Infectious Foci, Comorbidities and Its Influence on the Outcomes of Septic Critically Ill Patients
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Protocol
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics and Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Community- and Hospital-Acquired Infections
3.3. Positive Blood Cultures
3.4. Clinical Outcomes
4. Discussion
4.1. Infection Foci
4.2. Community and Hospital-Acquired Infections
4.3. Bacteremia
4.4. Septic Shock
4.5. Mortality
4.6. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lung (N = 400) | Urinary (N = 182) | Biliary Tract Infection (N = 115) | Peritonitis (N = 270) | Other IAI (N = 88) | Endocarditis (N = 21) | SSSI (N = 108) | CNS (N = 28) | Other (N = 84) | Total (N = 1296) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male sex | 66.5% | 50% | 52.2% | 58.1% | 43.2% | 61.9% | 62% | 50.0% | 59.5% | 58.1% |
Age (years) * | 66.3 ± 16.3 | 70.1 ± 11.8 | 71.3 ± 14.3 | 67.8 ± 15.4 | 67.0 ± 15.5 | 68.9 ± 15.1 | 66.6 ± 15.1 | 60.5 ± 15.6 | 65.0 ± 14.6 | 67.5 ± 15.3 |
Comorbidities | ||||||||||
Dementia | 2.5% | 2.2% | 7.8% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 28 (2.2%) |
Diabetes | 29.5% | 30.2% | 28.7% | 26.3% | 23.9% | 42.9% | 40.7% | 39.3% | 25.0% | 383 (29.6%) |
Arterial Hypertension | 40.5% | 47.8% | 57.4% | 44.4% | 53.4% | 47.6% | 39.8% | 42.9% | 32.1% | 574 (44.3%) |
HF | 18.3% | 15.4% | 9.6% | 8.1% | 13.6% | 23.8% | 22.2% | 7.1% | 10.7% | 186 (14.4%) |
Obesity | 9% | 14.8% | 13.9% | 13.3% | 12.5% | 4.8% | 13.0% | 7.1% | 7.1% | 149 (11.5%) |
Cancer | 9.3% | 13.2% | 11.3% | 30% | 13.6% | 4.8% | 5.6% | 0.0% | 9.5% | 182 (14.0%) |
Hematologic cancer | 4.5% | 3.3% | 1.7% | 3.0% | 5.7% | 4.8% | 9.3% | 3.6% | 8.3% | 58 (4.5%) |
COPD | 22.5% | 13.2% | 11.3% | 9.3% | 11.4% | 14.3% | 11.1% | 3.6% | 11.1% | 189 (14.6%) |
CKD | 14.0% | 24.2% | 12.2% | 13.0% | 18.2% | 33.3% | 16.7% | 7.1% | 20.2% | 209 (16.1%) |
CHD | 4.5% | 2.2% | 7.0% | 7.8% | 3.4% | 0.0% | 4.6% | 0.0% | 4.8% | 63 (4.9%) |
Community-acquired | 73.0% | 61.0% | 35.7% | 28.9% | 55.7% | 38.1% | 51.9% | 85.7% | 64.3% | 713 (55.0%) |
Hospital | Community | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Focus of Infection | Lung | 108 (27%) | 292 (73%) | <0.001 |
Urinary | 71 (39%) | 111 (61%) | ||
Biliary tract | 74 (64.3%) | 41 (35.7%) | ||
Peritonitis | 192 (71.1%) | 78 (28.9%) | ||
Other IAI | 39 (44.3%) | 49 (55.7%) | ||
Endocarditis | 13 (61.9%) | 8 (38.1%) | ||
SSSI | 52 (48.1%) | 56 (51.9%) | ||
CNS | 4 (14.3%) | 24 (85.7%) | ||
Other | 30 (35.7%) | 54 (64.3%) | ||
Bacteremia | 28.0% | 21.4% | 0.055 | |
Age | 68.6 ± 15.4 | 66.6 ± 15.1 | 0.018 * | |
SAPS II | 43.9 ± 19.2 | 44.3 ± 19.5 | 0.46 * | |
ICU LOS | 5 [3–9] | 5 [3–8] | 0.99 ** | |
Hospital LOS | 14 [7–32] | 11 [6–22.5] | <0.001 ** | |
RRT | 21.3% | 23.1% | 0.461 | |
