Taxonomic Diversity and Functional Traits of Soil Bacterial Communities under Radioactive Contamination: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Taxonomic Diversity and Structure of Soil Communities after Radiation Exposure
2.1. Soils Contaminated by Artificial Radionuclides
2.2. Soils with Enhanced Levels of Naturally Occurring Radionuclides and Heavy Metals
2.3. Laboratory Experiments with External Irradiation of Soils
3. Mechanisms of Resistance and Adaptation in Bacterial Communities in Radioactively Contaminated Soil
3.1. Resistance to Heavy Metals and Antibiotics
3.2. Halotolerance
3.3. Redox Activity and Antioxidant Defense Systems
3.4. Defense Mechanisms Associated with Thermophilicity
4. Ionizing Radiation in the Forming of Soil Bacterial Communities
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|
Soils Contaminated by Artificial Radionuclides | |||
Chernobyl accident | 0.037–37,000 kBq/kg (10−3–10−9 Ci/kg) | ↓ | [60] |
Chernobyl accident | 0.074–629 kBq/kg (0.002–17.0 µCi/kg) | ↓ | [61] |
Chernobyl accident | 137Cs: 61–750 kBq/kg (61–750 Bq/g) | ↑↓ | [62] |
Chernobyl accident | 137Cs: 3.33–5395.5 mBq/m2 | ↓ Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Aeromonas species; ↑ Mycobacteria | [34] |
Chernobyl-like contamination | 137Cs: 14,700–15,900 kBq/kg 90Sr: 10,347–11,167 kBq/kg | ↓ | [63] |
Nuclear tests (northwestern China) | 137Cs: 100–10,000 Bq/kg | ↓ The number of isolates; ↓ Richness in the most contaminated site | [30] |
Underground nuclear explosion Kraton-3 (Sakha Republic, Russia) | 0.08–1.7 µSv/h (8–170 µR/h) 137Cs: 0–29,903 Bq/kg | ↑↓ | [64] |
Chernobyl accident | 137Cs: 0.35–750 kBq/kg | ↑ | [65] |
Chernobyl accident | 137Cs: 4.21–1680 kBq/kg 90Sr: 1.9–209.1 kBq/kg 154Eu: 0.048–3600 kBq/kg 241Am: 0.06–35 kBq/kg | ↓ | [26] |
Fukushima accident | 137Cs: 0.4–34.43 kBq/kg | ||
Fukushima accident | 134Cs: 1–207,000 Bq/kg 137Cs: 10–563,000 Bq/kg | ↓ At the most contaminated site | [27] |
Nuclear tests (Uyghur Autonomous Region, China) | 137Cs: from 10 to >60 Bq/kg | ↑ | [66] |
Chernobyl accident | 0.04–130 µSv/h | ↑↓ | [29] |
Soils with elevated levels of naturally occurring radionuclides and heavy metals | |||
Uranium mining (Dresden, Germany) | U: 0.75–3.0 mg/L Th: 0.2–0.4 mg/L | ↑↓ | [67] |
Uranium mining (Dakota, USA) | U: 2–8 mg/kg | ↓ At the most contaminated sites | [68] |
Uranium mining (Monchique and Urgeiriça, Portugal) | U: 10–22 mg/L | ↑↓ | [69] |
Uranium mining (Jharkhand, India) | U: 1.2 mM; Th: 0.04 mM | It was not compared to the control area | [70] |
Uranium mining (Cunha Baixa, Portugal) | Radioactivity: 358–1983 Bq * (358–1983 cps) | ↑ | [71] |
Uranium mining (Jaduguda, India) | U: 1–20 mg/kg Th: 3–17 mg/kg | ↑↓ | [72] |
Natural soils with high uranium content (Limousin, France) | U (total): 27–255,000 mg/kg (27–255,000 ppm) U (soluble): 0.1–81 µM | ↑↓ | [73] |
Uranium mining (Buhovo, Bulgaria) | U: 26.7–374 mg/kg Th: 17.2–22.1 mg/kg | ↓ | [19] |
Uranium mining (Domiasiat, India) | U (soil): from <10 to 1200 mg/kg Uranyl nitrate: 100 µM–2 mM | ↑ Diversity of U-tolerant bacteria at medium U concentrations | [74] |
Uranium mining (Jharkhand, India) | U: 11–290 mg/kg | ↓ | [75] |
Uranium mining (Ronneburg, Germany) | U: 5–1569 μg/g | Microbial communities have changed, but not because of U | [76] |
Uranium mill tailings (southeastern China) | 238U: 5.2–48.1 mg/kg 232Th:12.7–16.9 mg/kg 226Ra: 0.06–0.17 Bq/g 40K: 1.29–2.27 mg/kg | ↓ | [77] |
Uranium tailings (southern China) | U: 4.31–48.10 mg/kg | ↓ | [20] |
Thorium mining (Sakha Republic, Russia) | 0.15–0.42 μSv/h (15–42 μR/h) 232Th: 34–1535 Bq/kg | ↑↓ | [64] |
Radioactive oily waste (Tatarstan, Russia) | 226Ra: 21–2739 Bq/kg 232Th: 32–916 Bq/kg 40K: 271–311 Bq/kg | ↓ | [35] |
Radioactive oily wastes (Tatarstan, Russia) | 226Ra: 0.01–1 kBq/kg 232Th: 0.021–0.65 kBq/kg | ↓ | [78] |
Uranium mining (Erode, India) | U: 32.4 Bq/kg | ↓ | [79] |
