Homeostasis and Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Microbiota: Comparing Hallmarks of a Healthy State with Changes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Diversity of Gut Microbiota
2.1. The Role and Composition of Gut Microbiota
2.2. The Variations of Gut Microbiota
3. Maintaining Homeostasis and Gastrointestinal Health
3.1. What Influences Homeostasis?
3.2. What Is Affected by Homeostasis?
3.3. Resistance and Resilience
4. Intestinal Dysbiosis and Enteric Diseases
5. The Connection of Dysbiosis to Inflammatory Bowel Disease
6. Manipulating the Gut Microbiota
6.1. Probiotics
6.2. Prebiotics
6.3. Synbiotics
6.4. Dietary Modifications
6.5. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Dysbiosis Type | Reference |
---|---|---|
1 | Loss of beneficial bacteria | [78] |
2 | Overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria | [78] |
3 | Loss of overall bacterial diversity | [78] |
Disease | Reference |
---|---|
Atherosclerosis | [79] |
Autism | [81] |
Crohn’s disease | [78,79,81] |
Diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 | [79] |
Rheumatoid arthritis | [79] |
Ulcerative colitis | [78,79,81] |
Phylum | Genera | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Reduced | Firmicutes | Bacillus | [88] |
Clostridium | [88] | ||
Enterococcus | [88] | ||
Lactobacillus | [88] | ||
Ruminicoccus | [88] | ||
Increased | Bacteroidetes | Alistipes | [88] |
Bacteroides | [88] | ||
Parabacteroides | [88] | ||
Prevotella | [88] | ||
Proteobacteria | Escherichia coli | [89] | |
Klebsiella | [89] | ||
Shigella | [89] |
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Talapko, J.; Včev, A.; Meštrović, T.; Pustijanac, E.; Jukić, M.; Škrlec, I. Homeostasis and Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Microbiota: Comparing Hallmarks of a Healthy State with Changes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122405
Talapko J, Včev A, Meštrović T, Pustijanac E, Jukić M, Škrlec I. Homeostasis and Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Microbiota: Comparing Hallmarks of a Healthy State with Changes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(12):2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122405
Chicago/Turabian StyleTalapko, Jasminka, Aleksandar Včev, Tomislav Meštrović, Emina Pustijanac, Melita Jukić, and Ivana Škrlec. 2022. "Homeostasis and Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Microbiota: Comparing Hallmarks of a Healthy State with Changes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease" Microorganisms 10, no. 12: 2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122405