African Democracy in the Context of Agenda 2063: Examining Progress and Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Brief Overview of the Genesis of the AA2063
2.2. Empirical Review of the AA2063
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Source and Nature of Data
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Decade in Review: Challenges and Success Factors of Africa’s Democratic Governance
4.1.1. Electoral Democracy
4.1.2. Liberal Democracy
4.1.3. Participatory Democracy
4.2. Reflecting on the Overall Democratic Performance
4.3. Changing Dynamics of Democratic Performance in Africa
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Policy Implications
- Implement comprehensive reforms to strengthen and enhance checks and balances within governmental structures. The lack of checks and balances is identified as a major contributor to the low rate of reduction in V-Dem scores. Strengthening these mechanisms is essential to fortify democratic governance, ensuring accountability and preventing abuses of power.
- Introduce initiatives to increase citizens’ direct participation in the democratic process, facilitating a more direct role in decision-making. The low level of citizens’ direct popular vote has been identified as a significant factor contributing to the low rate of reduction in V-Dem. Empowering citizens with a more direct voice enhances the democratic process and fosters a sense of ownership and representation.
- Develop and implement policies to actively promote citizens’ engagement at the regional or provincial level. The observed low level of citizens’ engagement at the regional or provincial level is a key contributor to the low rate of reduction in V-Dem. Fostering regional and provincial participation enhances local representation and strengthens the overall democratic framework.
- Strengthen legal frameworks to ensure a clear separation of powers among different branches of government. The lack of separation of power contributes significantly to the low rate of reduction in IIAG percentage. Reinforcing this separation is vital for maintaining a balanced and effective democratic system.
- Revise and implement policies to protect and promote citizens’ rights to freedom of association and assembly. The restricted freedom of association and assembly is a critical factor contributing to the low rate of reduction in IIAG percentage. Safeguarding these fundamental rights is essential for a thriving democratic society.
- Implement measures to ensure fair and equal access to state-owned media for all political entities. Unequal access to state-owned media is identified as a significant contributor to the low rate of reduction in IIAG percentage. Ensuring fair access fosters an informed electorate and promotes a level playing field in democratic processes.
- Strengthen the independence of election monitoring bodies by ensuring clear mandates and sufficient resources. The lack of independence in election monitoring bodies and agencies is a crucial factor contributing to the low rate of reduction in IIAG percentage. Fostering independence in these entities is essential for ensuring the integrity and credibility of electoral processes.
- Strive to bridge the gap between the perceived demand for democracy and its effective supply through responsive democratic institutions. The one to ten ratio between the perceived demand and supply for democracy indicates a potential disconnection between public aspirations for democracy and the perceived performance of institutions, necessitating targeted reforms.
- Finally, governments and regional bodies should establish mechanisms for regular monitoring of democratic infrastructure and adapt policies accordingly. Given the dynamic nature of democratic development, continuous monitoring and adaptive policymaking are essential to address emerging challenges and capitalize on opportunities.
7. Limitations of the Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | |
2 | According to Nyinevi and Fosu (2023), the Central African Republic, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Madagascar, Niger, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Chad, Mali, Guinea, Sudan, and Burkina Faso have all experienced unconstitutional changes of government over the past decade, reflecting significant disruptions to constitutional order in these countries. |
3 | In Africa, 11 nations, including Botswana, Chad, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, chose to defer their elections. In contrast, Burundi, Malawi, Benin, Guinea, Cameroon, and Mali conducted their elections as originally scheduled. |
4 | Between 2013 and 2022, there have been 12 instances of unconstitutional changes of government (UCG) in different countries. The Central African Republic experienced a coup in March 2003, followed by Guinea Bissau in September 2003 and April 2012. Mauritania faced a UCG in August 2005 and again in August 2008, while Madagascar witnessed such an event in March 2009. Niger went through a UCG in February 2010, followed by Egypt in July 2013 and Zimbabwe in November 2017. Chad faced a UCG in April 2021, and Mali experienced it multiple times in March 2012, August 2020, and May 2021. Guinea saw a UCG in December 2008 and again in September 2021. Sudan faced a UCG in April 2019 and October 2021, and Burkina Faso witnessed it in October 2014, September 2015, and January 2022. In addition, over the same period, there were at least nine instances of non-coup UCG. Countries like Uganda (since 2005), Chad (2018), Burundi (May 2018), Guinea (2020), and Cote d’Ivoire (2020) experienced constitutional manipulations by incumbents to retain power. In contrast, Comoros (2008), Cote d’Ivoire (2010), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2016), and The Gambia (2016) experienced incumbents’ attempts to cling to power despite electoral defeat or the expiration of their tenure. |
References
- Addison, Tony, Atanu Ghoshray, and Michalis P. Stamatogiannis. 2016. Agricultural commodity price shocks and their effect on growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Agricultural Economics 67: 47–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Africa Center for Strategic Studies. 2024. Mauritius: November 30. Available online: https://africacenter.org/spotlight/2024-elections/mauritius/# (accessed on 25 March 2024).
