Norovirus Persistence in Oysters to Prolonged Commercial Purification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sampling
4.2. Depuration System
4.3. NoV RNA Extraction
4.4. Norovirus Quantification
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trials | Nondepurated (g.c/g) | 1 Day Depuration (g.c./g) | 4 Days Depuration (g.c./g) | 9 Days Depuration (g.c./g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NoV GI + GII | 1 | 1.4 × 104 | 1.8 × 104 | 4.5 × 103 | 6.9 × 103 |
2 | 2.3 × 104 | 8.4 × 103 | 9.5 × 103 | 2.1 × 103 | |
3 | 2.2 × 104 | 1.1 × 104 | 5.2 × 103 | 9.9 × 103 | |
4 | 1.8 × 104 | 1.3 × 104 | 5.4 × 103 | 1.9 × 103 | |
5 | 3.3 × 104 | 2.4 × 104 | 8.4 × 103 | 2.3 × 104 | |
6 | 1.2 × 104 | 6.7 × 103 | 5.7 × 103 | 3.5 × 103 | |
7 | 2.6 × 102 | 3.1 × 102 | n.d. | n.d. | |
8 | 1.6 × 103 | 1.1 × 103 | 1.2 × 103 | 4.0 × 102 | |
9 | <LOQ | 7.2 × 102 | 4.6 × 101 | n.d. | |
10 | 7.5 × 102 | 1.2 × 103 | 4.5 × 101 | n.d. | |
NoV GI | 1 | 7.4 × 103 | 1.1 × 104 | 5.8 × 102 | 1.0 × 103 |
2 | 8.5 × 102 | 6.1 × 102 | 8.4 × 102 | 2.0 × 102 | |
3 | 8.6 × 102 | 1.0 × 103 | 6.3 × 102 | 8.0 × 102 | |
4 | 9.9 × 102 | 1.7 × 103 | 7.6 × 102 | 3.2 × 102 | |
5 | 2.1 × 103 | 2.9 × 103 | 1.2 × 103 | 3.1 × 103 | |
6 | 2.6 × 102 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
7 | <LOQ | <LOQ | n.d. | n.d. | |
8 | n.d. | 7.6 × 102 | n.d. | 2.4 × 102 | |
9 | n.d. | 7.0 × 102 | n.d. | n.d. | |
10 | 7.2 × 102 | 5.2 × 102 | <LOQ | n.d. | |
NoV GII | 1 | 6.6 × 103 | 6.1 × 103 | 3.9 × 103 | 5.9 × 103 |
2 | 2.2 × 104 | 7.8 × 103 | 8.7 × 103 | 1.9 × 103 | |
3 | 2.1 × 104 | 1.0 × 104 | 4.6 × 103 | 9.2 × 103 | |
4 | 1.7 × 104 | 1.1 × 104 | 4.6 × 103 | 1.6 × 103 | |
5 | 3.1 × 104 | 2.1 × 104 | 7.2 × 103 | 2.0 × 104 | |
6 | 1.2 × 104 | 6.6 × 103 | 5.6 × 103 | 3.4 × 103 | |
7 | 2.4 × 102 | 2.0 × 102 | n.d. | n.d. | |
8 | 1.6 × 103 | 2.9 × 102 | 1.2 × 103 | 1.6 × 102 | |
9 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | n.d. | |
10 | <LOQ | 6.4 × 102 | n.d. | n.d. |
Trials | T (°C) | pH | Salinity (‰) | Dissolved O2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 12–15 | 7.9 | 38 | 95–96 |
2 | 12.5–14.5 | 7.9 | 38 | 95–96 |
3 | 12–13.5 | 7.9 | 38 | 96 |
4 | 14–15 | 7.8–7.9 | 38 | 92–96 |
5 | 13–14.7 | 7.9–8 | 38 | 100–105 |
6 | 15.2–16.9 | 7.9 | 38 | 93–94 |
7 | 16.2–17 | 7.2–7.5 | 38 | 75 |
8 | 16.7–18.2 | 7.2–7.8 | 38 | 75–93 |
9 | 12–15 | 6.8–7.8 | 38 | 75 |
10 | 14–16.9 | 6.8–7.5 | 38 | 75 |
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Battistini, R.; Masotti, C.; Listorti, V.; Suffredini, E.; Maurella, C.; Garcia-Vozmediano, A.; Costa, E.; Iacona, F.; Orlandi, M.; Ercolini, C.; et al. Norovirus Persistence in Oysters to Prolonged Commercial Purification. Pathogens 2021, 10, 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080944
Battistini R, Masotti C, Listorti V, Suffredini E, Maurella C, Garcia-Vozmediano A, Costa E, Iacona F, Orlandi M, Ercolini C, et al. Norovirus Persistence in Oysters to Prolonged Commercial Purification. Pathogens. 2021; 10(8):944. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080944
Chicago/Turabian StyleBattistini, Roberta, Chiara Masotti, Valeria Listorti, Elisabetta Suffredini, Cristiana Maurella, Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano, Erica Costa, Francesco Iacona, Mino Orlandi, Carlo Ercolini, and et al. 2021. "Norovirus Persistence in Oysters to Prolonged Commercial Purification" Pathogens 10, no. 8: 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080944