The Antibacterial Efficacy of Far-UVC Light: A Combined-Method Study Exploring the Effects of Experimental and Bacterial Variables on Dose–Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Methods
2.1.1. Far-UVC Light Source
2.1.2. Preparation of Bacterial Suspensions
2.1.3. Far-UVC Irradiation of Bacteria in Liquid Suspension
2.2. Literature Review
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Experimental Analysis of the Germicidal Efficacy of Far-UVC Light
3.1.1. Effect of Cell Density on Far-UVC Bactericidal Efficacy
3.1.2. Far-UVC 1-Log10 Inactivation Dose (ID) for Differing Cell Densities
3.2. Literature Review
3.2.1. Comparison of Far-UVC 1-Log10 Inactivation Dose
3.2.2. Effect of Bacterial Cell Density on Far-UVC 1-Log10 Inactivation Dose
3.2.3. Effect of Irradiance on Far-UVC 1-Log10 Inactivation Dose
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Gram Type on Susceptibility to Far-UVC Inactivation
4.2. Influence of Genus/Species on Susceptibility to Far-UVC Inactivation
4.3. Influence of Cell Form on Susceptibility to Far-UVC Inactivation
4.4. Influence of Bacterial Cell Density on Susceptibility to Far-UVC Inactivation
4.5. Influence of Irradiance on Susceptibility to Far-UVC Inactivation
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|
Wavelengths ≥ 200, ≤230 nm | Wavelengths ≤ 199, ≥231 nm |
Transparent liquid suspension | Multiple wavelengths used in combination |
Opaque or nutritious liquid suspension | |
Bacteria on surfaces Bacteria in aerosols Pulsed light sources Cocktails of multiple bacteria | |
Uncommon or genetically modified mutant strains |
Pearson Correlation Coefficient | Relationship Designation |
---|---|
0.00 to 0.30 | Negligible correlation |
0.30 to 0.50 | Weak positive or negative |
0.50 to 0.70 | Moderate positive or negative |
0.70 to 0.90 | Strong positive or negative |
0.90 to 1.00 | Very strong positive or negative |
Far-UVC 1-Log10 Inactivation Dose (mJ·cm−2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
101 CFU·mL−1 | 102 CFU·mL−1 | 103 CFU·mL−1 | 105 CFU·mL−1 | 107 CFU·mL−1 | Mean ± SD | |
E. coli | 6.38 | 4.80 | 4.95 | 3.91 | 3.09 | 4.63 ± 1.23 |
E. faecium | 17.16 | 10.88 | 7.95 | 7.87 | 11.30 | 11.03 ± 3.78 |
P. aeruginosa | 3.11 | 2.05 | 3.09 | 5.90 | 5.66 | 3.96 ± 1.72 |
S. aureus | 6.91 | 4.03 | 4.13 | 5.55 | 10.91 | 6.30 ± 2.83 |
Bacterial Species | Gram Type | Cell Form | Median Far-UVC 1-log10 ID (mJ·cm−2) | No. of Data Points (from One of More Studies) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. kookii | Negative | Veg. cells | 2.93 | 1 | [39] |
B. cereus | Positive | Veg. cells | 49.31 | 8 | [4,7,40] |
B. subtilis | Positive | Veg. cells | 4.68 | 10 | [3,40,41,42] |
C. jejuni | Negative | Veg. cells | 1.02 | 1 | [4] |
C. sporogenes | Positive | Veg. cells | 5.56 | 1 | [4] |
E. mundtii | Positive | Veg. cells | 6.90 | 1 | [39] |
E. coli | Negative | Veg. cells | 4.32 | 22 | [4,39,40,41,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54] |
L. pneumophila | Negative | Veg. cells | 1.67 | 1 | [54] |
L. monocytogenes | Positive | Veg. cells | 1.71 | 4 | [43,46,53,54] |
M. fortuitum | Positive | Veg. cells | 3.18 | 2 | [41,42] |
M. smegmatis | Positive | Veg. cells | 10.45 | 1 | [54] |
M. terrae | Positive | Veg. cells | 5.25 | 1 | [55] |
Pantoea spp. | Negative | Veg. cells | 3.73 | 1 | [42] |
P. aeruginosa | Negative | Veg. cells | 3.43 | 7 | [4,7,41,42,45,46] |
