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Article

Brevundimonas aurifodinae, sp. nov., an Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototroph Resistant to Metalloid Oxyanions Isolated from Gold Mine Tailings

by
Chris Maltman
1,2,
Katia Messner
1,
John A. Kyndt
3 and
Vladimir Yurkov
1,*
1
Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
2
Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, USA
3
College of Science and Technology, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE 68005, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2024, 12(11), 2167; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112167
Submission received: 13 September 2024 / Revised: 24 October 2024 / Accepted: 24 October 2024 / Published: 27 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomics of Marine and Aquatic Bacteria: A Focus on Novel Taxa, Diversity and Biotechnological Potential: 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

:
A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on the rod-shaped, orange-pigmented strain C11T, isolated from gold mine tailings. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed a relatedness to Brevundimonas, with a 98.4% and 98.2% similarity to Brevundimonas bacteroides and Brevundimonas variabilis, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and a digital DNA–DNA hybridization with the closest phylogenetic neighbor of strain C11T indicate distinction at the species level, further confirmed by the differences in physiology. C18:1 ω7c is the dominant cellular fatty acid. Its DNA G + C content is 68.3 mol %. Its predominant ubiquinone is Q-10; 1,2-Di-O-acyl-3-O-α-D-glucopyranuronosyl glycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl glycerol, and 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-glucopyranuronosyl] glycerol are its major polar lipid constituents. This bacterium produces bacteriochlorophyll a and tolerates high concentrations of (μg/mL) the following: tellurium (>1500), selenium (1000 to >5000), and vanadium (>5000) oxyanions. The data support the inclusion of the strain C11T into the genus Brevundimonas as a new species with the proposed name Brevundimonas aurifodinae sp. nov. (C11T = NRRL B-61758T; =DSM 118059T).

1. Introduction

Brevundimonas is a genus, belonging to the family Caulobacteraceae, that was proposed in 1994 to re-classify two species, which had a distinct taxonomic position among the Pseudomonas [1]. It is also closely related to Caulobacter, with several current Brevundimonas members formerly residing in the genus [2]. Currently, there are 37 validly recognized members with B. diminuta as their type species [3]. The members are gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, oligotrophic, contain Q-10 as the major isoprenoid quinone, and have a relatively high DNA G + C content [4]. However, they vary in traits such as motility, pigmentation, and prosthecae formation [4]. Species have been isolated from a wide range of habitats including the following: soils, marine/freshwater environments, sand, and activated sludge [5,6]. Brevundimonas spp. are becoming of greater interest as human pathogens, with B. diminuta and B. vesicularis being found in clinical specimens of patients with underlying conditions [6]. One interesting feature is that some members produce bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl a), and contain all the genes necessary for anoxygenic photosynthesis, indicating they can be classified as aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs (AAPs) [7]. Currently, three species are known to have this ability: B. bacteroides [7], B. subvibrioides [8], and B. variabilis [9]. AAPs are a diverse group found in many different environments and various genera of the Proteobacteria [10]. Their core characteristic is the ability to supplement their obligately aerobic, heterotrophic metabolism with energy derived from Bchl a-based phototrophy [11]. A standout characteristic of AAPs is their ability to withstand extremely high levels of metalloid oxyanions [10]. Resistance to toxic metals is a known attribute of many Brevundimonas spp. For example, B. vancanneytii SMA3 mitigates the heavy metals cadmium, lead, and mercury from soils [12], B. diminuta can survive increased levels of arsenic, cadmium, and zinc [13,14], while B. vesicularis remediates copper, lead, and nickel [15,16]. Previously, the tailings of the Central Gold Mine in Nopiming Provincial Park, in Manitoba, Canada were investigated to explore the diversity of AAPs in this extreme environment and their resistance to metalloid oxides [17]. From here, the strain C11T was isolated and found to produce Bchl a, resist high levels of Te, Se, and V oxyanions as well as have close relatedness to Brevundimonas [17]. Since the genus has potential for bioremediation, the discovery of more species which tolerate and remove toxic metals could lead to future applications. As such, we set forth to taxonomically classify strain C11T as a new species with the proposed name Brevundimonas aurifodinae.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Strains and Cultivation

Strain C11T was isolated from gold mine tailings at Nopiming Provincial Park, in Manitoba, Canada using a Rich Organic (RO) solid medium [17]. The cells in all experiments were grown aerobically on a Caulobacter medium [18] at 30 °C and pH 7.0 in the dark unless otherwise noted. Long term storage was at −80 °C in 30% glycerol that was RO-modified to contain 10% (w/v) of the original organic content. The following strains were obtained for comparison: from the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection: Brevundimonas alba KACC 12015T [2], Brevundimonas bacteroides KACC 12013T [2], Brevundimonas basaltis KACC 17487T [19], Brevundimonas subvibrioides KACC 12014T [2], and Brevundimonas variabilis KACC 12016T [2]; and from the USDA-ARS Culture Collection (NRRL): Brevundimonas diminuta NRRL B-1496T [1].

