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Review

The Role of Oncogenic Viruses in Head and Neck Cancers: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Detection Methods

by
Pinelopi Samara
1,*,†,
Michail Athanasopoulos
2,†,
Stylianos Mastronikolis
3,
Efthymios Kyrodimos
4,
Ioannis Athanasopoulos
5 and
Nicholas S. Mastronikolis
2
1
Children’s Oncology, Unit Marianna V. Vardinoyannis-ELPIDA, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
2
Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
3
Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
4
1st Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hippocration Hospital, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
5
Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Athens Pediatric Center, 15125 Athens, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microorganisms 2024, 12(7), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071482
Submission received: 6 July 2024 / Revised: 16 July 2024 / Accepted: 18 July 2024 / Published: 19 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Microbiology)

Abstract

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) constitute a wide range of malignancies originating from the epithelial lining of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and salivary glands. Although lymphomas affecting this region are not conventionally classified as HNCs, they may occur in lymph nodes or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues within the head and neck. Oncogenic viruses play a crucial role in HNC onset. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is extensively studied for its association with oropharyngeal cancers; nevertheless, other oncogenic viruses also contribute to HNC development. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and advancements in detection methods of oncogenic viruses associated with HNCs, recognizing HPV’s well-established role while exploring additional viral connections. Notably, Epstein–Barr virus is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma and lymphomas. Human herpesvirus 8 is implicated in Kaposi’s sarcoma, and Merkel cell polyomavirus is associated with subsets of HNCs. Additionally, hepatitis viruses are examined for their potential association with HNCs. Understanding the viral contributions in the head and neck area is critical for refining therapeutic approaches. This review underlines the interaction between viruses and malignancies in this region, highlighting the necessity for ongoing research to elucidate additional mechanisms and enhance clinical outcomes.
Keywords: head and neck cancer; oncogenic viruses; human papillomavirus; Epstein–Barr virus; human herpesvirus 8; Merkel cell polyomavirus; hepatitis B; hepatitis C head and neck cancer; oncogenic viruses; human papillomavirus; Epstein–Barr virus; human herpesvirus 8; Merkel cell polyomavirus; hepatitis B; hepatitis C

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MDPI and ACS Style

Samara, P.; Athanasopoulos, M.; Mastronikolis, S.; Kyrodimos, E.; Athanasopoulos, I.; Mastronikolis, N.S. The Role of Oncogenic Viruses in Head and Neck Cancers: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Detection Methods. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071482

AMA Style

Samara P, Athanasopoulos M, Mastronikolis S, Kyrodimos E, Athanasopoulos I, Mastronikolis NS. The Role of Oncogenic Viruses in Head and Neck Cancers: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Detection Methods. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(7):1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071482

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samara, Pinelopi, Michail Athanasopoulos, Stylianos Mastronikolis, Efthymios Kyrodimos, Ioannis Athanasopoulos, and Nicholas S. Mastronikolis. 2024. "The Role of Oncogenic Viruses in Head and Neck Cancers: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Detection Methods" Microorganisms 12, no. 7: 1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071482

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