Pathogens

20 pages, 4291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Insights into Vietnamese Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-9-Producing Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Belonging to High-Risk Clone ST357 Obtained from Bulgarian Intensive Care Unit Patients

by Tanya Strateva, Alexander Stratev and Slavil Peykov

Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090719 (registering DOI) - 25 Aug 2024

Abstract

Extensively drug-resistant P. aeruginosa (XDR-PA) has been highlighted as a serious public health threat. The present study aimed to explore the genomic characteristics of two Vietnamese extended-spectrum β-lactamase-9 (VEB-9)-producing XDR-PA isolates from Bulgaria in comparison to all bla_VEB-9-positive strains with available [...] Read more.

Extensively drug-resistant P. aeruginosa (XDR-PA) has been highlighted as a serious public health threat. The present study aimed to explore the genomic characteristics of two Vietnamese extended-spectrum β-lactamase-9 (VEB-9)-producing XDR-PA isolates from Bulgaria in comparison to all bla_VEB-9-positive strains with available genomes. The isolates designated Pae51 and Pae52 were obtained from tracheobronchial aspirates of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, RT-qPCR, and phylogenomic analysis were performed. Pae51 and Pae52 were resistant to most antipseudomonal β-lactams including carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones but remained susceptible to colistin and cefiderocol. Numerous resistance determinants were detected: bla_VEB-9, bla_PDC-3, bla_OXA-10, bla_OXA-50, aac(6′)-II, ant(2″)-Ia, ant(3″)-IIa, aph(3′)-IIb, cprP, catB7, dfrB2, sul1, fosA, and tet(A). Both isolates carried complex integrons with bla_VEB-9 and tet(A) embedded next to the conservative 3′ end sequences. A variety of virulence factors were also identified, including the type III secretion system exotoxin U. Pae51 and Pae52 differed by only four SNPs and belonged to the high-risk clone ST357. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bla_VEB-9-positive XDR-PA isolates in Bulgaria presenting a detailed genomic analysis. The development of novel antimicrobial strategies for such pathogens should be an essential part of infection control stewardship practices in ICU wards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hospital-Acquired Infections and Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Pathogens)

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22 pages, 15837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of the Binding Site of Arachidonic Acid in gp63 of Leishmania mexicana and in Orthologous Proteins in Clinically Important Parasites

by Verónica Ivonne Hernández-Ramírez, Audifás-Salvador Matus-Meza, Norma Oviedo, Marco Antonio Magos-Castro, Carlos Osorio-Trujillo, Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro, Luis Alejandro Constantino-Jonapa and Patricia Talamás-Rohana

Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090718 (registering DOI) - 25 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Recently, we published that the monoclonal antibody (D12 mAb) recognizes gp63 of L. mexicana, and it is responsible for COX activity. This D12 mAb exhibited cross-reactivity with Trypanosoma cruzi, Entamoeba histolytica, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and Naegleria fowleri. COX activity [...] Read more.

Recently, we published that the monoclonal antibody (D12 mAb) recognizes gp63 of L. mexicana, and it is responsible for COX activity. This D12 mAb exhibited cross-reactivity with Trypanosoma cruzi, Entamoeba histolytica, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and Naegleria fowleri. COX activity assays performed in these parasites suggested the potential presence of such enzymatic activity. In our investigation, we confirmed that wild-type recombinant gp63 exhibits COX-like activity, in contrast to a mutated recombinant gp63 variant. Consequently, our objective was to identify sequences orthologous to gp63 and subsequently analyze the binding of arachidonic acid (AA) to the putative active sites of these proteins. Given the absence of a crystallized structure for this protein in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), it was imperative to first obtain a three-dimensional structure by homology modeling, using leishmanolysin from Leishmania major (PDB ID: LML1) as a template in the Swiss model database. The results obtained through molecular docking simulations revealed the primary interactions of AA close to the Zinc atom present in the catalytic site of gp63-like molecules of several parasites, predominantly mediated by hydrogen bonds with HIS264, HIS268 and HIS334. Furthermore, COX activity was evaluated in commensal species such as E. dispar and during the encystment process of E. invadens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasite Infection and Tropical Infectious Diseases)

