Epidemiological Investigation of Animal Brucellosis in Domestic Ruminants in Greece from 2015 to 2022 and Genetic Characterization of Prevalent Strains
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Serological Testing
2.3. Epidemiological Data Analysis
2.4. Molecular Analysis
2.5. Genotyping of Brucella Samples
3. Results
3.1. Animal Brucellosis Epidemic Profile during 2015–2022
3.2. Real-Time PCR Analysis
3.3. MLVA Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Tested | Positive | Positivity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Aetolia–Acarnania | 195 | 0 | 0 |
Attica | 24,771 | 557 | 2.25 |
Boeotia | 5317 | 63 | 1.18 |
Cephalonia | 115,234 | 15 | 0.01 |
Chania | 25,388 | 0 | 0 |
Chios | 8588 | 0 | 0 |
Cyclades | 133,591 | 2 | 0.001 |
Dodekanese | 42,633 | 128 | 0.3 |
Elis | 129 | 1 | 0.78 |
Euboea | 22,787 | 98 | 0.43 |
Evrytania | 5910 | 1 | 0.02 |
Grevena | 49 | 0 | 0 |
Heraklion | 34,637 | 0 | 0 |
Laconia | 37 | 0 | 0 |
Lasithi | 8240 | 0 | 0 |
Lesbos | 26,618 | 32 | 0.12 |
Pella | 60 | 0 | 0 |
Phocis | 796 | 1 | 0.13 |
Pthiotis | 33,813 | 202 | 0.01 |
Rethymno | 150,952 | 0 | 0 |
Samos and Ikaria | 12,055 | 0 | 0 |
Zakynthos | 2399 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 654,199 | 1100 | 0.17 |
Region | Tested | Positive | Positivity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Achaea | 116 | 0 | 0 |
Aetolia–Acarnania | 297 | 0 | 0 |
Attica | 12,914 | 900 | 6.97 |
Boeotia | 22,487 | 861 | 3.8 |
Cephalonia | 311 | 0 | 0 |
Chios | 177 | 0 | 0 |
Cyclades | 10,552 | 3 | 0.03 |
Dodekanese | 2329 | 0 | 0 |
Euboea | 1972 | 129 | 6.54 |
Evrytania | 750 | 1 | 0.13 |
Kilkis | 35 | 0 | 0 |
Laconia | 13 | 0 | 0 |
Lesbos | 117 | 0 | 0 |
Phokis | 760 | 21 | 2.76 |
Pthiotis | 3938 | 53 | 1.35 |
Samos and Ikaria | 443 | 0 | 0 |
Zakynthos | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 57,216 | 1968 | 3.4 |
Primer Set | Forward Seq 5′-3′ | Reverse Seq 5′-3′ | Gene Locus | Repeat | NOR Sample A | NOR Sample B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bruce 04 | CTGACGAAGGGAAGGCAATAAG | CGATCTGGAGATTATCGGGAAG | BMEI1496 | AGGGCAGT | 2 | 2 |
Bruce 07 | GCTGACGGGGAAGAACATCTAT | ACCCTTTTTCAGTCAAGGCAAA | BMEI1204 | GAATAGGG | 4 | 4 |
Bruce 09 | GCGGATTCGTTCTTCAGTTATC | GGGAGTATGTTTTGGTTGTACATAG | BMEI0570 | AGGGCAGT | 2 | 2 |
Bruce 16 | ACGGGAGTTTTTGTTGCTCAAT | GGCCATGTTTCCGTTGATTTAT | BMEII0523 | TAAGGGAG | 3 | 3 |
Bruce 18 | TATGTTAGGGCAATAGGGCAGT | GATGGTTGAGAGCATTGTGAAG | BMEII0326 | AGTAAGGG | 2 | 2 |
Bruce 30 | TGACCGCAAAACCATATCCTTC | TATGTGCAGAGCTTCATGTTCG | downstream of BMEI1453 | AGGGCAGT | 4 | 4 |
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Emmanouil, M.; Vourvidis, D.; Kyrma, A.; Makka, S.; Horefti, E.; Angelakis, E. Epidemiological Investigation of Animal Brucellosis in Domestic Ruminants in Greece from 2015 to 2022 and Genetic Characterization of Prevalent Strains. Pathogens 2024, 13, 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090720
Emmanouil M, Vourvidis D, Kyrma A, Makka S, Horefti E, Angelakis E. Epidemiological Investigation of Animal Brucellosis in Domestic Ruminants in Greece from 2015 to 2022 and Genetic Characterization of Prevalent Strains. Pathogens. 2024; 13(9):720. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090720
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmmanouil, Mary, Dimitrios Vourvidis, Anna Kyrma, Sofia Makka, Elina Horefti, and Emmanouil Angelakis. 2024. "Epidemiological Investigation of Animal Brucellosis in Domestic Ruminants in Greece from 2015 to 2022 and Genetic Characterization of Prevalent Strains" Pathogens 13, no. 9: 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090720