Tick-Borne Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Pathogens, Research Focus, and Implications for Public Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Question and Applied Formula
2.2. Eligible Criteria, Article Screening, and Data Extraction
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overview on Screened Articles and Relevance of Pathogens in Targeted Populations
3.2. Temporal Evolution of the Selected Papers’ Interests
3.3. Relationship between Screened and Detected Pathogen Species in Target Populations
3.4. Pathogens Detected According to Populations: Highlighting Tick-Borne Zoonotic Pathogens
3.5. Tick Genera and Pathogen Family
3.6. Method Used Most to Detect Bacteria, Parasites, and Viruses in the Target Population
3.7. Tick-Borne Pathogen Distribution: Focus on Viruses and Zoonotic Bacteria and Parasites
4. Discussion
4.1. Tick-Borne Pathogen Research Focus and Implications for Public Health
4.2. Prevalent Pathogens, Vectors and Implications for Further Research and Livestock Farming and Human Health
4.3. Tick-Borne Zoonotic Pathogens in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Need for Integrated One Health Approaches
4.4. Detection of Atypical Pathogens for Sub-Sahara Africa
4.5. Study Limitations Induce Possible Underestimation of the Number of Pathogens Present
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Domain | Family | Genus | Species | Tick | Animal | Human | Countries | Target Loci | References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Screened | Detected | Screened | Detected | Screened | Detected | |||||||
[121] | Anaplasmatacea | Anaplasma | Ca. Anaplasma ivorensis | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Ivory_Coast | TtAna | [140] |
Ca. Anaplasma africae | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | Senegal | rpoB | [80] | |||
A. bovis | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | NA | NA | Kenya, | 16S, groEL | [141,142] | |||
Malawi, | [143] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [122] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
A. capra | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Ghana | 16S | [146] or [147] | |||
A. centrale | 3 | 3 | 11 | 11 | NA | NA | Benin, | 16S, groEL, msp2,msp4, rpoB, TtAna | [148] | |||
Burkina_Faso, | [148] | |||||||||||
Cameroon, | [149] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [71,148] | |||||||||||
Ghana, | [148] | |||||||||||
Ivory_Coast, | [140] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [150,151] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [148,152] | |||||||||||
Senegal, | [80] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [73,153] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [154] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [148] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [122,148,155,156] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
A. marginale | 10 | 10 | 32 | 31 | NA | NA | Benin, | 16S, msp1, msp2, msp4, msp5, groEL, rpoB, TtAna, MAR1bB2, pCS20, | [16,24,43,68,148,157] | |||
Botswana | [75] | |||||||||||
Burkina_Faso, | [16,24,148] | |||||||||||
Cameroon, | [149] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [71,72,77,78,148,158] | |||||||||||
Ghana, | [146,147,148,159] | |||||||||||
Guinea, | [160] | |||||||||||
Ivory_Coast, | [140] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [141,142,150,151,161,162] | |||||||||||
Madagascar, | [70] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [143] | |||||||||||
Mozambique, | [163] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [148,152,164,165,166] | |||||||||||
Senegal, | [80] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [73,144,153,167] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [154,168] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [148,169,170] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [95,122,148,155,171,172] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
A. ovis | 3 | 3 | 7 | 7 | NA | NA | Botswana, | 16S, msp4, groEL, rpoB, | [75] | |||
Ethiopia, | [88] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [79] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [76] | |||||||||||
Mozambique, | [84] | |||||||||||
Senegal, | [80,81] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144,173] | |||||||||||
Sudan | [154] | |||||||||||
A. phagocytophilum | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Ethiopia, | 16S, msp2, groEL | [71,72] | |||
South_Africa, | [34,173,174] | |||||||||||
Senegal, | [81] | |||||||||||
Mozambique, | [163] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [122] | |||||||||||
A. platys | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | Senegal, | 16S, groEL | [81] | |||
South_Africa, | [144] | |||||||||||
A. platys-like | 1 | 1 | 9 | 9 | NA | NA | Cameroon, | 16S, 18S, groEL, msp4, rpoB, | [149] | |||
Guinea, | [160] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [141,142,150,151,162] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [143] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [165] | |||||||||||
Senegal, | [80] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [95] | |||||||||||
Anaplasma sp. Dedessa | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | Ethiopia, | 16S | [158] | |||
Anaplasma sp. Hadesa | NA | NA | 2 | 2 | NA | NA | Cameroon, | 16S | [149] | |||
Ethiopia, | [158] | |||||||||||
Anaplasma sp. Lambwe-1 | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | Kenya, | 16S | [141] | |||
Anaplasma sp. Omatjenne | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | NA | NA | Ethiopia, | 16S | [71,158] | |||
Uganda, | [122] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