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25 pages, 2151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modifications of Mitochondrial Network Morphology Affect the MAVS-Dependent Immune Response in L929 Murine Fibroblasts during Ectromelia Virus Infection

by Karolina Gregorczyk-Zboroch, Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska, Pola Pruchniak, Małgorzata Gieryńska, Matylda Barbara Mielcarska, Zuzanna Biernacka, Zbigniew Wyżewski, Iwona Lasocka, Weronika Świtlik, Alicja Szepietowska, Patrycja Kukier, Aleksandra Kwiecień-Dębska and Jakub Kłęk

Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090717 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Since smallpox vaccination was discontinued in 1980, there has been a resurgence of poxvirus infections, particularly the monkeypox virus. Without a global recommendation to use the smallpox vaccine, the population is not immune, posing a severe threat to public health. Given these circumstances, [...] Read more.

Since smallpox vaccination was discontinued in 1980, there has been a resurgence of poxvirus infections, particularly the monkeypox virus. Without a global recommendation to use the smallpox vaccine, the population is not immune, posing a severe threat to public health. Given these circumstances, it is crucial to understand the relationship between poxviruses and their hosts. Therefore, this study focuses on the ectromelia virus, the causative agent of mousepox, which serves as an excellent model for studying poxvirus pathogenesis. Additionally, we investigated the role of mitochondria in innate antiviral immunity during ECTV infection, focusing specifically on mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein. The study used a Moscow strain of ECTV and L929 mouse fibroblasts. Cells were treated with ECTV and chemical modulators of mitochondrial network: Mdivi-1 and CCCP. Our investigation revealed that an elongated mitochondrial network attenuates the suppression of MAVS-dependent immunity by ECTV and reduces ECTV replication in L929 fibroblasts compared to cells with an unaltered mitochondrial network. Conversely, a fragmented mitochondrial network reduces the number of progeny virions while increasing the inhibition of the virus-induced immune response during infection. In conclusion, our study showed that modifications of mitochondrial network morphology alter MAVS-dependent immunity in ECTV-infected mouse L929 fibroblasts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response of the Host and Vaccine Development -2nd Edition)

12 pages, 424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity, Virulence, and Antibiotic Resistance Determinants of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates in Romania

by Madalina Baltoiu, Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, Daniela Cristea, Marilena Sorokin, Cristiana Cerasella Dragomirescu and Ileana Stoica

Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090716 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024

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Abstract

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, presents a significant public health challenge requiring vigilant surveillance and disease control. This study aimed to characterize C. jejuni strains isolated in Romania from 2017 to 2020, focusing on genetic [...] Read more.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, presents a significant public health challenge requiring vigilant surveillance and disease control. This study aimed to characterize C. jejuni strains isolated in Romania from 2017 to 2020, focusing on genetic diversity, virulence, and antibiotic resistance determinants. The isolates underwent phenotypical testing, PCR, and antibiotic resistance assessment using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method for ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Genetic analysis identified resistance and virulence genes, point mutations, and performed sequence typing (7-gene MLST) to determine genetic relatedness. Results indicated substitutions at position 86 in the amino acid sequence or position 257 in the nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene in 47 fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. Additionally, mutations in the rRNA 23S gene at positions 2074 and 2075, associated with macrolide resistance, were found in 12 of the 66 isolates. Allelic profiles generated 38 sequence types (STs), including three new STs not present in the reference database. The sequence data analysis revealed a genetically diverse C. jejuni population with a weak clonal structure. This study provides crucial insights into the genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni strains in Romania, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and control measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Campylobacter Infections Collection)

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22 pages, 2222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Filamentous Fungi Associated with Disease Symptoms in Non-Native Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Germany—A Gateway for Alien Fungal Pathogens?

by Gitta Jutta Langer, Steffen Bien and Johanna Bußkamp

Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090715 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Filamentous fungi associated with disease symptoms in non-native giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Germany were investigated in ten cases of disease in Northwest Germany. During the study period from 2018 to 2023, a total of 81 species of Dikaria were isolated [...] Read more.

