from various institutions across Ecuador participated in the study. The CRSI, which categorizes conflict resolution styles into five types (competing, avoiding, accommodating, collaborating, and compromising), was translated and culturally adapted for the Ecuadorian context. Psychometric analyses, including factor analysis and reliability testing, were conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the inventory. The factor analysis supported the five-factor structure of the CRSI, confirming that the inventory is suitable for measuring distinct conflict resolution styles in this population. The inventory showed good internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values exceeding 0.70 for all subscales. Additionally, the test–retest reliability indicated stability over time. The validated CRSI provides a robust instrument for understanding and improving conflict resolution skills among university students in Ecuador, contributing to better interpersonal relationships and academic environments. Full article

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19 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cultural Studies with Communities in South Africa: Implications for Participatory Development Communication and Social Change Research

by Lauren Dyll and Keyan G. Tomaselli

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110614 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1174

Abstract

This article theorizes the role of local and indigenous culture in its intersection with development initiatives. It argues that Communication for Development and Social Change (CDSC), through a cultural studies framework, strengthens the potentiality of democratization and participation within community-based development and social [...] Read more.

This article theorizes the role of local and indigenous culture in its intersection with development initiatives. It argues that Communication for Development and Social Change (CDSC), through a cultural studies framework, strengthens the potentiality of democratization and participation within community-based development and social change settings. We advocate that applied cultural studies can facilitate agency (through voice and self-representation) in social interventions. This is a cultural studies approach that has been recontextualised from the Birmingham origin as read through Marxist development studies, first adapted and mobilized during the anti-apartheid struggle in developing cultural strategy, and more recently with efforts to indigenise research practices with research participants in the southern Kalahari. We draw on an example of the community-owned, state-funded, and privately operated !Xaus Lodge cultural tourism asset. We illustrate how CDSC strategies, influenced by applied cultural studies, can work with an agentic imperative to effect development and mutual understanding in a defined geographical area, where multiple stakeholder agendas, cultural backgrounds, and ontologies are to be negotiated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reconceptualising Communication for Development: A Critical Appraisal of the Field)

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17 pages, 3134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

University Students’ Views on the Challenges Faced by Students with Difficulties

by Sonia Ruiz de Azua, Naiara Ozamiz-Etxebarria, Maitane Picaza, Eneritz Jiménez-Etxebarria and Nahia Idoiaga

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110613 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 587

Abstract

Introduction: The pursuit of an inclusive university is rooted in the commitment to ensuring equal opportunities within the educational landscape. Over the years, the notion of “inclusion” has significantly evolved, becoming a central aspect of individual rights. This shift has led to the [...] Read more.

Introduction: The pursuit of an inclusive university is rooted in the commitment to ensuring equal opportunities within the educational landscape. Over the years, the notion of “inclusion” has significantly evolved, becoming a central aspect of individual rights. This shift has led to the development of various models and guidelines to provide equitable treatment to all students. Objectives: This study aims to explore the perceptions of students regarding inclusive education at a university in the north of Spain. It seeks to understand the reasons behind these perceptions, providing insights into the effectiveness of the current inclusion strategies. Methods: We conducted an online survey distributed across various faculties at a university in the north of Spain, with participation from 519 students. The data collected from the survey were coded and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 28 to generate descriptive and comparative statistics. Results: The findings reveal that 2.5% of the students have experienced discrimination at some point, with 2.9% attributing such discrimination to their peers. Furthermore, 25% of the respondents acknowledged the presence of discrimination initiated by the university itself. Despite these challenges, a significant majority (88.8%) recognize the importance of inclusive education. However, 43.4% of the participants noted that the attitudes of some faculty members towards inclusion were suboptimal. Additionally, 82.9% of the respondents believe in the necessity of enhancing collaboration within the entire educational community to foster better inclusion. Discussion and Conclusions: Overall, the students view the university as inclusive but identify a gap in the awareness and training necessary for achieving true equality. These findings indicate a need for heightened visibility of resources and the provision of further training and workshops. Although the response rate to the survey was relatively low, further research might benefit from engaging a broader spectrum of student voices, especially those from non-normative or divergent backgrounds, to deepen the understanding of inclusivity at the university. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Global Mental Health Trends)

