The Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection—A Condition Affecting Immunocompromised Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hepatitis E Virus Overview
3. Chronic Hepatitis E (CHE)
3.1. Definition of CHE and Its Historical Occurrence
3.2. Pathogenesis of CHE
3.3. The Diagnosis and Clinical Course of CHE
3.4. Prevention and Treatment for CHE
3.5. Prognosis of CHE
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Case | Age (Years) | Sex | Underlying Disease | Immunosuppressant | HEV Sub-Genotype | Anti-HEV IgG | Anti-HEV IgM | Anti-HEV IgA | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 30 | M | DCM, after heart transplantation | PSL, CyA, MMF | 3b | − | − | + | [61] |
2 | 33 | M | CRF, after kidney transplantation | PSL, CyA, MMF | 3a | + | − | + | |
3 | 25 | M | RN, after kidney transplantation | PSL, CyA, MMF | 3a | + | + | + | |
4 | 41 | M | HCC, LC-NASH, after liver transplantation | PSL, tacrolimus, MMF | 3b | + | + | − | [62] |
5 | 37 | F | Complete remission of Burkitt lymphoma | Rit, CPA, VCR, DXR, Ara-C, DEX | 3 | N.D. | N.D. | − | [63] |
6 | 60 | F | PBC, after liver transplantation | tacrolimus, MMF | 3 | + | N.D. | N.D. | [64] |
7 | 76 | F | Hypertension, dyslipidemia | PSL, AZP | 3a | + | + | − | [54] |
Patients/Recipients | Recommended Treatment | |
---|---|---|
Patients on the waiting list for organ transplantation Pregnant women living in endemic regions | Vaccination | |
Immunocompromised CHE patients | Reduction in immunosuppressive therapy RBV | |
Immunocompetent CHE patients | RBV | |
Extrahepatic manifestations | Neurological disorders | Intravenous immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, RBV |
Glomerulonephritis associated with CHE | RBV, corticosteroids | |
Acute pancreatitis | Supportive treatments | |
Thrombocytopenia | No any specific treatments |
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Takakusagi, S.; Kakizaki, S.; Takagi, H. The Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection—A Condition Affecting Immunocompromised Patients. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051303
Takakusagi S, Kakizaki S, Takagi H. The Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection—A Condition Affecting Immunocompromised Patients. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(5):1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051303
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakakusagi, Satoshi, Satoru Kakizaki, and Hitoshi Takagi. 2023. "The Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection—A Condition Affecting Immunocompromised Patients" Microorganisms 11, no. 5: 1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051303