Anaplasma sp. Saso | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | Ethiopia, | 16S | [158] | |||
Anaplasma spp. | 4 | 3 | 14 | 14 | 1 | 0 | Angola, | 16S, groEL, msp4, msp5, TtAna | [175] | |||
Cameroon, | [149] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [88] | |||||||||||
Ivory_Coast, | [140] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [79,141,142,162] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [76,143] | |||||||||||
Mozambique, | [163] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [152,165,176] | |||||||||||
Senegal, | [35,81] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [177] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [154] | |||||||||||
Tanzania | [178] | |||||||||||
Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | NA | NA | Cameroon, | 16S | [149] | |||
Ethiopia, | [88] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [152,179] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144] | |||||||||||
Ehrlichia | Ca. Ehrlichia rustica | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Ivory_Coast, | TtAna | [140] | ||
Ca. Ehrlichia urmitei | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Ivory_Coast, | TtAna | [140] | |||
E. canis | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | NA | NA | Ghana, | 16S, dsbA, groEL | [146,147] | |||
Malawi, | [76] | |||||||||||
Senegal, | [80] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [120,180] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
E. chaffeensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | South_Africa, | 16S, dsbA | [120] | |||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
E. minasensis | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | NA | NA | Ethiopia, | 16S, dsbA | [158] | |||
Ghana, | [146,147] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [142,150,151] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [120] | |||||||||||
E. muris | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | South_Africa, | dsbA | [120] | |||
E. ruminantium | 15 | 15 | 20 | 16 | NA | NA | Benin, | 16S, dsbA, groEL, pCS20, TtAna | [16,24,43,68,148,157] | |||
Burkina_Faso, | [16,24,148] | |||||||||||
Cameroon, | [149,181,182] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [71,72,77,78,88,148,158] | |||||||||||
Ghana, | [148] | |||||||||||
Ivory_Coast, | [140] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [79] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [76] | |||||||||||
Mozambique, | [183] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [148,152,184,185] | |||||||||||
Senegal, | [81] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144,167,173,174,180,186,187] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [148,170] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [95,122,148,156] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
Ehrlichia spp. | 8 | 7 | 7 | 4 | NA | NA | Angola, | 16S, dsbA, groEL, gltA, TtAna | [175] | |||
Cameroon, | [149] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [88] | |||||||||||
Guinea, | [160] | |||||||||||
Ivory_Coast, | [140] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [142,150,151,162] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [143] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [120,144,180] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [154] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [178] | |||||||||||
Coxiellacea | Coxiella | C. burnetii | 11 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | Angola, | COX, htpB, IS1111 | [175] | |
Ethiopia, | [188,189] | |||||||||||
Ghana, | [146,147] | |||||||||||
Ivory_Coast, | [140] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [190] | |||||||||||
Madagascar, | [191] | |||||||||||
Sao_Tome | [192] | |||||||||||
Senegal, | [35,193] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [167,174,194,195] | |||||||||||
Zanzibar | [196] | |||||||||||
Coxiella spp. | 4 | 3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Angola, | 16S, rpoB, groEL | [175] | |||
Sao_Tome, | [192] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [197] | |||||||||||
Tanzania | [178] | |||||||||||
Rickettsiacea | Rickettsia | Ca. Rickettsia barbariae | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Cameroon | ompB | [121] | |
R. aeschlimannii | 5 | 5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Angola, | ompA, ompB, RaescSca1 | [175] | |||
Cameroon, | [121] | |||||||||||
Ghana, | [146,147] | |||||||||||
Ivory_Coast, | [140] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [198] | |||||||||||
R. africae | 21 | 21 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Angola, | 16S, gltA, ompA, ompB, 17 kDa, poT15-dam2 | [175] | |||
Burkina_Faso, | [199] | |||||||||||
Cameroon, | [121,149] | |||||||||||
Comoros, | [200] | |||||||||||
Djibouti, | [201] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [88,199,202] | |||||||||||
Ghana, | [146,147] | |||||||||||
Guinea, | [18] | |||||||||||
Ivory_Coast, | [140] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [31,203] | |||||||||||
Liberia, | [18] | |||||||||||
Madagascar, | [204] | |||||||||||
Mozambique, | [84,205] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [206] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [105,186,207,208] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [209] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [200] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [198] | |||||||||||
R. massiliae | 4 | 4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Cameroon, | Hypothetical protein, 23S-5S, ompB | [121] | |||
Ivory_Coast, | [140] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [206,210] | |||||||||||