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14 pages, 1897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Divorce Cooling-Off Period on Registered Divorces: Evidence from China

by Wenge Zheng, Bowen Niu and Zhenguo Chen

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110612 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 862

Abstract

The divorce rate in China has continued to rise since the 21st century. In order to reduce impulsive divorces, the divorce cooling-off period (DCOP) system was established in the Civil Code of China. The aim of this research is to examine the impact [...] Read more.

The divorce rate in China has continued to rise since the 21st century. In order to reduce impulsive divorces, the divorce cooling-off period (DCOP) system was established in the Civil Code of China. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of the DCOP on registered divorces. Data from the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Bureau of Statistics, civil affairs departments, and statistical bureaus of 31 provinces, the 2018 to 2023 editions of the China Statistical Yearbook, and the China Civil Affairs Statistical Yearbook were utilized in this work. The event study analysis reveals that the number of registered divorces decreased significantly in China after the DCOP provision’s enforcement. The ordinary least squares model indicates an average annual decrease of about 2.6 million registered divorces when the DCOP provision takes effect, and the DCOP plays a decisive role in this decrease, which suggests that the DCOP system has achieved its original intention. This research not only highlights the important role of the DCOP in reducing registered divorces but also provides insights on how to improve the DCOP system and promote the stability of marriage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Family Studies)

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23 pages, 3967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drawing a Long Shadow: Analyzing Spatial Segregation of Afghan Immigrants in Tehran

by Noureddin Farash, Rasoul Sadeghi and Hamidreza Rabiei-Dastjerdi

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110611 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 952

Abstract

Although recent dramatic political changes in Afghanistan have brought that country to global attention, migration from Afghanistan to Iran has a long history. Nearly three quarters of Afghan immigrants in Iran are located in cities, particularly in Tehran’s metropolitan area. However, despite the [...] Read more.

Although recent dramatic political changes in Afghanistan have brought that country to global attention, migration from Afghanistan to Iran has a long history. Nearly three quarters of Afghan immigrants in Iran are located in cities, particularly in Tehran’s metropolitan area. However, despite the long-term presence of Afghan immigrants in Iran, research on patterns and drivers of spatial segregation of immigrants has been very limited. The research method involves a secondary analysis of census data. Therefore, this article utilizes 2006 Iran census tract data to examine patterns of spatial segregation of Afghan immigrants in the Tehran metropolis. The required data for two-group segregation indices, Getis–Ord statistics, and Geographically Weighted Regression, were analyzed as a map using ArcMap and Geo-Segregation Analyzer. The results reveal that the spatial segregation of Afghans is high and that most live in lower-SES census tracts. Multivariable analyses indicate that the extent of segregation can be explained by education, job class, and generation status. It can be concluded that generational transition and access to human capital have reduced various indicators of spatial segregation of Afghan immigrants in Tehran. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immigration, Ethnic Residential Segregation or (vs.) Socioeconomic Integration in Urban Areas)

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16 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cultural Practices and Constitutional Rights in Widowhood: Lived Experiences of Black Widowed Women in Makapanstad Village in South Africa

by Sizakele Matlabe-Danke

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110610 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 853

Abstract

This paper aims to examine the various cultural practices that apply to widows vis à vis their constitutional rights. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as the constitution) outlines inalienable human rights that do not prescribe their [...] Read more.

