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Volume 14
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10.3390/pathogens14050408
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Article

Unravelling the Persistence of the Rare Serovar Salmonella Mikawasima in a Hospital Setting: A Whole-Genome Sequencing Study

by
Ivana Ferencak
1,2,*,
Ana Gveric Grginic
1,2,
Tajana Juzbasic
1,
Irena Tabain
1,
Marija Tonkic
3,4,
Ivana Goic-Barisic
3,4,
Dragan Juric
1,
Hrvojka Jankovic
1,
Luka Katic
2,5 and
Anita Novak
2,3,4
1
Department of Microbiology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
Food-and Water-Borne Infections Study Group (EFWISG), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease (ESCMID), 4051 Basel, Switzerland
3
Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
4
School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
5
Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Morningside/West, 1000 Tenth Avenue, New York, NY 10019, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathogens 2025, 14(5), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050408
Submission received: 17 March 2025 / Revised: 11 April 2025 / Accepted: 22 April 2025 / Published: 24 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Neglected Pathogens in the Balkans)
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Abstract

Salmonella Mikawasima is a rare, mainly environmental serovar. In 2020, an outbreak was observed in neonatal and maternal wards of the University Hospital of Split and was established as an endemic until the end of 2024. Using whole-genome sequencing, this study aimed to analyse the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of S. Mikawasima isolates and to elaborate whether the spread of the same clone occurred. Sequenced isolates were classified as ST2030, with the presence of aminoglycoside and extended spectrum beta-lactam resistance genes. Ten percent of the sequenced isolates exhibit multi-drug resistance. Identified virulence factors that include biofilm formation genes suggest the potential persistence of S. Mikawasima in the hospital environment, while spatial and temporal analysis reveal clonal expansion and possible horizontal transmission between different hospital wards. This study provides a deep understanding of the genomic composition of S. Mikawasima and emphasises the need for more stringent infection prevention measures, especially in vulnerable neonatal and postpartum settings, to mitigate the risk of healthcare-associated infections, and it should be followed by further microbiological and epidemiological investigations to identify the source of infection.
Keywords: S. Mikawasima; endemics; virulence; biofilm; antimicrobial resistance; whole-genome sequencing; healthcare-associated infections S. Mikawasima; endemics; virulence; biofilm; antimicrobial resistance; whole-genome sequencing; healthcare-associated infections

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ferencak, I.; Gveric Grginic, A.; Juzbasic, T.; Tabain, I.; Tonkic, M.; Goic-Barisic, I.; Juric, D.; Jankovic, H.; Katic, L.; Novak, A. Unravelling the Persistence of the Rare Serovar Salmonella Mikawasima in a Hospital Setting: A Whole-Genome Sequencing Study. Pathogens 2025, 14, 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050408

AMA Style

Ferencak I, Gveric Grginic A, Juzbasic T, Tabain I, Tonkic M, Goic-Barisic I, Juric D, Jankovic H, Katic L, Novak A. Unravelling the Persistence of the Rare Serovar Salmonella Mikawasima in a Hospital Setting: A Whole-Genome Sequencing Study. Pathogens. 2025; 14(5):408. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050408

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ferencak, Ivana, Ana Gveric Grginic, Tajana Juzbasic, Irena Tabain, Marija Tonkic, Ivana Goic-Barisic, Dragan Juric, Hrvojka Jankovic, Luka Katic, and Anita Novak. 2025. "Unravelling the Persistence of the Rare Serovar Salmonella Mikawasima in a Hospital Setting: A Whole-Genome Sequencing Study" Pathogens 14, no. 5: 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050408

APA Style

Ferencak, I., Gveric Grginic, A., Juzbasic, T., Tabain, I., Tonkic, M., Goic-Barisic, I., Juric, D., Jankovic, H., Katic, L., & Novak, A. (2025). Unravelling the Persistence of the Rare Serovar Salmonella Mikawasima in a Hospital Setting: A Whole-Genome Sequencing Study. Pathogens, 14(5), 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050408

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