Polyphasic Characterization of Yeasts and Lactic Acid Bacteria Metabolic Contribution in Semi-Solid Fermentation of Chinese Baijiu (Traditional Fermented Alcoholic Drink): Towards the Design of a Tailored Starter Culture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Screening of Yeast and LAB Isolates for Fermentation
2.1.1. Strain Cultivation
2.1.2. Inoculum Preparation
2.1.3. Assays of α-Amylase and Glucoamylase Activity
2.1.4. Glucose Consumption Assay
2.1.5. Ethanol Tolerance Assay
2.2. Fermentation Trials
2.2.1. Inoculum Preparation
2.2.2. Preparation of Semi-Solid Fermentation Medium
2.2.3. Lab-Scale Fermentation Trials
2.3. Detection of Acetic Acid and Lactic Acid Content
2.4. GC–MS Analysis of Volatile Compounds
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Strain Screening for Activity of α-Amylase, Glucoamylase, and Glucose Utilization
3.2. Strain Screening for Ethanol Tolerance
3.3. Design of Fermentation Trials with Different Strain Mixtures
3.4. Content of Acetic Acid and Lactic Acid
3.5. The Metabolic Profiles in Different Fermentation Trials
3.6. Statistical Analysis of Flavor Compounds
4. Discussion
4.1. Contributions of Tested Strains in Baijiu Fermentation
4.1.1. S. fibuligera
4.1.2. S. cerevisiae
4.1.3. P. acidilactici
4.2. Interactions of Selected Strains in Baijiu Fermentation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microbial Isolates | Growth on Medium 1 Containing Ethanol | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 4% | 8% | 10% | |
S.c-2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 | + | + | + | + |
S.c-1, 7 | + | + | + | W |
S.c-6, 13 | + | + | + | – |
S-3, 4, 6, 10, 12 | + | + | + | – |
S-14 | + | + | W | – |
S-1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16 | + | + | – | – |
P-4 | + | + | + | W |
P-15 | + | + | W | – |
P-1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 | + | + | – | – |
Compounds | Concentration (mg/L) 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sf | SP | SS | SSP | |
Alcohols | ||||
2-Butanol | 6.60 ± 0.80 a | – b | – b | – b |
1-Butanol | 0.33 ± 0.06 b | 0.17 ± 0.04 c | 1.04 ± 0.11 a | 0.45 ± 0.05 b |
3-Methyl-1-butanol | 31.56 ± 1.15 a | 13.82 ± 2.94 c | 14.41 ± 1.18 c | 22.69 ± 3.84 b |
1-Pentanol | – c | 0.12 ± 0.02 b | 0.15 ± 0.05 b | 0.36 ± 0.06 a |
2-Heptanol | – c | – c | 0.13 ± 0.02 b | 0.37 ± 0.09 a |
1-Hexanol | 0.46 ± 0.04 bc | 0.36 ± 0.05 c | 0.55 ± 0.05 b | 0.87 ± 0.17 a |
2-Octanol | – c | – c | 0.14 ± 0.01 b | 0.24 ± 0.04 a |
1-Octene-3-ol | 1.41 ± 0.33 a | 0.20 ± 0.06 b | 0.16 ± 0.02 b | 0.21 ± 0.07 b |
Heptanol | 0.20 ± 0.02 c | 0.25 ± 0.04 bc | 0.38 ± 0.10 b | 0.54 ± 0.11 a |
Octanol | 0.46 ± 0.04 a | – b | – b | – b |
2-Ethylcyclopentane methanol | 0.19 ± 0.02 c | 0.22 ± 0.04 bc | 0.31 ± 0.04 b | 0.61 ± 0.08 a |
2-Octene-1-ol | 0.74 ± 0.21 a | – b | – b | – b |
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether | 2.10 ± 0.35 b | 1.47 ± 0.27 bc | 1.14 ± 0.08 c | 3.16 ± 0.92 a |
Furfuryl alcohol | 0.11 ± 0.04 c | 0.69 ± 0.17 b | 0.28 ± 0.04 c | 0.98 ± 0.11 a |
Phenethyl alcohol | 27.75 ± 0.99 a | 8.08 ± 1.80 b | 7.98 ± 0.11 b | 9.86 ± 0.80 b |
Esters | ||||
Ethyl acetate | 1.32 ± 0.08 a | 0.67 ± 0.04 b | 0.33 ± 0.05 c | 0.42 ± 0.07 c |
Ethyl hexanoate | 1.07 ± 0.07 a | 0.31 ± 0.04 b | 0.11 ± 0.04 c | 0.19 ± 0.05 c |
Ethyl heptanoate | 0.42 ± 0.07 a | 0.16 ± 0.02 b | – c | – c |
Ethyl lactate | – d | 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.07 ± 0.04 c | 0.30 ± 0.05 a |