This paper aims to examine the various cultural practices that apply to widows vis à vis their constitutional rights. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as the constitution) outlines inalienable human rights that do not prescribe their attainment requirements. This paper is part of a more extensive study conducted in the Gauteng province of South Africa. The research tools were piloted in Makapan village. The aim of this paper is to explain how cultural practices interact with constitutional rights and affect the lives of Black widows in Makapanstad village. The objective of the study is to describe the intersections in widowhood cultural practices, which are often not aligned with the constitution of South Africa. Qualitative research was used. Three widows were sampled in this paper. The research question that is addressed by this paper is the following: “What cultural processes in widowhood are still practiced by the community of Makapanstad that can be analyzed in line with the constitutional imperatives for the South African context?” The intersectionality theory was used in this study. Findings reveal that widowhood rites are gendered. Some Black cultural practices are embedded in culture and religion, and they undermine the constitution and human rights of widowed women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gender Studies)

20 pages, 573 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Recruitment, Affiliation, and Disengagement Among Men in Terrorist Organizations: A Systematic Review

by Licínio Zacarias Zitha, Marina Leonor Pinheiro, Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves and Sónia Caridade

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110609 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1149

Abstract

Recruitment, affiliation, and disengagement in the context of terrorist groups remain underexplored in a comprehensive, integrated manner. This systematic review is a pioneering effort to address this gap by synthesizing existing knowledge, aiming to analyze the entire trajectory of individuals within terrorist organizations—from [...] Read more.

Recruitment, affiliation, and disengagement in the context of terrorist groups remain underexplored in a comprehensive, integrated manner. This systematic review is a pioneering effort to address this gap by synthesizing existing knowledge, aiming to analyze the entire trajectory of individuals within terrorist organizations—from recruitment to disengagement—thereby providing a foundation for guiding future research. Conducted through meticulous searches across three major databases—Academic Search Complete, SCOPUS, and the Web of Science Collection—our review followed a pre-registered protocol, ultimately identifying seven studies that met the inclusion criteria. These studies encompass qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research published in peer-reviewed journals, and are accessible in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Our analysis reveals the critical influence of push and pull factors across these phases, emphasizing that retention is predominantly shaped by individual roles within terrorist organizations and the impact of governmental amnesty policies. Diverging from existing segmented approaches, our findings highlight the importance of examining recruitment, retention, and disengagement as a continuous process to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of terrorist involvement. The insights derived from this study offer valuable guidance for counterterrorism strategies, suggesting interventions targeting recruitment, retention, and recidivism by addressing these crucial factors throughout the entire lifecycle of involvement in terrorist organizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crime and Justice)

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16 pages, 1507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Alien in the Newsroom: AI Anxiety in European and American Newspapers

by Pablo Sanguinetti and Bella Palomo

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110608 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1280

Abstract

The media portrayal of artificial intelligence (AI) directly impacts how audiences conceptualize this technology and, therefore, its use, development, and regulation. This study aims to measure a key aspect of this problem: the feeling of AI anxiety conveyed by news outlets that represent [...] Read more.

The media portrayal of artificial intelligence (AI) directly impacts how audiences conceptualize this technology and, therefore, its use, development, and regulation. This study aims to measure a key aspect of this problem: the feeling of AI anxiety conveyed by news outlets that represent this technology as a sort of “alien” that is autonomous, opaque, and independent of humans. To do so, we build an AI anxiety index based on principal component analysis (PCA) and apply it to a corpus of headlines (n = 1682) about AI published before and after the launch of ChatGPT in ten newspapers: The New York Times, The Guardian, El País, Le Monde, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, San Francisco Chronicle, Manchester Evening News, La Voz de Galicia, Ouest France, and Münchner Merkur. The results show that ChatGPT not only boosted the number of AI headlines (× 5.16) but also reduced positive sentiments (−26.46%) and increased negatives (58.84%). The AI anxiety index also grew (10.59%), albeit driven by regional media (61.41%), while it fell in national media (−6.82%). Finally, the discussion of the variables that compose the index reveals the opportunities and challenges faced by national and regional media in avoiding the feeling of AI anxiety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Digital Journalism: Issues and Challenges)

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17 pages, 2742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elite Politics, Mass Discontent and Political Inequality in South Korea: Who Represents Me?

by Seungwoo Han

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110607 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1359

Abstract

In an era of heightened public skepticism toward political institutions, understanding the perceived divide between political elites and the general population has become increasingly essential. This study examines how Korean citizens perceive their political representatives, focusing on the socio-economic and demographic disparities between [...] Read more.