- African Union. 2003. Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa. Adopted by the 2nd Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union, Maputo, Mozambique, 11 July 2003. Available online: https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights-rights-women-africa (accessed on 6 August 2024).
- African Union. 2007. African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance. Adopted by the Eighth Ordinary Session of the Assembly, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 30 January 2007. Entered into Force on 15 February 2012. Last Signed on 27 June 2019. Available online: https://au.int/en/treaties/african-charter-democracy-elections-and-governance (accessed on 9 August 2024).
- African Union. 2011. African Charter on Values and Principles of Public Service and Administration. Adopted by the 16th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the AU, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 31 January 2011. Entered into Force on 23 July 2016. Available online: https://au.int/en/treaties/african-charter-values-and-principles-public-service-and-administration (accessed on 7 August 2024).
- African Union. 2015a. Agenda 2063: First Ten-Year Implementation Plan 2014–2023. Tech. Rep. April, AU, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Available online: https://au.int/en/agenda2063/ftyip (accessed on 2 November 2023).
- African Union. 2015b. Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. Tech. Rep. September, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Available online: https://au.int/en/agenda2063/overview (accessed on 2 November 2023).
- African Union Watch. 2019. Agenda 2063. Available online: https://www.au-watch.org/agenda-2063/ (accessed on 5 December 2023).
- Afrobarometer. 2022. Round 9 Survey Manual. Tech. Rep. July, Afrobarometer, Accra. Available online: https://www.afrobarometer.org/surveys-and-methods/ (accessed on 25 August 2023).
- Afrobarometer. 2023. Declining Satisfaction Threatens African Democracy, Afrobarometer CEO Reveals. Accra: News Release. Available online: https://www.afrobarometer.org/articles/declining-satisfaction-threatens-african-democracy-afrobarometer-ceo-reveals/ (accessed on 8 August 2024).
- Amaral, Rafael, Carla Torre, João Rocha, and Bruno Sepodes. 2021. Ebola outbreaks: A stress test of the preparedness of medicines regulatory systems for public health crises. Drug Discovery Today 26: 2608–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amupanda, Job S. 2018. Who is in the “we”? interrogating the African union’s agenda 2063 and youth political participation. International Journal of African Renaissance Studies—Multi-, Inter and Transdisciplinary 13: 56–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azomahou, Théophile T., Njuguna Ndung’u, and Mahamady Ouédraogo. 2021. Coping with a dual shock: The economic effects of COVID-19 and oil price crises on African economies. Resources Policy 72: 102093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baker, Bruce. 2009. Cape Verde: Marketing Good Governance. Africa Spectrum 44: 135–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bjørnskov, Christian, Bodo Knoll, and Martin Rode. 2022. A time to plot, a time to reap: Coups, regime changes, and inequality. Defence and Peace Economics 33: 912–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas van de Walle. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: University Press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheeseman, Nic. 2019. Both Democracy and Authoritarianism Are on the Rise in Africa. The Conversation. Available online: https://theconversation.com/both-democracy-and-authoritarianism-are-on-the-rise-in-africa-111789 (accessed on 12 August 2024).
- Constitutive Act of the African Union. 2000. Retrieved 10 April 2018. Available online: https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf (accessed on 12 August 2024).
- Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, and et al. 2023a. V-Dem Codebook v13. Available online: https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/country-year-v-dem-core-v13/ (accessed on 2 November 2023).
- Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, and et al. 2023b. V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v13. Available online: https://www.v-dem.net/data/dataset-archive/ (accessed on 2 November 2023).
- DeGhetto, Kaitlyn, Jacob R. Gray, and Moses N. Kiggundu. 2016. The African union’s agenda 2063: Aspirations, challenges, and opportunities for management research. Africa Journal of Management 2: 93–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diamond, Larry. 2008. The Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies throughout the World. New York: Henry Holt and Company. [Google Scholar]
- Eifert, Benn, Edward Miguel, and Daniel N. Posner. 2010. Political competition and ethnic identification in Africa. American Journal of Political Science 54: 494–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engels, Bettina. 2022. Transition now? Another coup d’état in Burkina Faso. Review of African Political Economy 49: 315–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fagbadebo, Omololu, and Isioma Ile. 2023. Democracy and Political Governance in South Africa. In Democracy and Political Governance in South Africa. Edited by Isioma Ile and Omololu Fagbadebo. Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development. Cham: Springer, pp. 1–20. [Google Scholar]
- Falola, Toyin. 2003. The American Historical Review. In The Power of African Cultures. First Publ. Rochester: The University of Rochester Press. Available online: http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/2575/1/26.pdf.pdf (accessed on 10 August 2024).
- Freedom House. 2021. Equatorial Guinea: Freedom in the World 2023. Freedom in the World. Available online: https://freedomhouse.org/country/equatorial-guinea/freedom-world/2021 (accessed on 25 March 2024).
- Freedom House. 2022. Freedom in the World 2022: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Available online: https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781538166178/Freedom-in-the-World-2022-The-Annual-Survey-of-Political-Rights-and-Civil-Liberties (accessed on 25 March 2024).
- Freedom House. 2023a. Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023. Freedom in the World. Available online: https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 (accessed on 25 March 2024).
- Freedom House. 2023b. Djibouti: Freedom in the World 2023. Freedom in the World. Available online: https://freedomhouse.org/country/djibouti/freedom-world/2023 (accessed on 25 March 2024).
- Freedom House. 2023c. Seychelles: Freedom in the World 2023. Freedom in the World. Available online: https://freedomhouse.org/country/seychelles/freedom-world/2023 (accessed on 25 March 2024).
- Garfias Royo, Margarita, Loan Diep, Joe Mulligan, Pascal Mukanga, and Priti Parikh. 2022. Linking the unsustainable development goals and African agenda 2063: Understanding overlaps and gaps between the global goals and continental priorities for Africa. World Development Sustainability 1: 100010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gazibo, Mamoudou. 2019. Democracy and the Question of Its Feasibility in Africa. Available online: https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-702 (accessed on 22 November 2023).
- Gebrihet, Hafte Gebreselassie, and Martin Limbikani Mwale. 2024. The effects of polarization on trust in government: Evidence from Ethiopia. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 18: 193–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gowreesunkar, Vanessa. 2019. African union (au) agenda 2063 and tourism development in Africa: Contribution, contradiction, and implications. International Journal of Tourism Cities 5: 288–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gyimah-Boadi, Emmanuel. 2004. Ghana’s Struggle with Democracy. In Africa: Dilemmas of Development and Change. Edited by Peter Lewis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 55–71. [Google Scholar]
- Hounkpe, Mathia, and Madior Fall. 2012. Election Management Bodies in West Africa: A Comparative Study of the Contribution of Electoral Commissions to Strengthen. Cape Town: African Minds Publishers. [Google Scholar]
- Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. [Google Scholar]
- Kagwanja, Peter. 2009. Courting genocide: Populism, ethno-nationalism and the informalisation of violence in Kenya’s 2008 post-election crisis. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 27: 365–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaloudis, George. 2003. Why Global Transformation and Not Globalization. International Journal on World Peace 20: 3–14. Available online: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20753396 (accessed on 12 August 2023).
