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Microorganisms
Volume 10
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10.3390/microorganisms10010167
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Review

Food Additives, a Key Environmental Factor in the Development of IBD through Gut Dysbiosis

by
Pauline Raoul
1,†,
Marco Cintoni
1,†,
Marta Palombaro
1,*,
Luisa Basso
1,
Emanuele Rinninella
1,2,
Antonio Gasbarrini
2,3 and
Maria Cristina Mele
1,2
1
UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
2
Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
3
UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microorganisms 2022, 10(1), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010167
Submission received: 15 December 2021 / Revised: 4 January 2022 / Accepted: 11 January 2022 / Published: 13 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Gut Barrier Impact Human Health and Disease)
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Abstract

Diet is a key environmental factor in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and, at the same time, represents one of the most promising therapies for IBD. Our daily diet often contains food additives present in numerous processed foods and even in dietary supplements. Recently, researchers and national authorities have been paying much attention to their toxicity and effects on gut microbiota and health. This review aims to gather the latest data focusing on the potential role of food additives in the pathogenesis of IBDs through gut microbiota modulation. Some artificial emulsifiers and sweeteners can induce the dysbiosis associated with an alteration of the intestinal barrier, an activation of chronic inflammation, and abnormal immune response accelerating the onset of IBD. Even if most of these results are retrieved from in vivo and in vitro studies, many artificial food additives can represent a potential hidden driver of gut chronic inflammation through gut microbiota alterations, especially in a population with IBD predisposition. In this context, pending the confirmation of these results by large human studies, it would be advisable that IBD patients avoid the consumption of processed food containing artificial food additives and follow a personalized nutritional therapy prescribed by a clinical nutritionist.
Keywords: IBD; food additives; gut microbiota; dysbiosis; artificial sweeteners; emulsifiers; colorants; Western diet; gut barrier; chronic inflammation IBD; food additives; gut microbiota; dysbiosis; artificial sweeteners; emulsifiers; colorants; Western diet; gut barrier; chronic inflammation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Raoul, P.; Cintoni, M.; Palombaro, M.; Basso, L.; Rinninella, E.; Gasbarrini, A.; Mele, M.C. Food Additives, a Key Environmental Factor in the Development of IBD through Gut Dysbiosis. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010167

AMA Style

Raoul P, Cintoni M, Palombaro M, Basso L, Rinninella E, Gasbarrini A, Mele MC. Food Additives, a Key Environmental Factor in the Development of IBD through Gut Dysbiosis. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(1):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010167

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raoul, Pauline, Marco Cintoni, Marta Palombaro, Luisa Basso, Emanuele Rinninella, Antonio Gasbarrini, and Maria Cristina Mele. 2022. "Food Additives, a Key Environmental Factor in the Development of IBD through Gut Dysbiosis" Microorganisms 10, no. 1: 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010167

APA Style

Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Palombaro, M., Basso, L., Rinninella, E., Gasbarrini, A., & Mele, M. C. (2022). Food Additives, a Key Environmental Factor in the Development of IBD through Gut Dysbiosis. Microorganisms, 10(1), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010167

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