Human Papillomavirus Infection during Pregnancy and Childhood: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. HPV Transmission Routes
2.1. Vertical Transmission
2.1.1. Peri-Conceptual Transmission
2.1.2. Intrauterine Transmission
2.1.3. Perinatal Transmission
2.2. Non-Sexual Horizontal Transmission
2.3. Sexual Abuse
3. Pregnancy-Related Complications
4. HPV in Childhood
4.1. Skin Lesions
4.2. Mucosal Lesions
4.3. Juvenile Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
4.4. Retinoblastoma
4.5. Conjunctival Papilloma
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author, Year, Country | Features of the Participants of the Studies | Number of Pregnant Women Tested/Number of Positive Pregnant Women | Number of Newborns Tested/Number of Positive Newborns | Time and Sample for HPV Detection in Neonate | Type of HPV Screened (DNA PCR) | Positive Neonates/Positive Mother of Total Vaginal Delivery | Positive Neonates/Positive Mother of Total Cesarean Section |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trottier et al., 2016, Canada [27] | Pregnant women in the first trimester | 167/75 | 67/7 | At birth/3-month visits, conjunctival, oral, pharyngeal and genital areas | 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89 | -/- of 136 | -/- of 31 |
Sánchez-Torices et al., 2015, Spain [40] | HPV-positive pregnant women | 91/91 | 92/53 | Immediately after delivery, cord blood and oropharynx | 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 38, 52 | 53/91 of 92 | None |
SkoczyNski et al., 2015, Poland [41] | Healthy pregnant women prior to delivery with a singleton pregnancy | 152/29 | 152/16 | Immediately after delivery, oral area | 33 different HPV genotypes including 16 and 18 | NM | NM |
Hahn et al., 2015, South Korea [42] | Pregnant women over 36 weeks of gestation | 469/72 | 469/15 | Immediately after delivery, oral area and secretions | 6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 66, 67, 68, 68a, 69, 70, 72, 81, 82, 84, 90, 91 | 14/51 of 300 | 1/21 of 169 |
Lee et al., 2013, South Korea [14] | Healthy women with a singleton pregnancy | 153/37 | 153/8 | Immediately after delivery, cord blood and nasopharyngeal aspirate | 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 30–35, 39, 40, 42–45, 51–56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66–70, 72, 73, 81–84, 90, 91 | 3/- of 108 | 5/- of 45 |
Hong et al., 2013, China [43] | HPV-positive pregnant women at delivery | 3139/422 | 233/35 | <24 h after birth, exfoliated oral and genital cells | 6, 11, 16, 18, 33, 43, 56, 58 | 19/136 of 136 | 16/97 of 97 |
Park et al., 2012, South Korea [44] | Pregnant women over 36 weeks of gestation | 291/55 | 291/10 | Immediately after delivery, oral area | 24 different HPV genotype including 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 44, 45, 51, 53, 56, 58, 66, 68, 70 | 10/- of 193 | None/- of 98 |
Koskimaa et al., 2012, Finland [35] | Pregnant women in third trimester of pregnancy | 329/NM | 331/59 | At birth and till 2 months, oral area | 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73, 82 | NM | NM |
Smith et al., 2010, USA [45] | Healthy women with a singleton pregnancy | 333/99 | 333/5 | At a median of 42 h after birth, oral and genital areas, and cord blood | 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 69, 66, 70, 83, 84 | 3/86 of 295 | 2/13 of 38 |
Castellsagué et al., 2009, Spain [38] | Pregnant women with potential risk of HPV exposure | 143/66 | 143/26 | From birth till 24 months of age, oral and genital areas | 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 39 | 22/- of 124 | 4/- of 19 |
Rombaldi et al., 2008, Brazil [26] | HPV-positive pregnant women at delivery with prior history of HPV infection, abnormal smear, or genital warts | 49/49 | 49/11 | Immediately after delivery, oral, body, nasopharyngeal aspirates and cord blood | 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52, 58 | 5/24 of 24 | 6/25 of 25 |
Gajewska et al., 2005, Poland [46] | Pregnant women with and without pregestational insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | 45/12 | 45/9 | 48 h after birth, oral area, cord blood | 6, 11, 16 | NM | NM |