- Jayne, Thomas S., Jordan Chamberlin, and Rui Benfica. 2018. Africa’s unfolding economic transformation. The Journal of Development Studies 54: 777–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manea, Roxana Elena, Patrizio Piraino, and Martina Viarengo. 2023. Crime, inequality and subsidised housing: Evidence from south Africa. World Development 168: 106243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McBride, Michael. 2005. Crises, reforms, and regime persistence in sub-Saharan Africa. European Journal of Political Economy 21: 688–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mechkova, Valeriya, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2016. Country Brief: Ghana. Available online: https://v-dem.net/media/publications/country_brief_ghana.pdf (accessed on 21 December 2023).
- Mo Ibrahim Foundation. 2022. 2022 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Indicator Definitions and Sources. Tech. Rep. Available online: https://assets.iiag.online/2022/2022-IIAG-indicator-definitions-sources.pdf (accessed on 12 November 2023).
- Moyo, Sam. 2000. The Political Economy of Land Acquisition and Redistribution in Zimbabwe, 1990–1999. Journal of Southern African Studies 26: 5–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nhamo, Godwell. 2017. New global sustainable development agenda: A focus on Africa. Sustainable Development 25: 227–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nwebo, Osy Ezechukwunyere. 2018. The African union agenda 2063 and the imperative of democratic governance. Law and Development Review 11: 259–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nyinevi, Christopher, and Richard Fosu. 2023. The African union’s prohibition of unconstitutional changes of government: An uneasy choice between fidelity to principle and pragmatism. African Security 16: 95–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ogbonnaya, Ufiem Maurice. 2016. Terrorism, agenda 2063 and the challenges of development in Africa. South African Journal of International Affairs 23: 185–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Opeyeoluwa, Rotimi Olajide, and Samuel Olalekan Fatokun. 2022. A Critical Review of Agenda 2063: Prospects and Challenges for Africa’s Economic Renaissance. Journal of Contemporary International Relations and Diplomacy 3: 422–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Organization of African Unity. 1981. African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Adopted by the Eighteenth Assembly of Heads of State and Government, Nairobi, Kenya. Available online: https://www.justice.gov.za/policy/african%20charter/1981_AFRICAN%20CHARTER%20ON%20HUMAN%20AND%20PEOPLES%20RIGHTS.pdf (accessed on 8 August 2024).
- Repucci, Sarah, and Amy Slipowitz. 2020. Democracy Under Lockdown: The impact of COVID-19 on the Global Struggle for Freedom. In Freedom House. Available online: https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/democracy-under-lockdown (accessed on 25 March 2024).
- Repucci, Sarah, and Amy Slipowitz. 2022. The Global Expansion of Authoritarian Rule. In Freedom in the World. Available online: www.freedomhouse.org (accessed on 25 March 2024).
- Sahide, Ahmad, Yoyo Yoyo, and Ali Muhammad. 2022. Muhammad: Tunisia’s Success in Consolidating Its Democracy One Decade Post-the Arab Spring. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 26: 49–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Selebano, Keolebogile M., and John E. Ataguba. 2022. Decomposing socio-economic inequalities in antenatal care utilization in 12 southern African development community countries. SSM—Population Health 17: 101004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sidiropoulos, E. 2022. Africa: Aspiring to Greater Global Agency. In Rewiring Globalization, 1st ed. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, chap. 7. pp. 1–166. Available online: https://carnegieeurope.eu/2022/02/17/rewiring-globalization-pub-86308 (accessed on 12 November 2023).
- Slim, Héla. 2020. Electoral process in Africa: The impact of COVID-19 and challenges for the EU. European View 19: 212–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stokke, Kristian. 2018. Democratization in the global south: From democratic transitions to transformative democratic politics. Geography Compass 12: e12412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tawiah, Vincent, Abdulrasheed Zakari, and Yan Wang. 2022. Partisan political connections, ethnic tribalism, and firm performance. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting 58: 1331–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ufomba, Henry U. 2020. The African union development agenda 2063: Can Africa get it right? Brazilian Journal of Development 6: 62626–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Cranenburgh, Oda. 2019. Democracy Promotion in Africa. Available online: https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-832 (accessed on 16 November 2023).
- van der Wilt, Harmen. 2019. Unconstitutional Change of Government: A New Crime within the Jurisdiction of the African Criminal Court. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 619–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Viswanathan, H. 2018. Africa’s ‘Agenda 2063’: A Document of Hope. Available online: https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ORF_IssueBrief_237_AfricaAgenda.pdf (accessed on 8 November 2023).