Vasopressors | 56.3% | 51.8% | 0.117 | |
IMV | 41.7% | 30.2% | <0.001 | |
ICU Mortality | 25.9% | 22.2% | 0.117 | |
Hosp Mortality | 36.4% | 30.3% | 0.024 |
Bacteremia | Negative Blood Cultures | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 160 | 495 | ||
RRT | 28.1% | 24.8% | 0.407 | |
IMV | 32.5% | 39.2% | 0.134 | |
Vasopressors | 61.3% | 56.4% | 0.312 | |
ICU LOS | 5 [3–9] | 5 [3–9] | 0.46 ** | |
Hospital LOS | 13 [7–24] | 11 [5–25.75] | 0.47 ** | |
ICU Mortality | 37.5% | 25.9% | 0.006 | |
Hospital Mortality | 33.9% | 45.0% | 0.014 | |
1-Year Mortality | 56.1% | 45.2% | 0.022 | |
Age | 69.4 ± 13.6 | 68.0 ± 14.2 | 0.263 * | |
SAPS II | 49.7 ± 19.9 | 45.6 ± 18.1 | 0.028 * | |
Focus of Infection | <0.001 | |||
Lung | 17 (7.6%) | |||
Urinary | 31 (34.8%) | |||
Biliary tract | 26 (44.8%) | |||
Peritonitis | 30 (27.0%) | |||
Other IAI | 12 (29.3%) | |||
Endocarditis | 6 (40.0%) | |||
SSSI | 16 (25.8%) | |||
CNS | 0 (0.0%) | |||
Other | 22 (47.8%) |
N | Hospital Mortality | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gram positive | 47 | 46.8% | |
Staphylococcus spp. | 14 | 46.7% | |
Streptococcus spp | 5 | 41.7% | |
Enterococcus spp. | 2 | 100% | |
Other Gram Positive | 1 | 33% | |
Gram Negative | 99 | 41.4% | |
Klebsiella spp | 33 | 45.5% | |
Escherichia spp. | 42 | 35.7% | |
Proteus spp. | 2 | 50% | |
Citrobacter spp. | 6 | 50% | |
Enterobacter spp. | 6 | 66.7% | |
Serratia spp. | 6 | 50% | |
Other Gram Negative | 5 | 20% | |
Non-fermenting Gram-negative | 14 | 60% | |
Pseudomonas spp. | 14 | 60% |
Gram Positive | Gram Negative | Non Fermenting Gram Negative | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 47 | 99 | 14 | ||
Age | 67.9 ± 15.2 | 70.4 ± 13.4 | 68.1 ± 16.5 | 0.547 * | |
SAPS II | 46.2 ± 20.2 | 51.13 ± 19.7 | 49.9 ± 21.8 | 0.473 * | |
Focus of Infection | |||||
Lung | 70.6% | 17.6% | 11.8% | <0.001 | |
Urinary | 6.5% | 93.5% | 0.0% | ||
Biliary tract | 3.8% | 96.2% | 0.0% | ||
Peritonitis | 13.3% | 76.7% | 10% | ||
Other IAI | 33.3% | 41.7% | 25% | ||
Endocarditis | 100% | 0.0% | 0.0% | ||
SSSI | 37.5% | 31.3% | 31.3% | ||
Other | 54.5% | 36.4% | 9.1% | ||
RRT | 29.8% | 29.6% | 13.3% | 0.408 | |
IMV | 31.9% | 32.7% | 33.3% | 0.993 | |
Vasopressors | 55.3% | 61.2% | 80% | 0.232 | |
ICU LOS | 6 [3–9] | 5 [3–8] | 4 [1–9] | 0.24 ** | |
Hospital LOS | 16 [5–31] | 11.5 [5–23.2] | 8 [1–23] | 0.47 ** | |
ICU Mortality | 36.2% | 36.7% | 46.7% | 0.742 | |
Hospital Mortality | 46.8% | 41.8% | 60% | 0.402 | |
1-Year Mortality | 31.8% | 55.7% | 71.4% | 0.022 |
Hospital Mortality | Standard Mortality | One-Year Mortality | OR if Septic Shock* | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lung | 34.5% | 0.88 | 42.8% | 6.8 | 3.9–11.8 |
Urinary | 22.5% | 0.53 | 40.1% | 4.8 | 2.2–10.7 |
Biliary | 20.9% | 0.46 | 33.9% | 2.0 | 0.8–05.1 |
Peritonitis | 40.4% | 0.90 | 53.3% | 6.4 | 3.7–11.0 |