Filamentous fungi associated with disease symptoms in non-native giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Germany were investigated in ten cases of disease in Northwest Germany. During the study period from 2018 to 2023, a total of 81 species of Dikaria were isolated from woody tissue and needles of giant sequoia and morphotyped. Morphotypes were assigned to species designations based on ITS-sequence comparison and, in part, multi-locus phylogenetic analyses. Nine species were recognised as new reports for Germany or on giant sequoia: Amycosphaerella africana, Botryosphaeria parva, Coniochaeta acaciae, C. velutina, Muriformistrickeria rubi, Pestalotiopsis australis, P. monochaeta, Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis, and Rhizosphaera minteri. The threat posed to giant sequoia and other forest trees in Germany by certain, especially newly reported, fungal species is being discussed. The detection of a considerable number of new fungal records in the trees studied suggests that giant sequoia cultivation may be a gateway for alien fungal species in Germany. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filamentous Fungal Pathogens: 2nd Edition)

13 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Status of the Diagnosis of Brugia spp. Infections

by Christopher C. Evans, Nils Pilotte and Andrew R. Moorhead

Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090714 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024

Viewed by 154

Abstract

Filarial nematodes of the genus Brugia include parasites that are significant to both human and veterinary medicine. Accurate diagnosis is essential for managing infections by these parasites and supporting elimination programs. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as microscopy and serology, remain vital, especially in [...] Read more.

Filarial nematodes of the genus Brugia include parasites that are significant to both human and veterinary medicine. Accurate diagnosis is essential for managing infections by these parasites and supporting elimination programs. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as microscopy and serology, remain vital, especially in resource-limited settings. However, advancements in molecular diagnostics, including nucleic acid amplification tests, offer enhanced sensitivity and specificity. These techniques are becoming increasingly field-friendly, expanding their applications in diagnostics. By refining existing methods, developing novel biomarkers, and understanding the zoonotic potential of various Brugia species, it is possible to improve control measures and better support elimination efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens)

6 pages, 2196 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

First Molecular Evidence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Imported Donkeys from Kyrgyzstan

by Xuanchen Wu, Jun Xu, Lixin Su, Ente Li, Suwen Wang, Sándor Hornok, Gang Liu and Yuanzhi Wang

Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090713 (registering DOI) - 23 Aug 2024

Viewed by 244

Abstract

Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is an important tick-borne disease of equids, caused by Theileria equi, Theileria haneyi, and Babesia caballi. Nonetheless, there has been a scarcity of systematic reports on EP parasites in donkeys in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia. In this study, piroplasms were screened [...] Read more.

Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is an important tick-borne disease of equids, caused by Theileria equi, Theileria haneyi, and Babesia caballi. Nonetheless, there has been a scarcity of systematic reports on EP parasites in donkeys in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia. In this study, piroplasms were screened in 1900 blood samples from imported donkeys from the Osh Oblast (southwestern Kyrgyzstan) by targeting partial 18S ribosomal RNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Through molecular and phylogenetic analyses, all positive samples were sequenced to identify the species and genotypes. The results indicated the presence of both B. caballi and T. equi, with prevalence rates of 8.4% (160/1900) and 12.2% (232/1900), respectively. By amplifying part of the Erythrocyte Merozoite Antigen 1 (EMA-1) and Rhoptry-Associated Protein (RAP-1) genes, B. caballi genotype B and T. equi genotype A were identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on piroplasm infection among donkeys from Kyrgyzstan. Full article

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Pathogens, Volume 13, Issue 9 (September 2024) – 7 articles

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