2.2. Physiological and Biochemical Experiments

Taxonomical markers such as the production of specific enzymes and utilization of carbon sources were investigated using API ZYM and API 20NE test strips (Biomeriux, Durham, NC, USA) and a Biolog GEN III Microplate (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA, USA). Motility was determined by the hanging drop method [20]. In addition to the antibiotic susceptibility tested with the Biolog GEN III Microplate, disk diffusion assays were carried out using the BD BBL™ Sensi-Disc™ [21] with the following: penicillin G (10 IU), ampicillin (10 µg), polymyxin B (300 IU), tetracycline (30 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), imipenem (10 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), bacitracin (2 IU), kanamycin (30 µg), and rifampin (5 µg). Temperature range for growth was evaluated from 0 to 50 °C at 5 °C intervals while pH tolerance was assessed from 4.0 to 11.0 with 0.5 increments and NaCl from 0.0 % to 6.0 % at 0.5 % intervals. Gram stain, spore formation, anaerobic growth, catalase, oxidase, methyl red, Voges–Proskauer, indole, and other carbon source utilization tests were completed as described [22].
Anoxygenic photosynthetic complex formation and Bchl a synthesis were assessed with the absorption spectra taken from whole cells and pigment extracts using the standard methods with the Hitachi U-2010 spectrophotometer after the cells were grown for 7 days on RO plates [11]. Aerobic photoautotrophic growth; aerobic and anaerobic nitrate, ammonia and N2, utilization; as well as the resistance and reduction of metal(loid) oxides were evaluated previously [17].
For fatty acid profiling, strain C11T was grown in a Caulobacter medium at 30 °C for 72 h. Biomass was collected; lipids were extracted with the Folch method [23] and analyzed via gas chromatography [24]. Polar lipids were discerned using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography with the appropriate detection reagents [25]. Cellular quinones obtained from 100 mg of freeze-dried cells were separated by TLC and identified [25].

2.3. Microscopy

The cell size and shape of a 48 h culture was observed with a phase contrast light microscope (Zeiss Axioskop 2, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany).

2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis

DNA was extracted as in protocol [26] and sent to Azenta (South Plainfield, NJ, USA) for 16S rRNA gene Sanger sequencing using the universal primers 27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′) and 1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′). A 1404 bp fragment (GenBank accession number: PP885399) was produced. The closest relatives were identified with a NCBI standard nucleotide BLAST search. With the pairwise aligned 16S rRNA fragments of other Brevundimomas spp. collected from the NCBI GenBank, a Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree was created in MEGA 11 [27]. The genome sequence of strain C11T was obtained using a previously described approach [28]. Briefly, the sequencing library of the genomic DNA was prepared using the Illumina DNA Library Prep kit. The genome was sequenced with the Illumina MiniSeq platform using 500 μL of a 1.8 pM library. Paired-end (2 × 150 bp) sequencing generated 2,690,380 reads and 406.3 Mbps. Quality control of the reads was performed using FASTQC (v1.0.0), using a k-mer size of 5 and contamination filtering for overrepresented sequences against the default contamination list. Genome assembly with the Illumina sequencing was performed using Unicycler (v0.5.0) [29] within BV-BRC [30]. This resulted in a 3.3 Mbp genome consisting of 26 contigs (116× coverage). It was then annotated using the NCBI prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline [31]. The Whole Genome Shotgun project has been deposited at the DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession JBEGDD000000000. The version described in this paper is version JBEGDD010000000. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) was assessed with the OrthoANI algorithm through ChunLab’s online ANI calculator [32]. Formula d4 of the Genome–Genome Distance Calculator from DSMZ [33] was used to define the digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values. A Genome Blast Distance Phylogeny tree was created with the Type Strain Genome Server (TYGS) from DSMZ [34]. Intergenomic distances were applied to generate a balanced minimum evolution tree via FASTME 2.1.6.1 including SPR post-processing [35]. Branch support was inferred from 100 pseudo-bootstrap replicates for each. The genome-based tree was rooted at the midpoint [36] and visualized with PhyD3 [37].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Physiology and Morphology of Cells