R. rickettsii | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | South_Africa | 16S | [197] | |||
R. sibirica | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Cameroon | ompB | [121] | |||
Rickettsia spp. | 27 | 25 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | Angola, | 16S, gltA, ompA, ompB, 17 kDa, | [175] | |||
Benin, | [43,68,211] | |||||||||||
Burkina_Faso, | [199] | |||||||||||
Cameroon, | [121,149] | |||||||||||
Djibouti, | [201] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [88,188,199,212] | |||||||||||
Ghana, | [146,147] | |||||||||||
Guinea, | [18] | |||||||||||
Ivory_Coast, | [140] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [141,162,213] | |||||||||||
Liberia, | [18] | |||||||||||
Mozambique, | [84,205] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [152,176,206] | |||||||||||
Sao_Tome, | [192] | |||||||||||
Senegal, | [35] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [167,173,174,194,208,214,215] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [209] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [178] | |||||||||||
Togo, | [211] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [46] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [198] | |||||||||||
Zanzibar | [196] | |||||||||||
R. felis | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Cameroon, | 16S | [149] | |||
Ethiopia, | [216] | |||||||||||
R. bellii | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | Ethiopia, | 16S | [216] | |||
Wolbachia | Ca. Wolbachia ivorensis | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | Ivory_Coast, | TtAna | [140] | |||
Spirochaetaceae | Borrelia | Ca. Borrelia africana | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Ivory_Coast, | Bor ITS4 | [140] | |
Ca. Borrelia ivorensis | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Ivory_Coast, | Bor ITS4 | [140] | |||
B. burgdorferi | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | [174] | |||||
B. theileri | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | Cameroon, | 18S, flaB | [149] | |||
Mali, | [217] | |||||||||||
Borrelia spp. | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | Angola, | 16S, flaB, Bor ITS4 | [175] | |||
Cameroon, | [149] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [212,216] | |||||||||||
Ivory_Coast, | [140] | |||||||||||
Madagascar, | [218] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [178] | |||||||||||
Uganda | [95] | |||||||||||
B. crocidurae | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | Senegal, | glpQ | [35] | |||
Parasite | Babesidae | Babesia | B. bigemina | 8 | 7 | 24 | 23 | NA | NA | Angola, | 16S, 18S, bs1, ITS1, ITS2, ama1, cytb, rap1a, speI_avaI | [175] |
Benin, | [16,24,43,68,148,157] | |||||||||||
Burkina_Faso, | [16,24,148,219] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [77,78,148,158] | |||||||||||
Ghana, | [148,159] | |||||||||||
Guinea, | [160] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [150,151,161,162,220] | |||||||||||
Lesitho, | [221] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [143] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [148,152,185] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144,167,222,223,224] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [168] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [148,169,170] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [95,122,148,156,171,172] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
B. bovis | 4 | 3 | 21 | 14 | 1 | NA | Benin, | 16S, 18S, BoF2, cytb, rap1, sbp2, sbp4 | [16,24,43,68,148,157] | |||
Burkina_Faso, | [16,24,148,219] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [77,78,148] | |||||||||||
Ghana, | [148,225,226] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [161,220] | |||||||||||
Lesitho, | [221] | |||||||||||
Mozambique, | [227] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [148,152] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [167,173,222,223,224,227] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [168] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [148,169,170] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [95,148,171,172] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
B. caballi | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | Ethiopia, | 18S | [188] | |||
South_Africa, | [144] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
B. divergens | NA | NA | 1 | 0 | 1 | NA | Ghana | 18S | [225] | |||
B. microti | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Uganda, | 18S | [156] | |||
B. motasi | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Lesitho, | NA | [221] | |||
B. occultans | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | Burkina_Faso, | 18S | [219] | |||
South_Africa, | [144] | |||||||||||
B. ovis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | Kenya, | NA | [79] | |||
Lesitho, | [221] | |||||||||||
B. rossi | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Uganda, | 18S | [156] | |||
Babesia sp. sable | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | South_Africa, | 18S | [144] | |||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
Babesia spp. | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | NA | NA | Angola, | 18S, ITS1, ITS2 | [175] | |||
Kenya, | [141] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [228] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [178] | |||||||||||
B. gibsoni | NA | NA | 2 | 2 | NA | NA | Malawi, | 18S | [76] | |||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
B. canis | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | NA | Ghana | 18S | [225] | |||
