Epidemiology of Human Parainfluenza Virus Infections among Pediatric Patients in Hainan Island, China, 2021–2023
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Enrollment and Data Collection
2.2. Collection of Samples and Nucleic Acid Extraction
2.3. Detection of Pathogens
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics and HPIV Detection of Overall Samples
3.2. Prevalence of HPIV among Pediatric Patients in Hainan from 2021 to 2023
3.3. Epidemiology of HPIV in Pediatric Patients across Different Age Groups
3.4. Co-Infections of HPIV and Other Respiratory Pathogens
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Total (n = 19,339) | 2021 (n = 4419) | 2022 (n = 5188) | 2023 (n = 9732) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 915/11,909 (7.68%) | 191/2809 (6.80%) | 221/3149 (7.02%) | 503/5951 (8.45%) |
Female | 480/7430 (6.46%) | 112/1610 (6.96%) | 110/2039 (5.39%) | 258/3781 (6.82%) | |
χ2 | 10.224 | 0.039 | 5.460 | 8.509 | |
p | 0.001 | 0.843 | 0.019 | 0.004 | |
Age | 0–1 | 506/5910 (8.56%) | 116/1818 (6.38%) | 115/1408 (8.17%) | 275/2684 (10.25%) |
1–3 | 485/4989 (9.72%) | 107/1306 (8.19%) | 121/1292 (9.37%) | 257/2391 (10.75%) | |
3–7 | 362/5990 (6.04%) | 77/1056 (7.29%) | 88/1794 (4.91%) | 197/3140 (6.27%) | |
7–18 | 42/2450 (1.71%) | 3/239 (1.26%) | 7/694 (1.01%) | 32/1517 (2.11%) | |
χ2 | 185.885 | 16.351 | 66.865 | 129.409 | |
p | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Season | Spring | 463/4937 (9.38%) | 106/858(12.35%) | 113/1722 (6.56%) | 224/2357 (10.35%) |
Summer | 325/4629 (7.02%) | 38/1033 (3.68%) | 36/1344 (2.68%) | 251/2252 (11.15%) | |
Autumn | 266/5491 (4.84%) | 24/1571 (1.53%) | 34/761 (4.47%) | 208/3159 (6.58%) | |
Winter | 341/4282 (7.96%) | 135/957 (14.11%) | 148/1361 (10.87%) | 58/1964 (2.95%) | |
χ2 | 84.470 | 205.555 | 81.607 | 126.749 | |
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
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Xiao, M.; Banu, A.; Zeng, X.; Shi, S.; Peng, R.; Chen, S.; Ge, N.; Tang, C.; Huang, Y.; Wang, G.; et al. Epidemiology of Human Parainfluenza Virus Infections among Pediatric Patients in Hainan Island, China, 2021–2023. Pathogens 2024, 13, 740. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090740
Xiao M, Banu A, Zeng X, Shi S, Peng R, Chen S, Ge N, Tang C, Huang Y, Wang G, et al. Epidemiology of Human Parainfluenza Virus Infections among Pediatric Patients in Hainan Island, China, 2021–2023. Pathogens. 2024; 13(9):740. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090740
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao, Meifang, Afreen Banu, Xiangyue Zeng, Shengjie Shi, Ruoyan Peng, Siqi Chen, Nan Ge, Cheng Tang, Yi Huang, Gaoyu Wang, and et al. 2024. "Epidemiology of Human Parainfluenza Virus Infections among Pediatric Patients in Hainan Island, China, 2021–2023" Pathogens 13, no. 9: 740. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090740