The API ZYM and API 20NE test strips, and the Biolog Gen III Microplate revealed that strain C11T used a variety of carbon sources for growth and confirmed the activity of a set of enzymes which are outlined in the species description (Section 4.1). The carbon sources and enzyme activities not cited here which were included in these test kits, produced negative results. Strain C11T does not require vitamin supplements. Growth occurs between 5 and 40 °C, from a pH of 6.0 to 10.5, and up to 2.0 % NaCl with the optima at 30 °C, pH 8.0, and 0 % NaCl (Table 1, Figure 1). Strain C11T could neither fix nitrogen gas nor reduce nitrates, only using ammonia as an inorganic nitrogen source aerobically. However, organic nitrogen sources both simple (amino acids) and complex (casamino acids, bactopeptone, yeast extract) are utilized for growth by strain C11T in oxygenated conditions (a full list of the carbon sources used, including the nitrogen-containing compounds, is in the species description, Section 4.1). It is incapable of growing photoautotrophically.
Strain C11T is susceptible to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, polymyxin B, streptomycin, imipenem, vancomycin, tetrazolium violet, tetrazolium blue, aztreonam, macrolide, rifamycin, minocycline, lincomycin, guanidine HCl, niaproof 4, fusidic acid, D-serine, and sodium bromate, but resistant to nalidixic acid, lithium chloride, penicillin, and ampicillin.
Strain C11T was assessed for its ability to resist and potentially reduce metal(loid) oxyanions [17]. It had the broadest and greatest tolerance among the other isolates from the gold mine tailings in Nopiming Provincial Park. This included surviving high levels of (µg/mL) the following: tellurite (>1500), tellurate (>1500), selenite (1000), selenate (>5000), metavanadate (>5000), and orthovanadate (>5000). Furthermore, the strain C11T has potential bioremediation and biometallurgy applications as it reduced tellurite to elemental tellurium [17].
In vivo, it has an anoxygenic photosynthesis complex containing a light-harvesting I complex (870 nm) and a reaction center (802 nm) (Figure 2A, light orange line). Bchl a was detected in the pigment extract absorbance spectrum (770 nm, Figure 2A, dashed dark orange line). As such, strain C11T is classified as an aerobic anoxygenic phototroph. The carotenoids were also synthesized (Figure 2A, orange line: 458, 515 nm; Figure 2A, dashed dark orange line: 423, 453, 481, and 531 nm).
Strain C11T is gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-spore forming, and obligately aerobic. It produces circular (1–2 mm), raised, orange colonies with entire margins and a mucoid consistency on Caulobacter media plates after 72 h. Morphologically, the cells are rod shaped, 1.5–2.0 µm in length, 0.75–1.0 µm in width, and do not form prosthecae after 48 h of growth (Figure 1B).

3.2. Chemotaxonomic Characterization

The whole cell fatty acid analysis revealed strain C11T contains predominately C18:1 ω7c. The major polar lipids are 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-α-D-glucopyranuronosyl glycerol (MGDOx), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl glycerol (MGD), and 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-glucopyranuronosyl]glycerol (DGL). MGDOx production differentiates Brevundimonas from Caulobacter and, as such, its presence in the strain C11T supports the conclusions of this study [4]. The predominant ubiquinone in the cells is Q-10. The fatty acid, polar lipid, and quinone profiles are representative of the Brevundimonas spp. [4], solidifying its genus placement.