Year | V-Dem Indices | Year | IIAG Percentage | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDI | Δ | LDI | Δ | PDI | Δ | µ | ED | Δ | LD | Δ | PD | Δ | µ | ||
2013 | 0.55 | … | 0.43 | … | 0.37 | … | 0.45 | 2012 | 41% | … | 48% | … | 49% | … | 46% |
2014 | 0.55 | 0% | 0.43 | 0% | 0.37 | 0% | 0.45 | 2013 | 42% | 2.44% | 47% | −2.08% | 48% | −2.04% | 46% |
2015 | 0.55 | 0% | 0.43 | 0% | 0.37 | 0% | 0.45 | 2014 | 43% | 2.38% | 47% | 0% | 45% | −6.25% | 45% |
2016 | 0.56 | 1.8% | 0.44 | 2.3% | 0.37 | 0% | 0.45 | 2015 | 44% | 2.33% | 47% | 0% | 46% | 2.22% | 45% |
2017 | 0.55 | −1.79% | 0.44 | 0% | 0.37 | 0% | 0.45 | 2016 | 43% | −2.27% | 47% | 0% | 44% | −4.35% | 45% |
2018 | 0.56 | 1.8% | 0.44 | 0% | 0.37 | 0% | 0.45 | 2017 | 44% | 2.33% | 46% | −2.13% | 44% | 0% | 45% |
2019 | 0.56 | 0% | 0.44 | 0% | 0.37 | 0% | 0.46 | 2018 | 43% | −2.27% | 45% | −2.17% | 43% | −2.27% | 44% |
2020 | 0.55 | −1.79% | 0.43 | −2.27% | 0.36 | −2.70% | 0.45 | 2019 | 41% | −4.65% | 45% | 0% | 43% | 0% | 43% |
2021 | 0.54 | −1.8% | 0.42 | −2.33% | 0.36 | 0% | 0.44 | 2020 | 41% | 0% | 45% | 0% | 42% | −2.33% | 42% |
2022 | 0.52 | −3.7% | 0.41 | −2.38% | 0.34 | −5.56% | 0.43 | 2021 | 39% | −4.88% | 44% | −2.22% | 40% | −4.76% | 41% |
UWA | 55% | 43% | 37% | 45% | UWA | 42% | 46% | 44% | 44% | ||||||
UWA Δ | −0.61% | −0.52% | −0.92% | UWA | −0.51% | −0.95% | −2.2% | ||||||||
UWA Δ | −0.68% | UWA Δ | −1.22% |
DD and SS | NDD | Δ | NSS | Δ | NDD-NSS | PDD | Δ | PSS | Δ | PDD-PSS | FDD | Δ | FSS | Δ | FDD-FSS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 4% | … | 37% | … | 33% | 48% | … | 23% | … | 25% | 48% | … | 40% | … | 8% |
2019 | 4% | 0% | 39% | 5.41% | 35% | 54% | 12.5% | 25% | 8.70% | 29% | 42% | −12.5% | 36% | −10% | 6% |
2022 | 3% | −25% | 40% | 2.56% | 37% | 53% | −1.85% | 25% | 0% | 28% | 44% | 4.76% | 34% | −5.56% | 10% |
UWA | 3.67% | 38.67% | 35% | 51.67% | 24% | 27% | 44.67% | 36.67% | 8% | ||||||
UWA Δ | −12.5% | 4% | 5.3% | 4.35% | −3.87% | −7.78% |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gebrihet, H.G.; Eidsvik, E. African Democracy in the Context of Agenda 2063: Examining Progress and Challenges. Soc. Sci. 2024, 13, 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13080429
Gebrihet HG, Eidsvik E. African Democracy in the Context of Agenda 2063: Examining Progress and Challenges. Social Sciences. 2024; 13(8):429. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13080429
Chicago/Turabian StyleGebrihet, Hafte Gebreselassie, and Erlend Eidsvik. 2024. "African Democracy in the Context of Agenda 2063: Examining Progress and Challenges" Social Sciences 13, no. 8: 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13080429