In an era of heightened public skepticism toward political institutions, understanding the perceived divide between political elites and the general population has become increasingly essential. This study examines how Korean citizens perceive their political representatives, focusing on the socio-economic and demographic disparities between political elites and the wider public. To achieve this, this study concentrates on three core elements: citizens’ perceptions of politicians, the social networks of elite politicians, and the socio-economic and demographic attributes of these elites in comparison to the general population. Employing a data-driven approach—including text analysis, clustering, social network analysis, and visualization techniques—this study investigates data on political elites alongside district-level data. The findings reveal significant socio-economic and demographic disparities between political elites and the public, with elites predominantly emerging from narrow backgrounds characterized by affluence, high education, and an overrepresentation of males above the age of 60. These results underscore the need for measures that promote transparency, accountability, and inclusivity within the political system, highlighting the importance of bridging the divide between political elites and the general public to cultivate a more representative and responsive political environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Contemporary Politics and Society)

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12 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seeking Asylum in the United States: Intersectional Analysis of the Experiences of Transgender Women from the Central American Northern Triangle

by Debra Rodman, Carmen Monico and Karen S. Rotabi-Casares

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110606 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1079

Abstract

The Northern Triangle countries, including El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, are sources of a significant number of asylum seekers in the United States today. This article examines the underlying societal dynamics in these countries and considers the typical profile of transgender immigrant women [...] Read more.

The Northern Triangle countries, including El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, are sources of a significant number of asylum seekers in the United States today. This article examines the underlying societal dynamics in these countries and considers the typical profile of transgender immigrant women seeking asylum in the U.S. on the legal grounds of having faced gender-based violence in their countries of origin. It analyzes the relevant international conventions as well as the social determinants of the health and mental health of transgender asylum seekers. It draws from 35 cases of transgender immigrant women subjected to child sexual abuse; sexual assault, including assault by police; and forced sex work; it reviews examples from the academic and gray literature, including a precedent-setting case heard before the Inter-American Court on Human Rights. It discusses the implications for social science professionals, including the role of experts of country conditions. It provides guidance for immigrant service providers and advocates, particularly the importance of gender-affirming policies and healthcare to this population deserving of protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Health Equity: An Intersectional Analysis of Social Determinants, Coping Mechanisms, and Well-Being among Immigrant Women)

12 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Female Offenders in Human Trafficking: Analyzing Roles in a Spanish Sample

by Andrea Giménez-Salinas

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110605 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 641

Abstract

Offenders convicted of trafficking human beings for sexual exploitation involve a high percentage of women compared to other similar offenses. Previous studies have searched for explanations for the dynamics of the illegal sex market and the coercion experienced by victims during the process [...] Read more.

Offenders convicted of trafficking human beings for sexual exploitation involve a high percentage of women compared to other similar offenses. Previous studies have searched for explanations for the dynamics of the illegal sex market and the coercion experienced by victims during the process of exploitation and exit. This article analyses the content of 58 judicial decisions involving a sample of 148 women convicted in Spain of trafficking in human beings between 2017 and 2024. Two main dimensions are explored: the criminal organizations performing the sexual exploitation phase in Spain and the characteristics, positions, and roles of women traffickers within the criminal organizations. Half of the sample occupies leadership roles, while the other half consists of supporters, especially in larger trafficking networks. Regarding the positions and roles of women offenders, supporters and partners in crime are at higher risk of being coerced due to the nature of their roles or partnerships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Tackling Organized Crime and Human Trafficking)

26 pages, 2473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

#Polarized: Gauging Potential Policy Bargaining Ranges Between Opposing Social Movements of Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter

by Jessi Hanson-DeFusco, Natalia Lamberova, Blair Mickles, Tanisha Long, Eliana Beligel, Quinten Boose, Paul Smith, Alexis McMaster and Dragana Djukic-Min