P. fluorescens | Negative | Veg. cells | 2.01 | 1 | [39] |
S. enterica | Negative | Veg. cells | 2.27 | 4 | [4,43,53,54] |
S. aureus | Positive | Veg. cells | 4.31 | 20 | [3,4,7,40,41,43,44,46,48,52,54,56] |
S. carnosus | Positive | Veg. cells | 3.28 | 1 | [39] |
S. epidermidis | Positive | Veg. cells | 5.14 | 3 | [45,57] |
S. hominis | Positive | Veg. cells | 4.85 | 1 | [57] |
Stenotrophomonas spp. | Negative | Veg. cells | 3.73 | 1 | [42] |
S. pyogenes | Positive | Veg. cells | 33.14 | 6 | [40] |
Y. enterolytica | Negative | Veg. cells | 2.20 | 1 | [50] |
A. acidoterrestris | Positive | Endospores | 6.97 | 1 | [58] |
B. cereus | Positive | Endospores | 20.86 | 3 | [3,4,7] |
B. pumilus | Positive | Endospores | 12.11 | 2 | [59] |
B. subtilis | Positive | Endospores | 9.33 | 3 | [3,47,60] |
B. thuringiensis Al Hakam | Positive | Endospores | 10.57 | 1 | [3] |
C. difficile | Positive | Endospores | 9.62 | 3 | [3,4] |
C. pasteurianum | Positive | Endospores | 2.40 | 1 | [7] |
C. sporogenes | Positive | Endospores | 15.41 | 1 | [4] |
S. griseus | Positive | Endospores | 6.38 | 1 | [7] |
T. vulgaris | Positive | Endospores | 13.75 | 1 | [7] |
Bacterial Species | No. of Data Points | No. of Contributing Papers | r-Value | Relationship | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. cereus | 8 | 3 | 0.807 | Strong Positive Correlation | 0.015 * |
B. subtilis | 8 | 3 | 0.529 | Moderate Positive Correlation | 0.177 |
L. monocytogenes | 3 | 3 | 0.838 | Strong Positive Correlation | 0.367 |
S. aureus | 16 | 10 | 0.491 | Weak Positive Correlation | 0.054 |
S. pyogenes | 6 | 1 | 0.976 | Very Strong Positive Correlation | 0.001 * |
E. coli | 21 | 15 | 0.658 | Moderate Positive Correlation | 0.001 * |
P. aeruginosa | 7 | 6 | 0.989 | Very Strong Positive Correlation | <0.001 * |
S. enterica | 3 | 3 | −0.430 | Weak Negative Correlation | 0.717 |
Species | No. of Data Points | No. of Contributing Papers | r-Value | Relationship | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. cereus | 8 | 3 | −0.131 | Negligible Correlation | 0.757 |
B. cereus (endospores) | 3 | 3 | 0.451 | Weak Positive Correlation | 0.702 |
B. subtilis | 10 | 4 | 0.492 | Weak Positive Correlation | 0.148 |
L. monocytogenes | 4 | 4 | 0.245 | Negligible Correlation | 0.755 |
S. aureus | 19 | 11 | 0.097 | Negligible Correlation | 0.692 |
E. coli | 21 | 15 | −0.020 | Negligible Correlation | 0.930 |
P. aeruginosa | 7 | 6 | −0.181 | Negligible Correlation | 0.697 |
S. enterica | 4 | 4 | 0.729 | Strong Positive Correlation | 0.271 |
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Griffin, D.T.; Gourlay, T.; Maclean, M. The Antibacterial Efficacy of Far-UVC Light: A Combined-Method Study Exploring the Effects of Experimental and Bacterial Variables on Dose–Response. Pathogens 2024, 13, 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080698
Griffin DT, Gourlay T, Maclean M. The Antibacterial Efficacy of Far-UVC Light: A Combined-Method Study Exploring the Effects of Experimental and Bacterial Variables on Dose–Response. Pathogens. 2024; 13(8):698. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080698
Chicago/Turabian StyleGriffin, David T., Terence Gourlay, and Michelle Maclean. 2024. "The Antibacterial Efficacy of Far-UVC Light: A Combined-Method Study Exploring the Effects of Experimental and Bacterial Variables on Dose–Response" Pathogens 13, no. 8: 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080698