Babesia sp. mymensingh | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | Uganda, | ama1 | [171,172] | |||
Theileridae | Theileria | T. orientalis | 2 | 2 | 7 | 4 | NA | NA | Benin, | 18S, mpsp | [157] | |
Burkina_Faso, | [219] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [77,158,188,229,230] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [161] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [231] | |||||||||||
T. velifera | 5 | 5 | 14 | 14 | NA | NA | Benin, | 16S, 18S | [16,24] | |||
Burkina_Faso, | [16,24,219] | |||||||||||
Cameroon, | [149] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [77,158,188,229] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [141,150,151,161,162] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [143] | |||||||||||
Mozambique, | [84] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [152] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [231] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [232] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [122,156] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
T. annulata | 5 | 3 | 7 | 5 | NA | NA | Benin, | 16S, 18S, tams1 | [16,24,43,68,157] | |||
Burkina_Faso, | [16,24,219] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [77,229] | |||||||||||
Guinea, | [160] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [233] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [228,232,234] | |||||||||||
T. bicornis | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | South_Africa, | 18S | [144] | |||
T. buffeli | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | South_Africa, | 18S | [144] | |||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
T. mutans | 6 | 6 | 19 | 19 | NA | NA | Benin, | 16S, 18S | [16,24,43,68,157] | |||
Burkina_Faso, | [25,26,107] | |||||||||||
Cameroon, | [149,235] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [77,78,158,188,229,236] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [141,150,151,161] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [76,143] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [152] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144,167] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [232] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [170] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [122,156] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
T. ovis | 2 | 1 | 7 | 7 | NA | NA | Ethiopia, | 18S | [229] | |||
Kenya, | [161] | |||||||||||
Lesitho, | [221] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [76] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144,173] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [228,237] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [170] | |||||||||||
T. parva | 2 | 2 | 32 | 30 | NA | NA | Benin, | 18S, p104, COI | [148,157] | |||
Burkina_Faso, | [148,219] | |||||||||||
Burundi, | [238,239] | |||||||||||
Cameroon, | [235] | |||||||||||
Congo, | [240] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [77,78,148] | |||||||||||
Ghana, | [148] | |||||||||||
Guinea, | [160] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [150,151,161,162] | |||||||||||
Lesitho, | [221] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [143] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [148] | |||||||||||
Rwanda, | [241] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [167,242] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [243] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [148,169,170,244,245,246,247] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [95,122,148,156,171,172,248,249,250,251,252] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145,253] | |||||||||||
T. separata | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | NA | NA | Ethiopia, | 18S | [229] | |||
Malawi, | [76] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [228,237] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [156] | |||||||||||
T. taurotragi | 2 | 2 | 12 | 10 | NA | NA | Benin, | 18S | [157] | |||
Burkina_Faso, | [219] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [77,78] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [150,151,161] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [143] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [152] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144,167] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [170,254] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [122] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
T. equi | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | Zambia, | 18S | [145] | |||
T. lestoquardi | NA | NA | 4 | 4 | NA | NA | Sudan, | 18S, msp | [228,234,237,255] | |||
Theileria sp. Buffalo | NA | NA | 3 | 3 | NA | NA | Kenya, | 18S | [161] | |||
South_Africa, | [242] | |||||||||||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
Theileria sp. Kudu | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | South_Africa, | 18S | [144] | |||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
Theileria sp. Sable | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | South_Africa, | 18S | [144] | |||
Zambia, | [145] | |||||||||||
Theileria spp. | 5 | 4 | 10 | 10 | NA | NA | Agola, | 18S, cytb | [175] | |||
Cameroon, | [149] | |||||||||||
Ethiopia, | [229] | |||||||||||
Ghana, | [159] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [79,141,161] | |||||||||||
Malawi, | [76] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [256] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144,231] | |||||||||||
Tanzania, | [170,178] | |||||||||||
Uganda, | [95,156] | |||||||||||
Theileridae/ Babesidae | Theileria/ Babesia | Theileria/Babesia spp. | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 1 | Cameroon, | 18S | [149] | ||