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110604 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 814

Abstract

(1) Background: Since the death of George Floyd, the social movement Black Lives Matter continues to dominate the American political psyche, not only advancing a public dialogue but also escalating the polarization of supported solutions for policing and systemic discrimination. (2) Methods: Using [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Since the death of George Floyd, the social movement Black Lives Matter continues to dominate the American political psyche, not only advancing a public dialogue but also escalating the polarization of supported solutions for policing and systemic discrimination. (2) Methods: Using a qualitative context analysis approach, we assessed over 350 sources related to social justice literature and policy-relevant documents to identify key policy solutions supported by the American Black Lives Matter movement compared to the Blue Lives Matter movement. We applied Fearon’s bargaining range of war model to analyze the extent to which the policy recommendations of these two opposing movements may overlap. The purpose was to identify and categorize agreement alternatives across various sectors. This research presents top policy solutions, assessing their bargaining ranges. (3) Results: 32 of the 36 top policy reform alternatives at the national level have sufficient bargaining ranges. This analysis indicates the importance of supporting various sectors like mental health/psychosocial policies and programs, which can (1) serve as a focal point of agreement between contending movements, and (2) decrease racial injustice through strategic bargaining. (4) Conclusions: In a divisively political landscape, it is crucial to identify starting points for negotiation among contending actors. Identifying bargaining opportunities can help seed a dialogue that may benefit all parties involved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disasters, Social Movements, Policy Responses and Sociocultural Evolution)

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24 pages, 4521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Polarization Loop: How Emotions Drive Propagation of Disinformation in Online Media—The Case of Conspiracy Theories and Extreme Right Movements in Southern Europe

by Erik Bran Marino, Jesus M. Benitez-Baleato and Ana Sofia Ribeiro

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110603 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1719

Abstract

This paper examines the influence of emotions on political polarization, looking at online propagation of conspiracy thinking by extreme right movements in Southern Europe. Integrating insights from psychology, political science, media studies, and system theory, we propose the ‘polarization loop’, a causal mechanism [...] Read more.

This paper examines the influence of emotions on political polarization, looking at online propagation of conspiracy thinking by extreme right movements in Southern Europe. Integrating insights from psychology, political science, media studies, and system theory, we propose the ‘polarization loop’, a causal mechanism explaining the cyclical relationship between extreme messages, emotional engagement, media amplification, and societal polarization. We illustrate the utility of the polarization loop observing the use of the Great Replacement Theory by extreme right movements in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. We suggest possible options to mitigate the negative effects of online polarization in democracy, including public oversight of algorithmic decission-making, involving social science and humanities in algorithmic design, and strengthening resilience of citizenship to prevent emotional overflow. We encourage interdisciplinary research where historical analysis can guide computational methods such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), using Large Language Models fine-tunned consistently with political science research. Provided the intimate nature of emotions, the focus of connected research should remain on structural patterns rather than individual behavior, making it explicit that results derived from this research cannot be applied as the base for decisions, automated or not, that may affect individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disinformation in the Public Media in the Internet Society)

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12 pages, 365 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial Introduction to Centring Intersex Issues: Global and Local Dimensions

by Daniela Crocetti, Fae Garland, David Andrew Griffiths, Surya Monro, Tanya Ní Mhuirthile, Katrina Roen, Prashant Singh and Amets Suess-Schwend

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110602 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 972

Abstract

This Special Issue showcases the expanding body of international scholarly work within intersex studies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Centring Intersex: Global and Local Dimensions)

20 pages, 329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Language Policies and Ideologies for Socialization and Identity-Building in U.S. Schools: The Case of Newcomer and Refugee Students in Arizona and New York

by S. Garnett Russell, Camille Fabo, Victoria Jones and Arnela Colic

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110601 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1116

Abstract

Although multilingualism is a major issue in educational policies, especially in states hosting a high number of newcomer immigrant students, there is limited research exploring the experiences of a multilingual group of newcomer students and how they use language in schools. This article [...] Read more.