Rintala et al., 2005, Finland [47] | Pregnant women in the third trimester | 76/57 | 77/56 | At birth till 2 years, oral and genital areas | 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 58 | -/- of 63 | -/- of 13 |
Worda et al., 2005, Austria [48] | Pregnant women underwent cesarean section between 37 and 40 weeks of pregnancy | 153/56 | NM | NM | 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68 | None | -/56 of 153 |
Deng et al., 2005, China [49] | Pregnant women without condylomata acuminata in the genital tract | 116/42 | 116/10 | 4 h after birth, cord blood, oropharyngeal secretions, amniotic fluid | 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33 | NM | NM |
Bandyopadhyay et al., 2003, India [50] | Term pregnant women without a history of abnormal smears or genital warts | 135/38 | 135/14 | After birth, oral areas | 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33 | 3/11 of 59 | 11/27 of 76 |
Peng et al., 2000, China [51] | Pregnant women in third trimester of pregnancy | 31/23 | 31/13 | Immediately after delivery, nasopharyngeal aspirates | 6, 11, 16, 18 | NM | NM |
Tenti et al., 1999, Italy [52] | Pregnant women with negative Papanicolaou smear at first trimester | 711/37 | 711/11 | Immediately after delivery, nasopharyngeal aspirates | 6, 11, 16, 18, 33 | 11/29 of 557 | 0/8 of 154 |
Wang et al., 1998, China [29] | Pregnant women on third trimester of pregnancy | 73/26 | 73/11 | Immediately after delivery, nasopharyngeal aspirates and amniotic fluid | 16, 18, 35 | 7/14 of 49 | 4/12 of 24 |
Tseng et al., 1998, Taiwan [53] | Healthy women with a singleton pregnancy | 301/68 | 68/27 | At least 3 days after delivery, oral and genital area | 16, 18 | 18/35 of 160 | 9/33 of 141 |
Xu et al., 1998, China [54] | Pregnant women on third trimester of pregnancy | 30/16 | 30/14 | 12–48 h after birth, pharyngeal secretions | 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 38 | - of 17 | - of 13 |
Watts et al., 1998, USA [55] | Pregnant women before 20 weeks of gestation | 151/112 | 151/8 | At birth and till 3 years, oral, genital and anal areas, nasopharyngeal aspirates | 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45 | 6/- of - | 2/- of - |
Puranen et al., 1997, Finland [56] | Pregnant women | 105/41 | 106/39 | Immediately after delivery, nasopharyngeal aspirates | 2, 6, 7, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 53, 66 | 30/30 of 78 | 9/11 of 27 |
Alberico et al., 1995, Italy [57] | Pregnant women in the first trimester | 170/53 | 170/37 | Immediately after delivery, oropharyngeal secretions | 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 52 | NM | NM |
Cason et al., 1995, United Kingdom [58] | Pregnant women, some of them had history of abnormal smears and genital warts | 61/45 | 62/33 | After birth, oral and genital areas, nasopharyngeal aspirates | 16, 18 | NM | NM |
Parkarin et al., 1994, United Kingdom [59] | Pregnant women, some with a history of abnormal smears or of previous genital warts | 31/20 | 32/12 | 24 h after birth, oral and genital areas | 16, 18, 31, 33 | NM | NM |
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Ardekani, A.; Taherifard, E.; Mollalo, A.; Hemadi, E.; Roshanshad, A.; Fereidooni, R.; Rouholamin, S.; Rezaeinejad, M.; Farid-Mojtahedi, M.; Razavi, M.; et al. Human Papillomavirus Infection during Pregnancy and Childhood: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101932
Ardekani A, Taherifard E, Mollalo A, Hemadi E, Roshanshad A, Fereidooni R, Rouholamin S, Rezaeinejad M, Farid-Mojtahedi M, Razavi M, et al. Human Papillomavirus Infection during Pregnancy and Childhood: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(10):1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101932
Chicago/Turabian StyleArdekani, Ali, Erfan Taherifard, Abolfazl Mollalo, Emadeddin Hemadi, Amirhossein Roshanshad, Reza Fereidooni, Safoura Rouholamin, Mahroo Rezaeinejad, Maryam Farid-Mojtahedi, Maryam Razavi, and et al. 2022. "Human Papillomavirus Infection during Pregnancy and Childhood: A Comprehensive Review" Microorganisms 10, no. 10: 1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101932