3.3. Phylogenetic and Genomic Analysis

A nearly complete 16S rRNA fragment (1404 bp) of strain C11T was produced via Sanger sequencing with the full gene (1461 bp) identified in the genome on contig 7. Pairwise comparisons to the type species revealed a 16S rRNA relatedness of 98.4 % to B. bacteroides KACC 12013T [2] and 98.2 % to B. variabilis KACC 12016T [2]. Using these sequences and those from the validated Brevundimonas members, a Maximum Likelihood 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree was created (Figure 3). The final product positions strain C11T within the genus (Figure 3).
The genome of strain C11T is 3.3 Mb and it has a G + C content of 68.3 mol %, falling within the range of the other genus members (Table 2) [4]. It contains 26 contigs, has an L50 of 5, and 3186 protein-coding genes were annotated. The OrthoANI between strain C11T and B. bacteroides is 83.5% and the dDDH is 26.6 %. For B. variabilis, it is 77.7 % and 21.8 %, respectively. All the values fall below the accepted cutoffs for species differentiation [38]. The Genome Blast Distance Phylogeny tree created shows a distinct lineage for strain C11T among the other Brevundimonas spp. that supports its classification as a new species (Figure 4).
While the cells were non-motile under the test conditions, strain C11T possesses many of the genes for flagellum production as well as a chemotaxis regulator cheY. However, the gene filC, which encodes the flagellum filament, is absent from the genome, explaining the non-motile phenotype observed [39]. As shown via spectrophotometry, it synthesizes Bchl a and as such, has all the necessary sequences. These genes alongside the others required for photosynthesis (such as light-harvesting complex and reaction center production) are found within a single cluster in the chromosome. Furthermore, the genes encoding RuBisCo are not found in the genome. Alternatively, a gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is present, suggesting strain C11T conducts anaplerotic carbon fixing, an activity known to take place in AAPs which is insufficient for autotrophic growth [10]. No nitrogen fixation genes or nitrate reductase was found, supporting the results described in Section 3.1. Besides being resistant to very high levels of tellurite, tellurate, selenite, selenate, metavanadate, and orthovanadate [17], copper and silver resistance via a resistance-nodulation-division efflux transporter is also encoded, suggesting strain C11T may be able to tolerate high levels of Cu and Ag. These genes alongside those encoding for conjugative transfer, the enzyme polygalacturonase, as well as additional hypothetical proteins, comprise the 404 PATRIC cross-genus families found in strain C11T but not in its closest relatives B. bacteroides, B. subvibrioides, and B. variabilis. This supports the evidence provided that there is sufficient variation in the features of strain C11T which distinguishes it from other Brevundimonas spp.

4. Conclusions

The strain C11T, isolated from gold mine tailings in Nopiming Provincial Park, possesses significant differences in both phenotype (carbon metabolism and enzyme activities) and genotype (ANI and dDDH), which sufficiently differentiate it from its closest relatives. As such, this bacterium represents a new species in the genus and the name Brevundimonas aurifodinae is proposed.

4.1. Description of Brevundimonas aurifodinae sp. nov.

Brevundimonas aurifodinae (au.ri.fo.di’nae. L. neut. n. aurum, gold; L. fem. n. fodina, mine; N.L. gen. n. aurifodinae, indicates discovery at a gold mine) is gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore forming, and obligately aerobic. Circular (1–2 mm), raised, orange colonies with entire margins and a mucoid consistency formed on the Caulobacter medium plates after 72 h. The cells are rod-shaped, 1.5–2.0 µm in length and 0.8–1.0 µm in width, non-prosthecate, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. Growth occurs in the following conditions (optimum): between 5 and 40 °C (30 °C), from a pH of 6.0 to 10.5 (8.0), and up to 2.0 % NaCl (0 %). The carbon sources utilized include the following: Gluconate, dextrin, D-cellobiose, gentibiose, sucrose, D-turanose, stachyose, α-D-lactose, D-melibiose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-nuraminic acid, α-D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, 3-methyl-glucose, D-fucose, L-fucose, L-rhamnose, D-mannitol, D-arabitol, myo-inositol, D-glucose-6-phosphate, D-fructose-6-phosphate, D-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-proline, L-alanine, L- aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-serine, D-galacuronic acid, L-galacturonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucuronic acid, glucuronamide, quinic acid, D-saccharic acid, D-lactic acid methyl ester, citric acid, α-keto-glutaric acid, D-malic acid, L-malic acid, bromosuccinic acid, α-hydroxy-butyric acid, β-hydroxy-D, L-butyric acid, α-keto-butyric acid, acetoacetic acid, acetic acid, casamino acids, yeast extract, and bactopeptone. Alternatively, capric acid, adipic acid, phenylacetic acid, D-maltose, D-trehalose, D-raffinose, β-methyl-D-glucoside, D-salicin, D-fructose, inosine, D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-serine, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-pyroglutamic acid, pectin, mucic acid, p-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid, methyl pyruvate, L-lactic acid, ɣ-amino-butyric acid, propionic acid, ethanol, methanol, and formic acid were not used. Can grow without vitamin supplements. Alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-bi-phosphohydrolase, α-glucosidase, and amylase activities were present, while arginine dihydrolase, lipase, cystine arylamidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, α-mannosidase, α-fucosidase, urease, and nitrate reductase were not. Esculin and gelatin were hydrolyzed. The indole, methyl red, and Voges–Proskauer tests were negative. The primary fatty acid was C18:1 ω7c. Ubiquinone Q-10 was the dominant isoprenoid quinone. MGDOx, PG, MGD, and DGL were the major polar lipids. It produces bacteriochlorophyll a and is resistant to high levels of (µg/mL) the following: tellurite (>1500), tellurate (>1500), selenite (1000), selenate (>5000), metavanadate (>5000), and orthovanadate (>5000). It can reduce tellurite to elemental tellurium. The DNA G + C content is 68.3 mol %.
The type strain C11T (= NRRL B-61758T = DSM 118059T) was isolated from gold mine tailings at Nopiming Provincial Park, in Manitoba, Canada. The strain C11T ribosomal 16S rRNA gene sequence is available under the GenBank accession number: PP885399. This Whole Genome Shotgun project has been deposited at the DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession JBEGDD000000000, which was used in this study.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.M. and V.Y.; formal analysis, C.M., K.M., J.A.K. and V.Y.; funding acquisition, C.M., J.A.K. and V.Y.; investigation, C.M., K.M., J.A.K. and V.Y.; methodology, C.M., K.M., J.A.K. and V.Y.; project administration, C.M. and V.Y.; resources, C.M., J.A.K., and V.Y.; supervision, J.A.K. and V.Y.; writing—original draft, C.M.; writing—review and editing, C.M., K.M., J.A.K. and V.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by the Department of Biology at Slippery Rock University, through C. Maltman; the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant 1501, and a University of Manitoba GETS grant, both held by V. Yurkov; and the Wilson Enhancement Fund for Applied Research in Science at Bellevue University, given to J. Kyndt.