Ghana, | [225] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [176,179] | |||||||||||
South_Africa, | [144] | |||||||||||
Sudan, | [232] | |||||||||||
Virus | Alphaviridae | Alphavirus | Alphavirus | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | Guinea, | L_segment | [257] |
Kenya | [150,151] | |||||||||||
Bunyaviridae | Phlebovirus | Balambala tick virus | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Ghana, | L_segment | [258] | |
BDTPV | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Kenya, | RdRp | [259] | |||
BOGV | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Kenya, | RdRp | [259] | |||
Bole tick virus | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Kenya, | RdRp | [259] | |||
PERV | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Kenya, | RdRp | [259] | |||
Phlebovirus | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | Burkina_Faso, | RdRp, N_segment, S_segment | [260] | |||
Ghana, | [261] | |||||||||||
Guinea, | [257] | |||||||||||
Kenya, | [150,151,259] | |||||||||||
Phlebovirus DSP4 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Kenya, | RdRp | [259] | |||
Rift Valley Fever Virus | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Burkina_Faso | G2 | [260] | |||
Shibuyunji virus | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Zambia, | L_segment | [262] | |||
Flaviridae | Flavivirus | Flavivirus | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | Burkina_Faso, | NS5, L_segment | [260] | |
Guinea, | [257] | |||||||||||
Kenya | [150,151] | |||||||||||
JMTV | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Kenya, | NS5 | [263] | |||
Nairoviridae | Nairovirus | Nairovirus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | Ghana, | L_segment | [261] | |
Kenya | [150,151] | |||||||||||
Orthonairovirus | Orthonairovirus | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Guinea | NA | [257] | ||
CCHFV | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | Burkina_Faso, Cameroon, Kenya, Mauritania, Senegal, South_Africa, Uganda, Zambia, | L_segment, N_segment, S_segment | [260] [264] [31] [265] [32,33] [266] [267] | |||
DUGV | 4 | 4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Cameroon, | L_segment, S_segment | [264] | |||
Ghana, | [258,261] | |||||||||||
Nigeria, | [268] | |||||||||||
Peribunyaviridae | Orthobunyavirus | Ngari virus | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Guinea, | NgvS | [257] | |
Orthobunyavirus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | Guinea, | S_segment | [257] | |||
Kenya | [150,151] | |||||||||||
Poxyviridae | Parapoxvirus | Parapoxvirus | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Burkina_Faso, | B2L/J6R | [260] | |
BPSV | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Burkina_Faso, | BPSV_J6R | [260] | |||
PCPV | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Burkina_Faso, | PCPV_J6R | [260] | |||
Orthopoxvirus | Orthopoxvirus | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Burkina_Faso, | HA(J7R) | [260] | ||
Togaviridae | Orbivirus | Orbivirus | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Guinea | NA | [257] | |
KPTV | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | Kenya | segment 2 | [269] | |||
Thogotovirus | Dhori virus | NA | NA | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | Kenya | S_segment | [150,151] | ||
Thogotovirus | NA | NA | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | Keny | M_segment | [150,151] |
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Data Base | Search String |
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PubMed | “africa south of the sahara”[MeSH Terms] AND (“Tick”[Title/Abstract] OR “Cattle”[Title/Abstract] OR “Goat”[Title/Abstract] OR “Sheep”[Title/Abstract] OR “Human”[Title/Abstract]) AND (“anaplasma”[Title/Abstract] OR “rickettsia”[Title/Abstract] OR “ehrlichia”[Title/Abstract] OR “coxiella”[Title/Abstract] OR “wolbachia”[Title/Abstract] OR “babesia”[Title/Abstract] OR “borrelia”[Title/Abstract] OR “theileria”[Title/Abstract] OR “arboviruses”[MeSH Terms]) AND (2012:2023[pdat]) |
Scopus | TITLE-ABS-KEY (africa AND NOT (algeria OR egypt OR libya OR morocco OR tunisia)) AND (tick OR cattle OR sheep OR goat) AND (anaplasma OR ehrlichia OR rickettsia OR coxiella OR wolbachia OR babesia OR borrelia OR theileria OR virus OR arbovirus OR “tick-borne virus”)) AND PUBYEAR > 2011 AND PUBYEAR < 2024 AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar”)) |
TITLE-ABS-KEY (africa AND NOT (algeria OR egypt OR libya OR morocco OR tunisia)) AND human AND (anaplasma OR ehrlichia OR rickettsia OR coxiella OR wolbachia OR babesia OR borrelia OR theileria OR arbovirus OR “tick-borne virus”)) AND PUBYEAR > 2011 AND PUBYEAR < 2024 AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar”)) | |
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Djiman, T.A.; Biguezoton, A.S.; Saegerman, C. Tick-Borne Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Pathogens, Research Focus, and Implications for Public Health. Pathogens 2024, 13, 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080697
Djiman TA, Biguezoton AS, Saegerman C. Tick-Borne Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Pathogens, Research Focus, and Implications for Public Health. Pathogens. 2024; 13(8):697. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080697
Chicago/Turabian StyleDjiman, Tidjani A., Abel S. Biguezoton, and Claude Saegerman. 2024. "Tick-Borne Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Pathogens, Research Focus, and Implications for Public Health" Pathogens 13, no. 8: 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080697