Although multilingualism is a major issue in educational policies, especially in states hosting a high number of newcomer immigrant students, there is limited research exploring the experiences of a multilingual group of newcomer students and how they use language in schools. This article draws on 112 interviews with students from an immigrant background across four high schools in Arizona and New York. We illuminate the role of language in shaping identity and inclusion. Through conceptualizing power and language ideology, we find that language ideologies and practices shape the perception of students’ social interactions in school settings. Our findings also indicate that teachers’ practices and school policies surrounding language(s) have the potential to affect how students view language in relation to their own identity and via social interactions. We contribute to an understanding of how language policies and ideologies shape the experiences and power dynamics of diverse, multilingual, immigrant-origin students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Teaching and Learning in Refugee/(Im)Migrant Communities Around the World)

21 pages, 352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Raising Children, Rising Debt: Mortgage Debt Among American Families

by Nina Bandelj, Yader R. Lanuza and Zaoying Ji

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110600 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 792

Abstract

American households owe more than $12 trillion in mortgages, which represents the main source of a family’s debt. Scholars connect mortgages to the desire of families, especially better-off households, to seek housing in neighborhoods with good schools for their children, which tend to [...] Read more.

American households owe more than $12 trillion in mortgages, which represents the main source of a family’s debt. Scholars connect mortgages to the desire of families, especially better-off households, to seek housing in neighborhoods with good schools for their children, which tend to be more expensive. Although this perspective assumes a children–mortgage link, we do not know whether having children actually increases mortgage, nor whether and how this relationship varies by household income. To examine these issues, we use eleven waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics data between 1997 and 2017 and individual fixed effects, as well as propensity score matching and a quasi-experimental design. Our analyses show that generally, (1) families with children are more likely to have mortgage debt and in greater amounts; (2) it is families in the 60th to 100th income percentile who have the most mortgage debt; and (3) critically, families in the roughly 10th to 60th income percentile have more mortgage debt due to having children. These findings defy assumptions that it is well-to-do families that take on more mortgage debt as part of intensive or concerted cultivation parenting practices. Rather, our findings suggest that families who take on mortgage debt related to their children tend to be those in more economically precarious positions for whom debt for the sake of kids may be a financial burden. As such, our findings provide suggestive evidence that financially intensive parenting may contribute to growing wealth inequality among American families with children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Stratification and Inequality)

27 pages, 416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Libertarian Populism? Making Sense of Javier Milei’s Political Discourse

by Reinhard Heinisch, Oscar Gracia, Andrés Laguna-Tapia and Claudia Muriel

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110599 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 3935

Abstract

This study seeks to understand the political discourse of Javier Milei and to determine which concept of populism best captures his approach. Although perceived by many as a populist, Milei is unusual in that he sees himself as a liberal libertarian and defender [...] Read more.

This study seeks to understand the political discourse of Javier Milei and to determine which concept of populism best captures his approach. Although perceived by many as a populist, Milei is unusual in that he sees himself as a liberal libertarian and defender of the West against collectivist policies. To this end, this study analyzes selected speeches by Milei from three different periods during and after the 2024 presidential election campaign and applies a deductive coding scheme designed to identify ideational populism, populist discursive framing, populism as strategy, and populism as crisis performance. The analysis confirms that Milei is at best a partial populist, as he fails to define the core populist concept of “the people”. It concludes that the concept of crisis performance emerges as the most apt theoretical framework to classify Milei’s type of populism. By rhetorically transforming the crisis not only into an existential economic issue but also into a moral tale of corruption and failure at the highest levels, he can appeal for radical change and offer himself as the national political savior. Milei’s discourse also illustrates that, unlike ideological populism or discursive populist framing, in the performative turn, the victims of the crisis, the people, often remain a vague signifier defined by their suffering at the hands of elites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Democracy, Politics and Innovation, and Social Integration in the Contemporary World)

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Soc. Sci., Volume 13, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 68 articles

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