Data Availability Statement

Strain C11T ribosomal 16S rRNA gene sequence is available under the GenBank accession number: PP885399. This Whole Genome Shotgun project has been deposited at the DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession JBEGDD000000000, which was used in this study.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank George Lengyel for assistance with the quinone and polar lipid analyses as well as Aharon Oren for his assistance with checking the Latin grammar and the spelling of the new name.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Microorganisms 12 02167 g001
Figure 1. Strain C11T growth at different pH (A) and NaCl concentrations (B). The optimum is the darkened bar. Standard deviations are added.
Figure 1. Strain C11T growth at different pH (A) and NaCl concentrations (B). The optimum is the darkened bar. Standard deviations are added.
Microorganisms 12 02167 g001
Microorganisms 12 02167 g002
Figure 2. Photosynthetic complex, cell morphology, and pigmentation of strain C11T. (A) Whole cell (light orange line) and pigment extract (dark orange, dashed line) absorbance spectra. Peaks and shoulders of importance are indicated. (B) Phase contrast micrograph of cells. Bar is 5 μm. (C) Liquid culture.
Figure 2. Photosynthetic complex, cell morphology, and pigmentation of strain C11T. (A) Whole cell (light orange line) and pigment extract (dark orange, dashed line) absorbance spectra. Peaks and shoulders of importance are indicated. (B) Phase contrast micrograph of cells. Bar is 5 μm. (C) Liquid culture.
Microorganisms 12 02167 g002
Microorganisms 12 02167 g003
Figure 3. Maximum Likelihood 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree of strain C11T and validated species in Brevundimonas. The scale bar represents the amount of substitutions per nucleotide. Accession numbers are in parenthesis. Value at nodes indicate the bootstrap support calculated with a neighbor joining analysis of 1000 resampled datasets; only values > 50% are shown. Aquidulcibacter paucihalophilus LMG 28362T was used as the outgroup.
Figure 3. Maximum Likelihood 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree of strain C11T and validated species in Brevundimonas. The scale bar represents the amount of substitutions per nucleotide. Accession numbers are in parenthesis. Value at nodes indicate the bootstrap support calculated with a neighbor joining analysis of 1000 resampled datasets; only values > 50% are shown. Aquidulcibacter paucihalophilus LMG 28362T was used as the outgroup.
Microorganisms 12 02167 g003
Microorganisms 12 02167 g004
Figure 4. Genome Blast Distance Phylogeny tree of strain C11T among species of the genus Brevundimonas. The blue numbers on branches are the pseudo-bootstrap support values > 60% from 100 replications, with an average branch support of 81.3%. The black numbers represent the branch length. The tree was rooted at the midpoint.
Figure 4. Genome Blast Distance Phylogeny tree of strain C11T among species of the genus Brevundimonas. The blue numbers on branches are the pseudo-bootstrap support values > 60% from 100 replications, with an average branch support of 81.3%. The black numbers represent the branch length. The tree was rooted at the midpoint.
Microorganisms 12 02167 g004
Table 1. Physiological and biochemical features of strain C11T compared to related members and the type species of the genus Brevundimonas 1,2.
Table 1. Physiological and biochemical features of strain C11T compared to related members and the type species of the genus Brevundimonas 1,2.