Ethyl octanoate | 0.39 ± 0.03 a | 0.26 ± 0.05 b | 0.09 ± 0.02 d | 0.16 ± 0.02 c |
Ethyl citrate | 0.37 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.02 b | – c | – c |
Ethyl caprate | 0.06 ± 0.02 a | – b | –b | – b |
Hexanoic acid 2-phenylethyl ester | – c | 0.50 ± 0.05 a | 0.19 ± 0.02b | 0.30 ± 0.05 b |
Phenethyl acetate | 1.02 ± 0.17 a | – b | – b | – b |
Ethyl 3-phenylpropionate | 0.12 ± 0.02 a | – b | – b | – b |
γ-Nonanoic lactone | – c | – c | 1.62 ± 0.00b | 2.27 ± 0.05 a |
Ethyl cinnamate | 0.40 ± 0.06 a | 0.21 ± 0.01b | 0.07 ± 0.01c | – d |
γ-Decalactone | 0.18 ± 0.07 a | – b | – b | – b |
Ethyl palmitate | 2.55 ± 0.30 a | 0.84 ± 0.07 b | 0.51 ± 0.02 c | 0.65 ± 0.11 bc |
Ethyl oleate | 0.88 ± 0.15 a | 0.49 ± 0.12 b | 0.12 ± 0.02 c | 0.39 ± 0.09 b |
Ethyl linoleate | 0.83 ± 0.16 a | 0.39 ± 0.04 b | 0.16 ± 0.02 c | 0.16 ± 0.02 c |
Acids | ||||
Isobutyric acid | 0.14 ± 0.04 b | 0.09 ± 0.02 b | 0.45 ± 0.06 a | 0.39 ± 0.09 a |
Butyric acid | – c | – c | 0.11 ± 0.04 b | 0.29 ± 0.08 a |
Caproic acid | 0.22 ± 0.09 b | 0.07 ± 0.03 b | 0.65 ± 0.13 a | 0.82 ± 0.11 a |
Aldehydes and Ketones | ||||
2-Octenal | 0.70 ± 0.13 a | 0.28 ± 0.07 b | – c | – c |
2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde | 0.67 ± 0.07 c | 0.69 ± 0.13 c | 1.30 ± 0.10 b | 1.66 ± 0.32 a |
Octadecanal | – c | 1.11 ± 0.30 a | 0.17 ± 0.04 b | – c |
5-Methyl-3-heptanone | 0.32 ± 0.09 a | 0.16 ± 0.02 b | – c | – c |
2-Heptanone | –b | –b | 0.12 ± 0.02 a | –b |
2-Octanone | 0.24 ± 0.04 ab | 0.19 ± 0.05 b | 0.13 ± 0.02 b | 0.28 ± 0.04 a |
1-Octene-3-one | 0.71 ± 0.15 a | 0.16 ± 0.02 b | – c | – c |
Geranyl acetone | –b | –b | 0.15 ± 0.05 a | 0.15 ± 0.04 a |
alpha-Ionone | –b | –b | 0.14 ± 0.04 a | – b |
Aromatics | ||||
Naphthalene | 0.19 ± 0.05 b | 0.07 ± 0.03 c | 0.23 ± 0.02 b | 0.50 ± 0.11 a |
4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol | 27.75 ± 2.56 a | 2.40 ± 0.31 b | – c | – c |
4-Ethylphenol | 9.83 ± 1.15 a | 0.71 ± 0.14 b | 0.10 ± 0.04 b | 0.11 ± 0.06 b |
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene | 1.55 ± 0.40 b | 0.63 ± 0.07 b | 7.55 ± 1.27 a | 13.00 ± 2.86 a |
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol | 4.78 ± 1.29 b | 2.46 ± 0.59 c | 4.32 ± 0.78 b | 7.29 ± 1.48 a |
2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran | 1.99 ± 0.09 c | 0.78 ± 0.04 c | 4.09 ± 0.48 b | 7.13 ± 1.81 a |
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Ma, R.; Sui, L.; Zhang, J.; Hu, J.; Liu, P. Polyphasic Characterization of Yeasts and Lactic Acid Bacteria Metabolic Contribution in Semi-Solid Fermentation of Chinese Baijiu (Traditional Fermented Alcoholic Drink): Towards the Design of a Tailored Starter Culture. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7050147
Ma R, Sui L, Zhang J, Hu J, Liu P. Polyphasic Characterization of Yeasts and Lactic Acid Bacteria Metabolic Contribution in Semi-Solid Fermentation of Chinese Baijiu (Traditional Fermented Alcoholic Drink): Towards the Design of a Tailored Starter Culture. Microorganisms. 2019; 7(5):147. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7050147
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Rufei, Lu Sui, Jingsheng Zhang, Jinrong Hu, and Ping Liu. 2019. "Polyphasic Characterization of Yeasts and Lactic Acid Bacteria Metabolic Contribution in Semi-Solid Fermentation of Chinese Baijiu (Traditional Fermented Alcoholic Drink): Towards the Design of a Tailored Starter Culture" Microorganisms 7, no. 5: 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7050147