Uranium mining (Ranger Uranium Mine, Australia) | 0–4000 mg/kg | ↓ At 4000 mg/kg | [80] |
Uranium tailings (Beishan, China) | 238U: 3.42–12.3 mg/kg 232Th: 12.6–16.5 mg/kg | ↓ | [81] |
Uranium mining (Ranger Uranium Mine, Australia) | U: from 2 to >900 mg/kg | ↑↓ | [82] |
Uranium mining (Paukkajanvaara, Finland) | 226Ra: from <0.1 to 21,000 Bq/kg (0.0–21 Bq/g) | ↓ At the most contaminated site | [83] |
Uranium mining (Sichuan, China) | U: 11.92–54.99 mg/kg | ↑ | [84] |
Activities of the former nuclear weapon production facility (South Carolina, USA) | 238U: 1.03–6.29 mg/kg | ↓ | [85] |
Natural radiation intensity of radon (Incheon, Korea) | 222Rn: 920–3367 Bq/m3 | ↓ | [86] |
Phosphate and nuclear industries (Grote Nete, Belgium) | 226Ra: to 3750 Bq/kg 238U: to 200 Bq/kg 210Pb: to 1000 Bq/kg 241Am: to 225 Bq/kg 137Cs: to 300 Bq/kg 60Co: to 12 Bq/kg 232Th: to 30 Bq/kg 228Th: to 45 Bq/kg 228Ra: to 30 Bq/kg | ↓ Alpha diversity; Microbial communities exhibited the most distinct composition in regions characterized by the highest concentrations of radionuclides and heavy metals | [87] |
Abnormally high background radiation (Kerala, India) | 21 μSv/h (21,000 nGy/h) | ↓ At the phylum level; ↑ At the genus level | [88] |
Increased natural radioactivity (Junggar Basin, China) | 238U: 27.74–739.13 Bq/kg 232Th: 15.95–59.66 Bq/kg 40K: 612.5–806.07 Bq/kg | The composition of the microbial community changed in accordance with the gradients of the specific activity of natural radionuclides in the soil | [15] |
Uranium mill tailings (Xinjiang, China) | 238U: 36.52–51.13 Bq/kg 226Ra: 40.79–53.18 Bq/kg 232Th: 29.09–37.4 Bq/kg 40K: 605.89-651.08 Bq/kg | ↓ | [89] |
U tailing dam (Guangdong, China) | U total: 71.12–76.02 mg/kg Uexc: 6.27–7.98 mg/kg Ured: 15.16–33.69 mg/kg Uoxi: 9.61–23.15 mg/kg | ↓ | [25] |
Uranyl nitrate (laboratory contamination, Mianyang, China) | 100 mg/kg | ↓ | [90] |
Uranium mining (Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China) | - | ↓ | [91] |
External laboratory γ-irradiation | |||
137Cs γ-irradiation | 5–160 Gy | ↓ Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonads; ↑ Gram-positive bacteria | [92] |
60Co γ-irradiation | 0–30 kGy | ↓ | [93] |
60Co γ-irradiation | 15 kGy | Radioresistant bacterial species have been found | [94] |
60Co γ-irradiation | 0–10 kGy | ↑↓ | [95] |
60Co γ-irradiation | 1–10 kGy | ↑ At low doses; ↓ At higher doses (garden clay soil); ↓ At higher doses (uncultivated clay soil); ↑↓ (Hydrocarbon contaminated soil) | [96] |
137Cs γ-irradiation | 1.8, 4.0 kGy | ↓ Radiosensitive bacteria; ↑ Radioresistant bacteria | [97] |
60Co γ-irradiation | 3 kGy | γ-Radiation-resistant bacteria were isolated from the desert samples | [98] |
60Co γ-irradiation | 0–40 kGy | ↓ | [99] |
60Co γ-irradiation | 100 kGy | High bacterial diversity with changed community structure | [100] |
60Co γ-irradiation | 0.6–18 kGy | ↓ | [101] |
60Co γ-irradiation | 0.6–18 kGy | ↑ In Deinococcota diversity; ↓ Other bacterial diversity | [102] |
60Co γ-irradiation | 0–30 kGy | ↓ | [103] |
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Belykh, E.; Maystrenko, T.; Velegzhaninov, I.; Tavleeva, M.; Rasova, E.; Rybak, A. Taxonomic Diversity and Functional Traits of Soil Bacterial Communities under Radioactive Contamination: A Review. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040733
Belykh E, Maystrenko T, Velegzhaninov I, Tavleeva M, Rasova E, Rybak A. Taxonomic Diversity and Functional Traits of Soil Bacterial Communities under Radioactive Contamination: A Review. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(4):733. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040733
Chicago/Turabian StyleBelykh, Elena, Tatiana Maystrenko, Ilya Velegzhaninov, Marina Tavleeva, Elena Rasova, and Anna Rybak. 2024. "Taxonomic Diversity and Functional Traits of Soil Bacterial Communities under Radioactive Contamination: A Review" Microorganisms 12, no. 4: 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040733