Epidemiology, Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Small Brazilian Farms Producers of Raw Milk Fresh Cheese
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. E. coli Isolation
2.3.1. Collection of Commensal E. coli Isolates
2.3.2. Collection of Potentially Pathogenic E. coli Isolates
2.3.3. Collection of Ceftriaxone-Resistant E. coli Isolates
2.4. Phylogroup
2.5. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test
2.6. Epidemiological Analysis of E. coli Isolates Using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
2.7. Molecular Analysis for Identification of Resistance Genes by PCR
2.8. Serotyping for Detection of Somatic Antigen (O)
2.9. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Collections of E. coli Isolates
3.1.1. Commensal
3.1.2. Potentially Pathogenic
3.1.3. Presence of ESBL/AmpC-Producing Isolates
3.2. Phylogrouping
3.3. Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test
3.4. Epidemiological Analysis of E. coli Isolates Using Pulsed-Field Electrophoresis Gel (PFGE)
3.5. PCR for Detecting Genes Related to Antimicrobial Resistance
3.6. Serological Testing for the Detection of Somatic Antigen (O)
3.7. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ribeiro, L.F.; Rossi, G.A.M.; Sato, R.A.; de Souza Pollo, A.; Cardozo, M.V.; Amaral, L.A.d.; Fairbrother, J.M. Epidemiology, Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Small Brazilian Farms Producers of Raw Milk Fresh Cheese. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081739
Ribeiro LF, Rossi GAM, Sato RA, de Souza Pollo A, Cardozo MV, Amaral LAd, Fairbrother JM. Epidemiology, Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Small Brazilian Farms Producers of Raw Milk Fresh Cheese. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(8):1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081739
Chicago/Turabian StyleRibeiro, Laryssa Freitas, Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi, Rafael Akira Sato, Andressa de Souza Pollo, Marita Vedovelli Cardozo, Luiz Augusto do Amaral, and John Morris Fairbrother. 2024. "Epidemiology, Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Small Brazilian Farms Producers of Raw Milk Fresh Cheese" Microorganisms 12, no. 8: 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081739