Other IAI | 31.8% | 0.66 | 38.6% | 11.3 | 3.1–41.9 |
Endocarditis | 57.1% | 1.49 | 66.7% | 0.9 | 0.2–05.1 |
SSSI | 29.6% | 0.74 | 43.5% | 4.4 | 1.8–10.6 |
CNS | 42.9% | 0.94 | 46.4% | 1.4 | 0.2–11.7 |
Other | 38.1% | 0.92 | 47.6% | 3.8 | 1.5–09.8 |
Septic Shock | Sepsis | p | |
---|---|---|---|
RRT | 37.7% | 12.9% | <0.001 |
IMV | 52.1% | 25.1% | <0.001 |
ICU LOS | 5 [2–10] | 5 [3–8] | 0.741 ** |
Hospital LOS | 11 [3–25] | 7 [13–26] | <0.001 ** |
ICU Mortality | 42.0% | 12.8% | <0.001 |
Hospital Mortality | 51.1% | 22.0% | <0.001 |
1-Year Mortality | 60.5% | 35.0% | <0.001 |
Age | 70.2 ± 14.1 | 65.9 ± 21.3 | <0.001 * |
SAPS II | 51.8 ± 16.6 | 39.5 ± 16.6 | <0.001 * |
Bacteremia | 35.6% | 16.6% | <0.001 |
Community-acquired infection | 34.1% | 65.9% | 0.002 |
Hospital-acquired infection | 42.5% | 57.5% |
OR | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|
SAPS II | 1.03 | 1.02–1.04 | p < 0.001 |
Age | 1.03 | 1.02–1.04 | p < 0.001 |
Chronic hypertension | 0.56 | 0.42–0.73 | p < 0.001 |
Solid neoplasia | 1.76 | 1.20–2.56 | p = 0.004 |
Hematological neoplasia | 1.83 | 1.00–3.33 | p = 0.049 |
Chronic kidney disease | 1.63 | 1.15–2.30 | p = 0.006 |
Chronic hepatic disease | 2.63 | 1.50–4.62 | p < 0.001 |
Community-acquired infection | 0.72 | 0.54–0.97 | p = 0.029 |
Infection focus * | p < 0.001 | ||
Lung | 0.93 | 0.54–1.60 | p = 0.792 |
Urinary tract | 0.41 | 0.22–0.76 | p = 0.005 |
Biliary tract | 0.33 | 0.16–0.67 | p = 0.002 |
Peritonitis | 0.80 | 0.45–1.43 | p = 0.450 |
Other Intra-abdominal | 0.63 | 0.31–1.31 | p = 0.217 |
Endocarditis | 2.64 | 0.90–7.72 | p = 0.076 |
Skin and Skin structures | 0.64 | 0.33–1.26 | p = 0.201 |
Central nervous system | 1.60 | 0.59–4.35 | p = 0.359 |
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Oliveira, A.M.; Oliveira, A.; Vidal, R.; Gonçalves-Pereira, J. Infectious Foci, Comorbidities and Its Influence on the Outcomes of Septic Critically Ill Patients. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081705
Oliveira AM, Oliveira A, Vidal R, Gonçalves-Pereira J. Infectious Foci, Comorbidities and Its Influence on the Outcomes of Septic Critically Ill Patients. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(8):1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081705
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliveira, Ana Maria, André Oliveira, Raquel Vidal, and João Gonçalves-Pereira. 2024. "Infectious Foci, Comorbidities and Its Influence on the Outcomes of Septic Critically Ill Patients" Microorganisms 12, no. 8: 1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081705
APA StyleOliveira, A. M., Oliveira, A., Vidal, R., & Gonçalves-Pereira, J. (2024). Infectious Foci, Comorbidities and Its Influence on the Outcomes of Septic Critically Ill Patients. Microorganisms, 12(8), 1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081705