Distribution of Theileria orientalis in Virginia Market Cattle, 2018–2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Blood Collection
2.2. Molecular Detection and Genotyping of T. orientalis
2.3. Statistical Analyses
2.4. Spatial Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Ikeda Positive (n = 172) | Chitose Positive (n = 36) | Theileria Negative (n = 1768) | Ikeda | Chitose | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR 1 | 95% CI 2 | PR 1 | 95% CI 2 | ||||
Sex | |||||||
Female | 172 | 36 | 1746 | Referent 3 | Referent 3 | ||
Male | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0.00 | (0.00, 4.98) | 0.00 | (0.00, 20.67) |
Unknown | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0.00 | (0.00, 2.82) | 0.00 | (0.00, 11.45) |
Purpose | |||||||
Beef | 154 | 36 | 1635 | Referent 3 | Referent 3 | ||
Dairy | 18 | 0 | 107 | 1.67 | (0.97, 2.61) | 0.00 | (0.00, 1.72) |
Unknown | 0 | 0 | 26 | 0.00 | (0.00, 1.83) | 0.00 | (0.00, 6.62) |
Breed | |||||||
Angus | 95 | 24 | 1093 | Referent 3 | Referent 3 | ||
Cross-Bred | 49 | 8 | 337 | 1.59 * | (1.12, 2.19) | 1.08 | (0.44, 2.34) |
Charolais | 4 | 3 | 77 | 0.62 | (0.16, 1.59) | 1.75 | (0.39, 5.32) |
Holstein | 11 | 0 | 69 | 1.72 | (0.84, 3.02) | 0.00 | (0.00, 2.61) |
Hereford | 5 | 1 | 72 | 0.81 | (0.26, 1.88) | 0.64 | (0.03, 3.67) |
Other | 8 | 0 | 94 | 0.98 | (0.39, 1.93) | 0.00 | (0.00, 1.94) |
Unknown | 0 | 0 | 26 | 0.00 | (0.00, 1.91) | 0.00 | (0.00, 6.56) |
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Telionis, A.; Lahmers, K.; Todd, M.; Carbonello, A.; Broaddus, C.C.; Bissett, C.J.; Hungerford, L.L. Distribution of Theileria orientalis in Virginia Market Cattle, 2018–2020. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1353. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111353
Telionis A, Lahmers K, Todd M, Carbonello A, Broaddus CC, Bissett CJ, Hungerford LL. Distribution of Theileria orientalis in Virginia Market Cattle, 2018–2020. Pathogens. 2022; 11(11):1353. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111353
Chicago/Turabian StyleTelionis, Alex, Kevin Lahmers, Michelle Todd, Amanda Carbonello, Charles C. Broaddus, Carolynn J. Bissett, and Laura L. Hungerford. 2022. "Distribution of Theileria orientalis in Virginia Market Cattle, 2018–2020" Pathogens 11, no. 11: 1353. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111353