First Trial of a Novel Caseous Lymphadenitis Inactivated Vaccine in South Korea: Experimental Evaluation across Various Animal Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions
2.2. DNA Extraction and Identification of Bacteria
2.3. Detection of Virulence Genes
2.4. 16S rRNA Amplification and Sequencing
2.5. Vaccine Formulations
2.6. Animal Studies
2.6.1. Mice
2.6.2. Guinea Pigs
2.6.3. Korean Native Black Goats (KNBGs)
2.7. Anti-CLA-Specific Antibody Detection
2.8. Quantification of Bacterial Load in Lymph Nodes
2.9. Histopathological Evaluation in KNBG’s Lymph Nodes
2.10. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the WGB-Cory: PCR Identification of Virulence Factors
3.2. Evaluation of the Pathogenicity and Safety of the Vaccine Candidates
3.3. Serological Analysis and Clinical Findings in Vaccinated KNBGs
3.4. Bacterial Load and Histopathological Evaluations of the Lymph Nodes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. | Strain Name | Vaccine Candidate | Host | Origin | Virulence Gene | Bacterial Count (CFU/mL, 72 h) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OppA | OppB | OppC | OppD | OppF | FagA | FagB | FagC | FagD | SigE | SpaC | SodC | PknG | NanH | NrdH | CopC | CpaE | ||||||
1 | VC *-cp-1 | X | KNBG, 13 months | Gokseong-gun | O † | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | 8.8 × 107 |
2 | VC-cp-2 | X | KNBG, 9 months | Gokseong-gun | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | 9.2 × 107 |
3 | VC-cp-3 | X | KNBG, slaughter | Gochang-gun | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | 1.2 × 108 |
4 | VC-cp-4 | X | KNBG, 18 months | Chongwon-gun | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | 3.8 × 108 |
5 | VC-cp-5 | X | KNBG, slaughter | Gochang-gun | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | 5.3 × 108 |
6 | VC-cp-6 | X | KNBG, slaughter | Gochang-gun | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | 2.5 × 109 |
7 | VC-cp-7 | X | KNBG, 6 months | Namhae-gun | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | 4.7 × 108 |
8 | VC-cp-8 | O | KNBG, 7 months | Gokseong-gun | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | 4.8 × 109 |
9 | VC-cp-9 | X | KNBG, 11 months | Gokseong-gun | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | 1.5 × 109 |
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Target Gene | Primers Sequences (5’–3’) | Amplified Size (bp) | Primary Denaturation | Amplification (30 Cycles) | Final Extension | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Secondary Denaturation | Annealing | Extension | |||||
PLD | F; ATGAGGGAGAAAGTTGTTTTA | 924 | 94 °C 5 min | 94 °C 30 s | 54 °C 30 s | 72 °C 90 s | 72 °C 10 min |
R; TCACCACGGGTTATCCGC |
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Park, G.-S.; Lee, S.; Jeong, M.A.; Lee, S.Y.; Cho, D.-G.; Cho, W.; Kim, S.-C.; Kim, H.-J.; Lee, T.G.; Jeong, C.-G.; et al. First Trial of a Novel Caseous Lymphadenitis Inactivated Vaccine in South Korea: Experimental Evaluation across Various Animal Models. Pathogens 2024, 13, 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090729
Park G-S, Lee S, Jeong MA, Lee SY, Cho D-G, Cho W, Kim S-C, Kim H-J, Lee TG, Jeong C-G, et al. First Trial of a Novel Caseous Lymphadenitis Inactivated Vaccine in South Korea: Experimental Evaluation across Various Animal Models. Pathogens. 2024; 13(9):729. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090729
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Gyeong-Seo, Somin Lee, Min A Jeong, So Young Lee, Dong-Geun Cho, WonIl Cho, Seung-Chai Kim, Hwan-Ju Kim, Taek Geun Lee, Chang-Gi Jeong, and et al. 2024. "First Trial of a Novel Caseous Lymphadenitis Inactivated Vaccine in South Korea: Experimental Evaluation across Various Animal Models" Pathogens 13, no. 9: 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090729