SpeciesB. aurifodinaeB. bacteroidesB. variabilisB. basaltisB. albaB. subvibrioidesB. diminuta
StrainC11TKACC 12013TKACC 12016TKACC 17487TKACC 12015TKACC 12014TNRRL B-1496T
Temperature (°C)5–4025–4010–4010–4010–4025–4010–40
Optimum30303030303030
pH6.0–10.56.0–8.06.0–8.05.5–10.06.0–8.06.0–8.06.0–8.0
Optimum8.07.07.07.57.07.07.0
NaCl Tolerance (%)2444226
Optimum0000000
Utilization of:
D-maltose−−+−−−+
D-cellobiose+−+−−++
Gentibiose++++−−+
Sucrose+−+−−−+
Stachyose+++−−−+
D-raffinose−−+−−++
β-methyl-D-glucoside−+−+−++
D-salicin−++−−++
α-D-glucose+−+++++
D-mannose++−−+++
D-fructose−−−+−−+
Gelatin+++−+−+
L-arginine−+++−−+
Pectin−−++−++
Mucic acid−+++−++
D-malic acid++−+−++
α-hydroxy-butyric acid++−−−−+
α-keto-butyric acid+−−−−−+
Propionic acid−+−+−−−
Enzyme Activities:
Amylase+++−−+−
Gelatinase+++−+−−
Leucine arylamidase+−+++++
Valine arylamidase+−+++++
Cysteine arylamidase−−−+−+−
α-chymotrypsin+−+++++
α-glucosidase++++++−
Oxidase++−−+++
Esculin Hydrolysis++++++−
1+, Growth occurs, enzyme activity detected; −, No growth, no enzyme activity; 2 Physiological results not included here produced identical results among those tested.
Table 2. General genome features of strain C11T compared to related members, and the type species of Brevundimonas.
Table 2. General genome features of strain C11T compared to related members, and the type species of Brevundimonas.
SpeciesB. aurifodinaeB. bacteroidesB. variabilisB. basaltisB. albaB. subvibrioidesB. diminuta
Strain 1C11TKACC 12013TKACC 12016TKACC 17487TKACC 12015TKACC 12014TNRRL B-1496T
16S rRNA Gene Similarity (%) 210098.498.297.597.497.294.8
Genome Size (Mb)3.33.23.42.63.13.43.4
G + C Content68.368.265.368.568.668.467.3
Genes3258322533202715305633853438
Protein-coding genes3186316932462649300033253358
No. of contigs261788312
No. of tRNA genes43444643464753
L505422111
OrthoANI (%) 210083.577.777.777.480.977.3
dDDH (%) 210026.621.821.421.323.520.8
1 GenBank Assembly Accession numbers of strains from left to right: GCA_040195595.1, GCA_000701445.1, GCA_014199945.1, GCA_014202075.1, GCA_011927945.1, GCA_000144605.1, and GCA_900445995.1. 2 Compared to strain C11T.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Maltman, C.; Messner, K.; Kyndt, J.A.; Yurkov, V. Brevundimonas aurifodinae, sp. nov., an Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototroph Resistant to Metalloid Oxyanions Isolated from Gold Mine Tailings. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112167

AMA Style

Maltman C, Messner K, Kyndt JA, Yurkov V. Brevundimonas aurifodinae, sp. nov., an Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototroph Resistant to Metalloid Oxyanions Isolated from Gold Mine Tailings. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(11):2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112167

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maltman, Chris, Katia Messner, John A. Kyndt, and Vladimir Yurkov. 2024. "Brevundimonas aurifodinae, sp. nov., an Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototroph Resistant to Metalloid Oxyanions Isolated from Gold Mine Tailings" Microorganisms 12, no. 11: 2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112167

APA Style

Maltman, C., Messner, K., Kyndt, J. A., & Yurkov, V. (2024). Brevundimonas aurifodinae, sp. nov., an Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototroph Resistant to Metalloid Oxyanions Isolated from Gold Mine Tailings. Microorganisms, 12(11), 2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112167

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