Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Bacteriophages Identifies Two Novel Phage Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Host Strains and Their Growth
2.2. Bacteriophage Isolation and Propagation
2.3. Host Range Profiles
2.4. Phage DNA Isolation, Sequencing, and Annotation
2.5. Phylogenetic and Comparative Genomic Analyses
2.6. Electron Microscopic Imaging of the Phages
3. Results
3.1. Phage Isolation and Biological Characterization by Host Range Profile
3.2. Comparative Phylogenomic Analysis of Phage Understudy
3.2.1. Comparative Gene Content Analysis of Phages under Study
3.2.2. Assessing the Genetic Relatedness of Phages under Study with Other Salmonella Phage Genomes
3.3. Salmonella Phages under Study Are Morphologically and Taxonomically Different
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phage | Salmonella Host Strain Used for Isolation * | Morphotype | New Classification | Old Classification | GenBank Accession Number | Genome Length (Kb) | No. of Coding Genes | No. of tRNA | G+C (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SB3 | S. enterica ser. Enteritidis (S7) | Siphovirus | Genus: Jerseyvirus; Species: Jerseyvirus AG11 | Genus: Jerseyvirus; Species: Salmonella virus AG11 | MK578530 | 41.15 | 63 | 0 | 50.0 |
SB6 | S. enterica ser. Javiana (S1297) | Siphovirus | Genus: Epseptimavirus | Genus: Haartmanvirus | MK809530 | 112.31 | 180 | 16 | 39.9 |
SB9 | S. enterica ser. Saint-Paul (S1326) | Siphovirus | Genus: Epseptimavirus | Genus: Tequintavirus | MK867835 | 113.98 | 180 | 20 | 39.9 |
SB10 | S. enterica ser. Typhimurium (S1295) | Siphovirus | Genus: Epseptimavirus; Species: Epseptimavirus fuchur | Genus: Tequintavirus; Species: Salmonella virus fuchur | MK947458 | 111.35 | 183 | 21 | 40.1 |
SB13 | S. enterica ser. Typhimurium (S580) | Siphovirus | Genus: Epseptimavirus; Species: Epseptimavirus SB13. | Genus: Tequintavirus | MK947459 | 112.51 | 175 | 15 | 39.9 |
SB15 | S. enterica ser. Braenderup (S3) | Siphovirus | Genus: Jerseyvirus; Species: Jerseyvirus AG11 | Genus: Jerseyvirus; Species: Salmonella virus AG11 | MK759883 | 41.44 | 73 | 0 | 50.0 |
SB18 | S. enterica ser. Infantis (S43) | Myovirus | Genus: Ounavirinae; Species: Kolesnikvirus Ea214 | Genus: Ounavirinae; Species: Kolesnikvirus | MK759884 | 85.31 | 118 | 17 | 43.8 |
SB28 | S. Typhi ser. T42 DEF 472 (S203) | Siphovirus | Genus: Macdonaldcampvirus; Species: Macdonaldcampvirus SB28 | Was not classified beyond Siphoviridae family | MK947460 | 45.13 | 73 | 0 | 46.2 |
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Bhandare, S.; Lawal, O.U.; Colavecchio, A.; Cadieux, B.; Zahirovich-Jovich, Y.; Zhong, Z.; Tompkins, E.; Amitrano, M.; Kukavica-Ibrulj, I.; Boyle, B.; et al. Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Bacteriophages Identifies Two Novel Phage Species. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040695
Bhandare S, Lawal OU, Colavecchio A, Cadieux B, Zahirovich-Jovich Y, Zhong Z, Tompkins E, Amitrano M, Kukavica-Ibrulj I, Boyle B, et al. Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Bacteriophages Identifies Two Novel Phage Species. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(4):695. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040695
Chicago/Turabian StyleBhandare, Sudhakar, Opeyemi U. Lawal, Anna Colavecchio, Brigitte Cadieux, Yella Zahirovich-Jovich, Zeyan Zhong, Elizabeth Tompkins, Margot Amitrano, Irena Kukavica-Ibrulj, Brian Boyle, and et al. 2024. "Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Bacteriophages Identifies Two Novel Phage Species" Microorganisms 12, no. 4: 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040695